Unswayed on horse tails through the hollow landscape like a shot when the core opens a black eye then crucifies with white heat so I, your beloved, half-mad, have cried out while the whole universe is collapsing to me – crushed from within by thunder like an unrepentant man crying before the Wall buried underground, and with a leap the nimbus of your charms wants to rise from the well, between the two screams of mine and your unresponsiveness in the gloom –
You turned, a flaming comet and you are not Eurydice, longing to torment you nor am I Orpheus but the thousandth string on the harp, faded from wear of the ignorant little emperor who listened to the shrew as a stimulus instead of a nightingale – and like a failed musician in the world a hub, a mediocre one who struggles to see his reverse side from the face and beats his belly, like a beaver and everyone whistles in vain so that the period can end as soon as possible, that bujad –
Which beautiful flowers would you like to chase and bushes with a lati which reads: only you listened to me zealously you were the bread that breaded me like when a brick is mixed from mortar which the masons cursed, threw – like the most decorated trumpeter from the parade who can no longer settle down -everywhere for an outcast he is considered, although he curls up to you like a snake in order to lift him like a dragon from the darkness of hell to the divine sphere –
In my living room, books and paintings, masks and gems,
Just keep still… All around the silence reigns over.
Blessed be, o Lord ! Thy peace, granted to a poor boy,
Came with the faculty to work, and learn your books…
I can pray now Thy love, in this shrine full of joy,
Rich refuge for my life, which I am glad none took.
There are the jewelry, tailored clothes, lithographs,
Sea shells and silver lamps, ivories, or gold rings…
All reminding of past battles. – My humble being.
Then I will read the Psalms, the Gospels and some Saints !
Before writing a stance, a try, until I faint…
To express gratitude ! As for an epitaph.
*****
A Christian poem.
When I pray Thee o Lord, my voice, humble but proud,
Raise inner, for Thou knows everything of me,
Then I try to write down, speak up, but never loud,
No for we are not much. Before Thy great army.
We are children to Thee, though. Salt grains for the Earth…
We are friends to the birds, colorful like flowers…
We can be good workers, until the last hour,
We can be good servants if we know what we’re worth.
The paradise immense, where will live forever,
Those amongst us who choose to be His believers,
Is like the treasure a peasant finds in a field…
Soon this field acquired, then the riches revealed,
Everyone will think this person has been wise.
Be pious, be gentle, love, hope… – Jesus advises.
*****
The poet plans for work.
You see me now, well quiet, at my library desk !
Director here. Further, I hear cars passing by,
Further, I see grey clouds… The silence is at stake,
Calm, as I read Plato : moments some wish could buy.
Then I take my pen on : I will write for Roma,
For the woman I love, her lips, their aroma…
I will write for Paris, for London, for Madrid,
For a farm in the snow, then for my youth in need.
I want to write again ! For a trip to Jersey,
On a boat, whilst a storm was raging the Channel,
I want to write about hiking, and this tunnel…
In Geneva when I questioned my survival.
I will write about my past girlfriends – when opals,
Drizzled from their glances on our soft Odyssey !
*****
Timothee Bordenave is a French author, a poet, novelist and essayist. He has published many books both in French and English. A part of his writings has been translated to various languages and published internationally.
He is also a visual artist as a photographer and a painter, whose works have also been widely shown, in France like in many other countries around the world.
Born in Paris, France, in 1984, he still lives in France today, partaking his days between the capital town and countryside properties. He first worked as a library director, before shifting to be a fulltime author and artist.
His interest to culture and creativity has brought him to be very active in the local French art community, involving himself notably in the organization of art events for his friends.
Historical Monuments of Uzbekistan: Timeless Witnesses of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, located at the heart of Central Asia, is one of the world’s oldest cultural crossroads. For centuries, it served as a key hub of the Great Silk Road, connecting East and West, North and South. As merchants, scholars, travelers, and conquerors passed through its territory, they left behind not only goods and ideas but also magnificent architectural monuments. Today, Uzbekistan is home to hundreds of historical sites that reflect the rich political, spiritual, and cultural history of the region. These monuments are not merely remnants of the past; they are living witnesses to the rise and fall of great civilizations and continue to shape the national identity of the Uzbek people.
Samarkand – The Pearl of the East
Among Uzbekistan’s historical cities, Samarkand holds a special place. Often referred to as “the Pearl of the East,” Samarkand is more than 2,700 years old and has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city reached its golden age during the reign of Amir Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century, when it became the capital of a vast empire.
The most iconic monument of Samarkand is Registan Square, a grand ensemble of three madrasahs: Ulugh Beg Madrasah, Sher-Dor Madrasah, and Tilla-Kori Madrasah. These buildings demonstrate the pinnacle of Islamic architecture, with their majestic portals, intricate geometric patterns, and vibrant blue tilework. Registan was not only an architectural center but also a place of education, public gatherings, and intellectual exchange.
