Reforms in education

 At each stage of development, education appears as an important factor determining the socio-economic and cultural development of society. In the 21st century, global competition, technological progress and changes in the labor market created the need for a deep reform of the education system. In this article, the relevance of reforms in the education system, their main directions and results are widely covered.

Today, the pace of economic and technological processes on a global scale requires reconsideration of education not only as a system providing theoretical knowledge, but as a system of training specialists with the ability to think creatively and innovatively. The following factors determine the need for educational reforms: 1. Increasing global competition In the conditions of the digital economy, it is important for countries to increase the competitiveness of personnel. For this, the content of education should be adapted to modern technologies and scientific achievements.

2. Impact of technological innovations Digital technologies have a serious impact not only on the economy, but also on education. Distance learning, online platforms, and artificial intelligence-based educational tools are opening up new opportunities. 3. Ensuring social stability The issue of equality and inclusiveness in education appears as one of the main factors in ensuring stability and well-being in society. Every citizen should have the right to quality education.

Socio-economic impact of educational reforms If the reforms are implemented effectively, they will positively change not only the education system itself, but also the entire society. The following results are expected: 1. Development of human capital Qualified and creative personnel contribute to the innovative development of society. This is an important condition for ensuring economic stability. 2. Increasing social equality The creation of equal opportunities for all levels of education reduces social conflicts in society and increases well-being. 3. Increasing national competitiveness Quality changes in education increase the country’s economic and cultural influence in the international arena.

Aytuvova Khurshida was born on June 5, 2002 in Saykhunabad district of Syrdarya region. She graduated from Gulistan State University, Faculty of Philology, majoring in Russian. Official delegate of several forums, member of international organizations, Global Education Ambassador, SPSC ambassador. He is a member of the “Juntos por las Letras” international writer’s association of Argentina. His creative works have appeared in international newspapers and magazines. Also, his stories were published in the national anthology “Languages of Creativity” and in the republican magazine “Creators”. Currently, he is a Russian language teacher at school.

‘The Colour Purple is a treasure trove of racially and ethnically diverse backdrop of a protagonist’s double discrimination; Celie is a Black American gendered quester everywoman flustered and crestfallen into the quagmires of precarious predicament, tumultuous turmoil, herculean struggle and existentialist debacle surmounting the perils and animadversions of adversities and hindrances through the epistolary genre fiction corresponding between God and lately her blood relation Nettie.

Alice Walker, after all, surrealistically and poetically limelights the rhetorical statements foreshadowing Celie’s bildungsroman as implied in the newfound revelation of a transcendentalist triumphalism emerging as a gendered crusader evangelizing and divinizing heavenly celestial indoctrination: “Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear skies, dear people, dear everything.” Evolving herself as a veteran victor of Amazonian spirited independent beingness and body-polity corporeality identity consciousness personifies the struggles and tribulations of survivalism and existentialism from the ghettoization and otherization of stalwart patriarchal masculinity hegemonic misogyny of father Alfonso and husband Mr. ______ or Mr. Albert. Celie radically transforms herself as a womanist of colour in critiquing the viciousness and wretchedness of domestic abuse, sexual exploitation, marital rape, tormetns and tortures of widowhood and dowry, incessant painstaking manual labour of the barnyard farmwork, libidinization and fetishization of powerlessness and non-beingness.

As a civil rights era suffragette activist and feminist movement advocate the Southerner African American novelist Alice Walker foretells chronicles of epistolary sagas in the voice of iron-willed, impulsive, resolute, maverick, obdurate and curmudgeon feminine countenances such as Shug Avery, Celie, Nettie, Sofia and Mary Agnes that relegates and condescends veteran masculine figures into deconstructionist colloquial vernaculars of being ‘mad captor’ and ‘beastly dog’. Quintessentially quiltmaking craftsmanship of the peasantry trade embellishes the prospects of female empowerment although the framed meta-narrative allegorically symbolizes lioness spirited Black Womens’ resurrectionist redemptive emergence. Racism, sexism, collourism, ethnic cleansing, racial apartheid and so forth intertwines story-telling motifs and themes.

