Methods of forming new words in Uzbek and English languages.
Moydinova Mavludakhon
Student of Kokand State Pedagogical Institute
Abstract: This article analyzes the ways of word formation in English and Uzbek and explains it through several examples. We know that every language has its own rules of word formation in its grammar. Therefore, the ways of forming words in Uzbek and English differ from each other.
Key words: English language, Uzbek language, word formation, affixation, composition, affix, prefix, postfix, infix
Each language has its own way of development based on word formation. After all, in order for a new word to be formed, that country must develop. Emergence of language Word formation is a separate category in grammar and is studied as a separate topic in linguistics. The emergence and development of language is definitely dependent on word-forming affixes. New words are formed with the help of word generators in the language, and the vocabulary of the language expands. The creation of new words using the existing words in the language and word generators is understood as word formation.In Uzbek, two methods of word formation are shown: affixation and composition. We know that words that do not have formative suffixes are called root words. method is called affixation method. For example, words expressing new meaning are created by adding a formative suffix to the words "cotton" and "stone". Word formation using affixes is a basic tool for many languages. In particular, the types of affixes in English and Uzbek languages are formed in almost the same way. Affixes are divided into prefixes, postfixes and infixes based on their addition to the base of the word. As the name implies, a prefix comes before the root, a postfix comes after the root, and an infix is added between two independent words to form a new word.
For example, in words such as beor, noshkur, nomard, a prefix is added to the words or, shukur, mard to form another independent word group, that is, adjective. In English, new words are created by adding prefixes such as "rewrite" and "rebuild" to the words "write" and "build". If a new word is formed as a result of adding a suffix, we can take as an example words such as speaker, freedom, beautiful in English. Infixed suffixes are less likely to be found in English, as they belong mainly to Arabic Arabic languages. However, since many words in the Uzbek language come from the Arabic language, they can be found in literary booksThe method of composition is characteristic of English and Uzbek languages, and this method is a method of creating a word with lexical meaning, which is formed by joining two or more independent words. In the method of composition, words are found by writing together, but also in the form of a line. For example, hardworking, mushroom (added), one hundred and twenty-five, dream (arranged). It is made in English just like Uzbek. For example, grandparents, firefighter (added), up-to-date (underlined), ice cream (lined up). In English, such words are called "compound words".
In conclusion, we can say that creating a new word in any way and by any means is called word formation. In any language, the formation of words and the ability to use them correctly is very important for us.
References Iriskulov M., "Introduction to Linguistics" Tashkent.: 2019. (pp. 119-120)
Rahmatullayev Sh. Modern Uzbek literary language. Textbook. -Tashkent, University, 2006.
A. Abduazizov. "Introduction to Linguistic Theory" (p. 97)
Divine
I surpassed a gloomy vessel
Half emptied with brimming madness
It poured down over my triumphed choir
I summoned the angels from heaven
Of uttering divine prophecy
In the utmost time
Fall before illusion
Time's coveted monument
It surpassed a breathed life
All enchanting under the divine choir
The spasmodic rhythm
Of Earth awakened madness
It passed a heavy fall
Before I lie awakened with omniscient rhythm
I knew the divine speaks to all.
My future
White and spotless as the clouds,
I have my dreams.
Fortune is always with me,
All my dreams will surely come true.
The passion deep inside me,
Never will fade away.
The faith of my country's leader,
Will always be a beacon in my way.
Bahara Shodmonkulova daughter of Ilhom, was born on June 23, 2010 in Gallaorol district of Jizzakhj region. Currently, she is a 7th grade student of the 42nd school.
Experience
Sometimes I want to touch the clouds
They are white, soft and cute
I feel sleepy looking at the sky
A soft cloud caresses me
I take the pen slowly and slowly
I'm deep in innocent thought
What a paste when inspiration comes
I collect my thoughts on paper
Sometimes I use that pen too
I also like white paper
I wish I didn't have both
I don't know what's going on
Maybe my poems are not good
I can't give orders, it's my heart
At least today there is no inspiration
Desires are a language that cannot be expressed
Why am I so sad?
We live in the life after all
I also wrote a poem like a poet
Being a poet is also difficult
Madinabonu Bobobekova was born on February 2, 2009 in the Gallaorol district of the Jizzakh region.
Her works have been published in several district, regional and republican newspapers. In addition, she is active in foreign newspapers and magazines with creative works and a member of the "Qaqnus" group of the "Barkamol Avlod" boyar school.