Another remarkable monument is the Gur-e Amir Mausoleum, the final resting place of Amir Timur and his descendants. Its massive turquoise dome and elegant interior symbolize the power and ambition of the Timurid dynasty. The mausoleum later inspired the design of other famous structures, including the Taj Mahal in India.
Bukhara – A Living Museum
Bukhara is often described as an open-air museum, as it has preserved its historical layout and monuments remarkably well. With a history spanning over 2,500 years, Bukhara was once a major center of Islamic theology, science, and trade.
One of the most impressive landmarks in Bukhara is the Poi-Kalyan Complex, which includes the Kalyan Minaret, Kalyan Mosque, and Mir-i-Arab Madrasah. The Kalyan Minaret, standing nearly 47 meters tall, was built in the 12th century and has survived numerous invasions and earthquakes. Legend says that even Genghis Khan was so impressed by its beauty that he ordered it not to be destroyed.
Another significant site is the Ark Fortress, an ancient citadel that served as the residence of Bukhara’s rulers for centuries. Within its walls, political decisions were made, cultural life flourished, and the fate of the emirate was determined. Walking through the Ark today allows visitors to imagine the daily life of medieval rulers and scholars.
Khiva – A City Frozen in Time
Khiva, located in the Khorezm region, is one of the best-preserved historical cities in Central Asia. Its inner city, Ichan-Kala, is surrounded by massive clay walls and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unlike many ancient cities, Khiva’s historical center remains almost entirely intact.
Among Khiva’s architectural masterpieces is the Kalta Minor Minaret, famous for its unfinished yet striking appearance, covered in blue and green tiles. The Juma Mosque, with its 218 carved wooden columns, reflects ancient construction traditions and artistic craftsmanship. Each column has a unique design, some dating back to the 10th century. Khiva’s monuments reflect the cultural identity of Khorezm, a region that made significant contributions to science, mathematics, and astronomy.
Shakhrisabz, the birthplace of Amir Timur, is another important historical city in Uzbekistan.
The Dorus-Saodat and Dorus-Tilovat complexes in Shakhrisabz include mausoleums and mosques associated with Timur’s family and spiritual mentors. These monuments highlight the deep connection between political authority and religious life in medieval Central Asia.
While Uzbekistan is widely known for its Islamic monuments, its territory also preserves traces of pre-Islamic civilizations. The city of Termez, located in the south of the country, was once an important center of Buddhism along the Silk Road. Archaeological sites such as Fayaz-Tepa and Kara-Tepa contain remains of Buddhist monasteries, stupas, and sculptures dating back to the Kushan period. These monuments prove that Uzbekistan has long been a land of religious tolerance and cultural diversity. They enrich the historical narrative of the country and demonstrate its role in global civilization.
Since gaining independence, Uzbekistan has placed great emphasis on preserving and restoring its historical monuments. Large-scale restoration projects have been carried out, and many sites have been adapted for cultural tourism. At the same time, efforts are being made to balance modernization with historical authenticity. Historical monuments today play a vital role in educating young generations, strengthening national pride, and promoting Uzbekistan on the international stage. They attract millions of tourists each year and contribute to economic development through cultural tourism. The historical monuments of Uzbekistan are far more than architectural achievements; they are symbols of human creativity, knowledge, and resilience.
From the grand squares of Samarkand to the quiet streets of Khiva, each monument tells a story of a civilization that once flourished and continues to inspire the modern world. Preserving these treasures is not only a national responsibility but also a contribution to global cultural heritage. Uzbekistan, with its timeless monuments, stands as a bridge between the past and the future, inviting humanity to learn from history and value cultural diversity.
INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY PRIMARY EDUCATION EFFECTIVE EDUCATION AND STIMULATING INTEREST AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
RAKHMANALIYEVA MARJONA BAKHODIRJON QIZI
Abstract: This article explores effective teaching methods for primary school students, ways to stimulate interest, and pedagogical approaches. It highlights the use of interactive methods, games, visual materials, and reward systems to enhance students’ active participation in the learning process.
Introduction Primary school is the period when a child acquires fundamental knowledge and forms social skills. Therefore, it is crucial that education at this stage is effective, sparks students’ interest and makes the learning process enjoyable. The main task for educators is to encourage students’ active participation and create opportunities to reinforce knowledge.
Primary education serves as the foundation for a student’s successful learning in later stages. It is precisely during this period that children develop an interest in learning, independent thinking, a thirst for knowledge, and social skills. Consequently, organizing education effectively in primary school and engaging students in subjects requires a thorough methodological approach from the teacher.
The Principles of Effective Education
Active Teaching Methods Young children learn faster through play. Therefore: Interactive games Role-playing activities Group tasks
Question-and-answer methods strengthen their desire to participate actively in the lesson process. Example: Solving math problems through the “Who’s Faster?” game, or explaining the content of a text using the “Find and Tell” technique.
Using Visual Aids Younger students master topics better when they see them. Therefore: Pictures Charts Colorful flashcards Video materials make the topic interesting and understandable.