Alice Walker’s ‘The Colour Purple’ is a feminist bildungsroman epistolary chronicle of women’s fictional life writing that navigates an odyssey of stories and poetry such as the relationship between men and women and the relationship between parents and children. The canonical womens fictional novel spotlights the human condition: loss of innocence, quest for individuality, the nature of human suffering and the triumph of the human spirit. Furthermore Alice Walker’s rhetorical statements illuminates captivating enchantment to the tastes and fashions of contemporary modern readers: “I’m committed to exploring the oppressions, the insanities, the loyalties and triumphs of black women.” 

Albert Johnson’s racist patriarchal misogyny implores imperative hierarchical zeitgeist of power, dominance and control through teachings and preachings to the heirloom Harpo. Harpo harnesses the spirit of antifeminism by downcasting and dehumanizing behavioral etiquettes with his wife, Sofia as substantiated by these dialectics: “I’m getting tired of Harpo. All he think about since us getting married is how to make me mind. He don’t want a wife, he want a dog.” Notwithstanding companionship amity blossoms into fosterage of loving partnership between the foiled duo couple Samuel and Nettie being entrusted with the spirit of equality. Equanimity and egalitarianism is further advanced by the progression of the womens libertarian social justice and freedom for emancipation movement in the artisanal craftsmanship of quiltmaking. Quintessentially Smithsonian depiction of crucifixion symbolizes the historic legacy of anonymous black women more than a century trademark, Celie’s entrepreneurial proprietorship in Memphis towards financial independence of the heroic protagonist.

In ‘The Colour Purple’ iron-willed and obdurate declarative: “I make myself wood. I say to myself Celie you are a tree” symbolically metamorphoses towards enlightening transcendence as emerging victor cator of the destructive and dehumanizing microcosm. Celie disgruntled oppression and objectification through these unflinching and unwavering declarations. Moreover, the womanist fictioneer projects Celie’s alienation and estrangement through personality. Womanist of Colour, Walker furthermore crafts the farewell valedictorian quoteworthy speech as epiphanic emergence of transcendentalist triumphalism: a song of glory, the revelation of newfound harmony between the heroine and the universe within and without: 

“Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear sky, dear people. Dear everything. Dear God.”

The Fourth of July Celebration is both festive and jubilant since Nettier’s husband, Samuel and Celie’s long-lost children reunites: “White people are busy celebrating they independence from England July 4th, say Harpo, so most black folks don’t have to work. Us can spend the day celebrating each other.” All the divisions between people which plagued and tormented the characters during the epistolary fable have concluded in comical relief.

The epistolary womanist fiction chronicles the harrowing survivor of dysfunctional family household; Celie’s existentialist emergence as a bildungsroman emancipatory voice of Black woman through formulation of letter correspondence between God and later to her sister Nettie. Parallel to these events of the plotline, Alice Walker foreshadows curmudgeon relationship conflicts amongst Mr. ____ or Mr. Albert’s daredevil and sexist son Harpo and his soulmate, Sofia, as a formidable, amazon-like woman who dramatizes the plight of the female in rebellion. Being a woman’s rights’ movement advocate and liberations struggle emancipator, Walker highlights racial undercurrents of American society visa-vis the polarized binaries between black-white male/female consciousness and/or beingness. Celie is the object of male gaze who underscores nothingness and powerlessness; being undermined by despotic whims and idiosyncratic desires of the patriarchal houselord Mr_____or Mr. Albert. Despite these tumultuous turmoils Celie’s association with the libertarian Sofia and Shug ushers doors into the world of agency, autonomy, self-individuality and self-fulfillment.

Celie discovers newfound identity and female selfhood corresponding with the community of women: Avery Shug, Nettie, Sofia and Mary Agnes, thus radicalizing liberty and freedom from the captivity and enslavement of patriarchal dominance and/or male brutality and/or conservative Chrisitian orthodoxy. Both infantilism and maternity bond emerges following episodic erotic orgasmic relationship between Celie and Shug: “And God love all them feelings” salvages spiritualist quest merging with archaic, preoedipal, prephallic and preverbal fantasy desire fulfillment and/or ideal ego formations during the mirror stage. Mary Agnes as the alter ego Doppelganger reincarnate of Celie; janitor or warden’s daughter escapes brutal subjection of the oppressive tyrant father within the post traumatic torment of the resultant limpid, disfigured robes, heels gone missing from her shoes, repudiates derogatory names of “Squeak”; ultimately these victors transcends enduring oppressions by bolstering powers over men with daggering denunciation. 