The status quo sews faulty seeds but the tramps and vagabond hearts are the beauty of wild reeds. – Sebastian Malcolm Francis, Trail Walker by the Feral Ferns
Prologue
‘You can’t say it that way, and have to stop saying it. It’s grammatically incorrect.’ But I said the truth, which was, ‘I won’t stop, and lots of people talk that way. Real people.’ And it was left at that. The rains rained and the month that usually held snow on the ground, snow that had travelled through the winter sky, had little or none. Everything about the world was strange and much was troublesome…wars, disasters, inflation, and myriad other items besides.
Tires
The man was upbeat and liked his work, his movements fast and confident, his gait sure and steady and somehow wholesome. He had working hands and a good physical and spiritual heart. How many people had he helped by the sides of roads, and often in inclement weather? Is someone like that not like an angel? Truck and tire, jack and machine, work clothes and the world rains and rains. Electric light splashes upon one million puddles. The man moves in the world and the words he uses are direct and meaningful, for there is nothing superfluous about him. Good aura. Good people. He is good people.
Coffee
The lady has to walk through all kinds of weather to serve coffee at the edge of town. And how to navigate such a world in storms and cold? Heavy coat at least. She is calm. An adult but wise somehow like an old lady that has seen much. Her hands handle the counter surely and swiftly and perhaps she knows people better than a psychologist so-called. Outside the rains are tears across windows and the unthinking ones leave their garbage, because they think the world is only for them. It doesn’t make her jaded though. Everything is taken in stride. That portrays maturity and a type of self-actualization. Everyone is treated equally though she must have her favourites and not-so favourites even amoung the regulars.
Dancer
It’s not complicated. That one left the ambitious world and danced literally on shores. The waves lap, ancient oceans blue green turquoise and sometimes calm, other times tumultuous. To be in the body and feel a true and honest and inspiring rhythm is her goal. Rocks and sands, the clouds and sometimes birds, watch on. Integrity and hard work, and the years pay off in a particular sense. It is and isn’t second nature. Like many or all arts. She has gifts and can hear some inner music but has to honour the calling. And does.
Furniture
They asked him to leave college because he wasn’t academically like the others. All he wanted to do was learn to help bigger groups of marginalized people, but the world demands more. ‘Right now,’ he said, ‘I live in this neighborhood and people know if they need help with anything, like moving say, that they can ask me.’ He fell out of his seat once and it was because he was tired,- but people laughed at him. I tried to be his friend but lost touch in time. I wonder whatever happened to him. The world in those parts was cold and though every building could not have been grey, every building felt grey. What a world they have built, I thought to myself as I saw it all, so empty of warmth, so devoid of joy and naturalness.
Canine
That dog was rescued from a far away place, another country, and had a missing leg, its front left leg to be exact. But what heart it had, and one could tell that it had adjusted to its new life. Its owners took it on great walks and sometimes it met and played with other dogs. There, the world was not complicated. Trees. Skies. Good dirt trails. The wild birds went over the tops of the tree-lines. There was a different, a sanguine energy that stayed even in overcast weather. That energy was amidst the stones and ferns of the valley, the deep wild red sumac of the upper paths that waited always, in and about the little streams and also with the evergreens proud and reliable, plus the birch trees, always full of character and nuance, full of spirit and soul.
Epilogue
The rains stayed for days and even souls not prone to reflection sometimes gave pause and looked out windows. The news of the world was not good, yet there were still good people. Industrial grates received the water from the streets. Past the towns, beyond the old solitary church with its weathered and worn bricks, was a little cemetery surrounded by trees. The stones were faded and sometimes the names could hardly be read. One day those people were also alive and thriving, perhaps smiling and planning their day. But now, time had taken much. There was one marker that spoke of a man. I had bet, with that area being so rural, that he was a farmer of some sort. The cars and trucks out there on the roads beyond went and went and went,- tending to the business of the busy world alive. I think the farmer man must have been a salt of the earth type. I bet he was good people.
In the realm where dreams reside....
In the realm where dreams reside,
Lies a tale that must be untied.
A story of forgotten lands,
Of whispered secrets in shifting sands.
Behold! A world so full of wonder,
Where stars ignite and heavens thunder.
Where moonbeams dance upon the streams,
And sunsets paint ethereal gleams.