The Importance of Game Technologies Play is a child’s natural psychological need. Play-based learning develops skills such as: a) Attention b) Memory c) Thinking d) Creativity Types of games: a) Didactic games b) Active/movement games c) Logical games d) Interactive digital games
Individual Approach Since each student’s:
Level of knowledge,
Character,
Pace of learning is different, the teacher must choose an individual approach. Examples:
Assigning more complex tasks to strong students.
Giving easier, step-by-step tasks to struggling children.
Applying an encouraging approach.
Motivation System Praising a student improves their emotional and motivational state.
Oral evaluations like “Excellent!”, “Great job!”
Stars, stickers,
Small gifts strengthen their interest in the lesson.
Using Technological Tools Modern educational tools: a. Interactive whiteboard, b. Tablet, c. Multimedia lessons, d. Online platforms further increase students’ interest in subjects.
Teaching Through Real-Life Examples Children understand topics more easily when connected to real life. Example:
a. Mathematics: Using market prices as examples. b. Native Language: Constructing sentences based on daily conversations. c. Science: Collecting samples from nature.
Learning Environment and Psychological Comfort A classroom that is:
a. Bright, b. Comfortable, c. Aesthetically pleasing, and a teacher who is kind and attentive increases children’s desire to come to class.
Effective Methods for Stimulating Interest Among Students
Questioning Technique Interesting questions, puzzles, and logical riddles increase motivation.
Engaging Introduction Starting a lesson with a conversation, video, picture, or short game yields good results.
Mini-Projects Assigning small research tasks to students: a. A poster on the topic “My Family,” b. A presentation about “My Favorite Animal.” This strengthens their creativity and independence.
Collaborative Learning Working in pairs or dividing into small groups allows them to learn from each other.
Allowing Free Expression of Thought If a student can answer as they wish and explore on their own, their interest in learning increases.
MAIN PART
Effective Teaching Methods The following approaches are important for effective education in primary school: Interactive Lessons: Engaging students in active participation; e.g., Q&A sessions, role-playing games. Visual and Audio Materials: Explaining topics through diagrams, pictures, and videos. Practical Activities: Laboratory work, experiments, and game-based tasks.
Methods for Stimulating Interest
Games and Quizzes – make the learning process interesting. Motivation System – creating motivation through praise, points, certificates. Small Group Work – develops cooperation, idea exchange, and social skills. Individual Approach – assigning tasks according to each student’s interests and abilities.
Pedagogical Recommendations Keep lessons short and dynamic; it’s difficult for young children to maintain focus for long. Connect every topic to real-life examples; students learn knowledge they can apply in their own lives. Create a positive environment; allow freedom from fear of mistakes and the opportunity to express opinions freely.
Pedagogical Approaches The teacher’s role is very important in effective primary education: Active Approach – Actively involving students in the lesson process, allowing them to ask questions and find answers. Differentiated Approach – Considering each child’s abilities, interests, and needs. Project-Based Method – Students learn topics through practice by creating small projects.
Interest-Stimulating Strategies Game Methods – Incorporating game elements in teaching knowledge (e.g., quizzes, role-playing, puzzles). Visual and Audio Materials – Explaining topics using pictures, videos, diagrams, and interactive boards. Motivation System – Encouragement tools like points, praise, certificates, “most active student of the day.” Practical Activities – Reinforcing knowledge through experiments and hands-on crafts.
Interactive Forms of Lessons Small Group Work – Children solve problems together and exchange ideas. Brainstorming – Gathering students’ ideas on a new topic.
Role-Playing – Performing scenes or character roles based on the topic. Short Tests and Quizzes – Determining students’ knowledge level and increasing activity.
Modern Technologies Interactive Whiteboards and Tablets – Make lessons visual and interesting. Digital Games and Applications – Gamification (adding game elements) in learning knowledge. Videos and Animations – Help explain complex topics easily. Online Platforms – Allow maintaining student interest in distance learning as well.
Pedagogical Recommendations Keep lessons short and dynamic; primary school students cannot maintain attention for a long time. Connect every topic to real-life examples; students learn knowledge they can apply in their own lives. Create a positive environment; allow freedom from fear of mistakes and the opportunity to express opinions freely. When assessing students, consider not only the result but also the process.
CONCLUSION Effective education in primary school is directly linked to stimulating students’ interest. Interactive methods, games, visual materials, and motivation systems make the educational process interesting and ensure the reinforcement of knowledge. The task of educators is to encourage the activity of each student and maintain their interest in learning.
References
Jalolov, B. Boshlang‘ich sinflarda ta’lim metodikasi [Teaching Methodology in Primary School]. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2019.
Pirogova, L. Innovative Methods in Primary Education. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 2017.
Smith, J. Engaging Young Learners: Techniques for Primary Schools. London: Routledge, 2020.
Rahmonov, A. O‘quvchilarda qiziqishni uyg‘otish va motivatsiya [Stimulating Interest and Motivation in Students]. Tashkent: Fan, 2021.
Brown, H. Active Learning in Early Education. New York: Springer, 2018.