Sewing or weavings evolves as quintessentially women’s transformative powers that transplants renewal and regeneration in puritanical patriarchs: “Now us sit sewing and talking and smoking our pipes” symbolizes eradication of gender and class status quos, thus expediting gendered racial egalitarianism of matrifocality within the community of kinship network. Walker (1982) used quiltmaking as a metaphor of bridging and mending differences and ameliorating interpersonal dynamics fostered among the brethrenship; thus quiltmaking facilitates a metaphor of subversion to conventional and parochial gender roles and stereotypes. Despite dysfunctional family dynamics, characters reconcile to each other as encapsulated in Walker’s words: “Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female.” 

After all, Alice Walker’s ‘The Colour Purple’ is the penultimate testament to critique the survival of African American community as genealogical isolates and /or natally alienated beings; the epistolary fiction furthermore reiterates ‘sisterhood as a tactic of survival and springboard to freedom’ . “My whole life is [there]…they are all [there], my hopes and fears, my joys and sorrows, my loves and hates.” Alice Walker’s Corrine is the harbinger for the spectrum of creative possibilities embodied by language and sewing, clothworking and letterwriting, quilt-making and correspondence. 

“A needle and not a razor in my hand” ——Celie’s comrade Shug Avery bolstering of creative and productive choice rather than a vengeful, destructive choice; Shug furthermore fosters empowerment for Celi’s rebirth, renewal, regeneration, resurrection, reincarnation, redemption  and new life through Easter Sunday family holiday excursion. Mystical moments of spiritual promptings coincided herein “going to church, singing in the choir, feeding the preacher and all like that.” 

Alice Walker’s womanist prose declares the very essence of commitment to the survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female. The womanist novelist epitomizes herself as the feminist of colour in love(ing) the spirit and love(ing) herself. Natural scenery of the sublime and the beautiful awakens Walker’s heroines to the sense of intimate interconnectedness of all life. Wily Shug’s ministrations regains the possession of letters by Nettie from infamous and malicious Mr______/ Despite World War II torpedo of Nettie and her family; nonetheless Celie’s reunion with her children from fostered parentage reunites at the novel’s conclusion thus culminating in the novel’s denouement following nineteenth century Victorian bildungsroman as “a Black Jane Eyre.” 

Tyrants, desports, captors, conspirators, oppressors, suppressors and tormentors  of patriarchal stalwartness radically reconciled as redeemed figures through gender role reversals. Mr ______ sewing, house-keeping, home-making and collection of sea-shells pontificates the substantive reconciliation and renewal. The apocalyptic vision of the novel is offered by the resolution which establishes a peaceful kingdom by anthropogenic questers in seeking for love and justice.

Black folkloric indigeneity ballads of heritage and culture is in fact contemporary African-American writers access to their racial heritage, not only as a content of struggles for freedom, liberty, justice, emancipation, egalitarianism and equality but also as a form of dialectical experience, practice and self. 

From these discussions Alice Walker’s ‘The Colour Purple’ popularizes Victorian bildungsroman as a sitcom of the black American diaspora by sadomasochism of the masculine stalwart legions of patriarchy and misogyny.

Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
Foreign Language and Literature German Language Direction
Student of group 402 Yunusova Khodisa
Scientific advisor Kadirova Nargiza

Problems of translation practice and methods of analysis

Annotation: This article analyzes the problems encountered in translation practice and ways to overcome them. Special attention is given to analyzing the translation process through exercises. The article illustrates analytical methods used to address linguistic, cultural, and stylistic challenges, and suggests strategies for developing translation competence.

Annotation: V dannoy state rassmatrivayutsya problemy, voznikayushchie v protsesse perevoda, i metody ix preodoleniya. Osoboe vnimanie udelyaetsya analizu protsessa perevoda na osnove uprajneniy. Na primerax pokazany analyticheskie metody, primenyaemye dlya preodoleniya linguisticheskih, culturalnyx i stylisticheskih trudnostey, a takje predlozheny puti razvitiya perevodcheskoy komettsii.