In this realm, love blossoms true,
Where hearts entwine like morning dew.
A symphony of laughter fills the air,
As souls connect beyond compare.
But amidst this beauty, darkness creeps,
It slumbers there, silently it seeps.
A shadow cast upon the light,
Threatening to devour all in sight.
Yet hope ignites within each soul,
Burning bright, making them whole.
They rise against the tempest's might,
With courage fierce, they take to flight.
For in this realm, strength is found,
In unity, their spirits bound.
Together they face the looming storm,
Defying fate's relentless norm.
Through valleys deep and mountains tall,
They march with purpose, standing tall.
Their voices rise in unison,
A symphony of resilience begun.
And as they fight against the night,
Their spirits glow with radiant light.
For even when darkness seems so vast,
Hope endures and shadows won't last.
So let us join this sacred place,
Embrace its beauty and embrace its grace.
For within its depths lies life's sweet song,
An eternal melody that keeps us strong.
Poetess: Makhfiratkhon Abdurakhmonova from Uzbekistan.
In order to reach maturity, one must first think about the purity of the heart. Purity of heart is achieved only when the heart seeks the truth and the soul strives for enlightenment. All this depends on true knowledge. It is clear as day that there is a very strong meaning behind these thoughts expressed by Confucius. Reading a book beautifies a person’s heart and fills his soul with spiritual nourishment. One of my favorite places is the library. I like books. When I see them, I calm down a lot, my soul finds comfort. Those who aim for the development and intellectual growth of our society should definitely read the book. Everyone should be able to properly assess their interests, think about what kind of books they like, what kind of works they enjoy reading. If you read books, you will become stronger than others. What do you say? No one can defeat you if you have a strong spirit. Strength in the body will eventually run out, that’s for sure, but no one can take away the strength in the spirit. Pay attention, look around you, in this world, whoever believes in his physical strength, who relies on his bravery, begins to lose strength over time. As for the soul, it is getting stronger, growing and developing.
I realized this when I was a child. The fairy tales and stories told by my mother made me free, and my love for books and learning increased. My mother, who supervised my reading every day, listened to my thoughts and communicated freely with me. Every day I studied a new topic and told my mother about it. I would like them to hold an umbrella of answers in the rain of questions without asking why and why. When I was in the 1st grade, I heard the condition set by our librarian to recite 40 proverbs on the New Year’s holiday. Everyone was surprised, whispering in my ears that this girl was memorizing. I gathered my thoughts and started to say, look, I surprised everyone with 42 proverbs. Then our librarian congratulated and said who can say more proverbs than this girl? They asked a question. But no one could do it. All teachers envy me now. That day, I returned home happy after receiving a New Year’s gift from our receptionist. I still remember my childhood with sweet memories.
This is where my enthusiasm, the love of my father, the trust of my father, the recognition of my teachers, and the respect of my loved ones come from. I have loved the library since I was a child. We are moving step by step over time, and in the blink of an eye, we completed the 3rd stage. Now it was time for practice. Before us, the practice was spent in publishing houses, but we were sent to the library. We were sent to my favorite place… the newly opened library in our district. I came and looked around with special affection. The books seemed to shine on the shelves. I don’t know about anyone else, but I really like going to the library. I would like to express my gratitude to Sister Zulkhumor and Sister Saida, who gave me the first ideas about special books in the library. We organized an interesting art party at this location the very week we arrived. We told the children about Cholpon’s art, performances, and interesting facts. The students of Barkamol Avlod organization returned home with a lot of necessary information. In general, we came to this place with our fellow students every day and read our favorite books.
There are misunderstandings that happen everywhere, but we got out of them. We worked on new projects, came up with new ideas for the little ones. I love our new library in Yangibozor district, I have a different love for the books that are being picked from the high shelves, as if they are telling me about secrets and giving me news. For a little girl who never gets tired of learning new things, internship in this place was a very interesting activity. A book is a world seen through a person.
Mokhichekhra Rustamova
Uzbek language student at the Faculty of Philology of Urganch State University In 2022, she received the “For Services in the Field of Science” badge, and in 2023, actively participating in the international festival, she became the owner of the “Scientific Researcher” badge. In 2023, the owner of the “Hokim Scholarship”, the winner of the republican stage of the “Zomin Seminar-2022” of republican artists, an official member of many international organizations. She has four authored books, her articles and creative works have been published in international magazines and newspapers.