Key words: translation practice, analysis method, translation problems, exercises, linguistic barriers, cultural differences, translation competence
Keywords: translation practice, analytical method, translation issues, exercises, linguistic barriers, cultural differences, translation competence
Key words: translation practice, analytical method, translation problems, training, linguistic barriers, cultural differences, translation competence

The process of translation involves not only the transfer of meaning between languages, but also the complex relationship between two different cultures, ways of thinking and styles. The translator must preserve the content of the language units in each text and convey it to the target audience in an understandable and appropriate form.

However, many problems arise in translation practice – linguistic differences, cultural context differences, stylistic adaptation, etc. This article considers the role of analytical exercises in identifying, analyzing and solving such problems encountered in translation practice. It also provides suggestions and approaches for improving the competence of translators through analytical methods.

Translation is an exchange of information between two languages, which covers the areas of linguistics, cultural studies, methodology and contextual thinking. Each translation is a creative process, which is carried out based on a specific methodology. In translation practice, learners often make not only grammatical or lexical errors, but also make incorrect translations without sufficiently understanding the content and cultural essence of the text. Therefore, exercises based on analytical methods are of great importance in the in-depth study and improvement of translation practice. These exercises develop translation skills, strengthen critical thinking, and teach context-based decision-making.

1. Problems encountered in translation practice
   a) Linguistic problems:
   – Multiplicity of words and phrases
   – Problems of synonymy and antonymy
   – Variety of syntactic devices
   – Difficulties in ensuring terminological compatibility
   b) Cultural problems:
   – Translation of idiomatic expressions and metaphors
   – Realities (national and cultural elements)
   – Differences in style of use and social context
   c) Stylistic problems:
   – Differences between formal and informal styles
   – Preservation of the author’s tone and individuality
   – Adaptation to a literary, scientific or journalistic style
2. Analysis method and its advantages
   The analysis method is a method of dividing the translated text into components and analyzing each part based on a linguistic and contextual approach.
3. Through this method, the student:
   Understands the function of language units in depth
   Understands the stylistic and semantic features of the text
   Learns to compare alternative options in translation
   Advantages: Develops analytical thinking
   Reduces errors in translation
   Makes translation choices based on linguistic and cultural analysis. Analyzes incorrect translations and explains the correct form. Translates in a specific style (formal, artistic, scientific). These exercises encourage students to think deeply not only grammatically, but also stylistically and culturally. To achieve effective results in translation practice, not only theoretical knowledge, but also analysis-based exercises are necessary.

I Speak My Mind

I speak my heart out, unbridled and free,
A symphony of emotions, intertwined with every word,
I am yet to discover, the depths of my soul,
Living life in chapters, unfolding with each passing moment,

Gazing up at the brilliant blue, across the zenith and nadir,
I am a living embodiment of life, in this moment, right here and now,
My thoughts and emotions, a kaleidoscope of hues,
In every step, I seek your guidance,

From the turbulent clouds, of inner turmoil, dense and dark,
Falling into the crest of the sea, there the sailor smiled upon me,
Chapters merging into one, oneness radiating, with faith in my eyes,
Motionless yet in motion, blossoming with love,

The divine religion, there my dreams spread their wings,
Again, limitless saga, nothing seems impossible,
There I assemble in you, and the monk meditates, in eternal newness.

Desolate

Devastated by the world,
Standing amidst the debris,
Where emotions have been numbed,
On the arid soil,
Where the shovel refused to cultivate,
Vacant eyes searching for those hands,
Now merely a memory,
There, my verdant spirit sings of the autumn fall,
In a huff,
Abandoned in the lanes of desire and acquisition,
Shrieking in solitude amidst the mirage,
Hawks flying overhead,
Vultures lurking over the vulnerable heart,
A rugged dholak stifling the feeble voice,
And life, set free, leaving nothing behind,
Loud, as never before.

The Cloud and the Rainbow

Dense cloud in the sky

No light of the sun

Darkness all around

In this summer season

Hot weather sweating the body and firing the nature

Suddenly the sky becomes so gloomy

Just like my beloved’s face in the shadow of sorrow

It stands as the dead of the dark starless night

In this puzzled situation I lean down in the lightning

The earth trembles with fire and die so many people in the thundering

After the rain in the half bright sky the rainbow blooms out with a hope

That colorful garden laughs out with heavenly brightness

The deaths embedded on the ground

And the bright flowers smiling on the other side

The rain takes out the lives in contrast it helps sprout the new lives

And the colored rainbow in the sky smiles in the glory of hope

We everyday weave.

Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh

13 May, 2025.

Md. Mahbubul Alam is from Bangladesh. His writer name is Mahbub John in Bangladesh. He is a Senior Teacher (English) of Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. Chapainawabganj is a district town of Bangladesh. He is an MA in English Literature from Rajshahi College under National University. He has published three books of poems in Bangla. He writes mainly poems but other branches of literature such as prose, article, essay etc. also have been published in national and local newspapers, magazines, little magazines. He has achieved three times the Best Teacher Certificate and Crest in National Education Week in the District Wise Competition in Chapainawabganj District. He has gained many literary awards from home and abroad. His English writings have been published in Synchronized Chaos for seven years.

Mom and dad

Were in a meeting with my dad 

Today he was in a car with me 

The other night he said that

The guy who is in charge is 

The Man and that the man 

The Woman who was the man 

The Girl is a woman is the 

The Woman that was born 

The Man was a man who had 

I never heard of before 

I had to look up the 

The New York album on 

I just saw that and it 

Was a good even song 

I just didn’t like it 

I don’t know what 

I was going to 

I was just thinking of 

I don’t have any more of those 

Akmalova Zeboxon Akobirxon qizi is an Alfraganus University Psychology 2 course student.

My Morning Conversation..!

Oh morning, my friend…

Good morning to you, and to all the beautiful things around us.

To you who returned after a long, dark night,

Good morning, my morning,

To the places where we laughed so much,

To every spot we visited,

To every café and every coffee cup,

And to every heart that carries purity in its soul — just like you, my friend.

Reach out your hand to mine —

One hand cannot clap alone,

But it invites you to enjoy a cup of coffee from my hand.

Let’s share stories and memories we once lived together

As we sip the warmth of morning coffee.

For in coffee, beauty shines just as you do.

My friend,

Good morning to you,

You and coffee remain my dearest companions.

You are the essence of nature and its comforter —

Without you, nature would not be as we desire.

And coffee — the icon of morning and the queen of warmth —

Lifts us from the ecstasy of dreams and thoughts

Into a world where we discover something new with your arrival.

You gather us,

And collect what scattered from us in the vastness of space.

My beautiful friend,

You steal your light from the sun,

You are the hope that erases the heart’s pain and burdens.

Let your morning breeze speak of the beauty of your soul,

So our morning may be filled with goodness and hope.

You are the garden of love that grants happiness and safety.

In you, souls are renewed with every creation.

Do you know your worth to me and to humanity?

You, the light-hearted visitor —

You are that morning, unchanged!

Yet every day,

You come to us with a new face,

Radiant, smiling, and more beautiful and elegant than before.

Because you are the morning,

You are the one from whom people draw their beauty.

Every day I greet you —

May God bless your morning with joy.

Know that I am with you, wherever you are.

Every day I thank God,

And I remember Him more,

So I may find happiness,

And so may you —

That your soul may find peace.

Good morning, my friend.

You are the rose and its fragrance.

These are soft and tender words I greet you with —

For they are lovely and kind.

Every night before I sleep, and at dawn,

I ask my Lord:

Will the morning visit me today?

Will a cup of coffee bring us together once more?

I send my peace and greetings to it with the scent of roses.

In the morning,

I search for my things,

My wishes,

And for someone beautiful like you,

Oh my morning… my friend.

Do you know, you who brighten the face of the day?

I am a person who seeks peace of mind and respect

With someone who values life, love, and kind connection.

Because, honestly,

I am just like you — light-spirited,

Careful, precise, clean, elegant, and organized.

I dislike chaos.

I’m looking for a woman who is beautiful, gentle, generous,

Someone with presence and personality —

A woman with pride, nobility, and radiance.

I wish to build this relationship

On mutual respect and trust between us, in love.

Would you accept me as a friend and a beloved?

That is who I am,

My beautiful friend…

Oh morning.