Abdulla Avlaniy’s contribution to the development of pedagogy

Irodakhon Ziyoyeva Umidjon’s daughter is a student of the Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy.  Her scientific articles have been published in several international journals and websites.  Holder of several international certificates.

Annotation: This article presents the life and creative work of Abdulla Avloni, one of the prominent representatives of Jadidism, a poet, playwright and pedagogue, his contribution to the field of pedagogy, and examples of his valuable thoughts.

 Key words: modernism, modern methods, old method schools, worldly knowledge, ethics.

          It is known that since the 90s of the 19th century, the Jadidism movement spread widely in Central Asia, especially in the Turkestan region.  Their main goal was to renew, enrich and fundamentally improve the old underdeveloped education system in the country.  In order to raise the awareness of the population and spread knowledge, they published various newspapers several times, established various theaters, replaced the old methods in schools with new ones, began to teach subjects related to modern worldly knowledge along with religious knowledge, instead of paid schools  in order to support the needy strata of the population, they even established free educational institutions.  Of course, at that time, these changes were not liked by the tsarist government and some pedagogues who were making money from the old schools.  For this reason, the Jadid movement was strongly opposed by the tsarist government, and many dedicated intellectuals died prematurely.  Abdulla Awlani is one of the devoted intellectuals of that time.

The life and work of Abdulla Avloni

     Enlightener, writer, dramatist Abdulla Avloni was born on July 12, 1878 in Tashkent in a peasant family.  In his youth, he studied at the old school.  He wrote about himself in his biography that he started studying at a madrasa in Okhchi neighborhood from the age of 12, and from the age of 13 he worked as a laborer in the summer and studied in the winter.  After graduating from Avloni madrasa, he worked as a school teacher.  Changing the structure and direction of the schools of that time has done a lot of work on radical improvement.  In particular, providing students with modern worldly knowledge and teaching Eastern and Western languages ​​in schools was one of Avloni’s main ideas.

Avloni joined the Jadidchilik movement in the 20th century.  He, in turn, knew Arabic, Russian, and Persian languages ​​and worked as a translator.  He translated several famous writers.  The ages of Leo Tolstoy, Konstantin Ushinsky are among them.  Abdulla Avlani published several newspapers and presented them to the public to raise awareness in the society.  In particular:

1.Progressive” 1906

2. “Fame” 1907

3. “Asia” 1908

4. “Turon” published in 1917.:

Among them, Shuhrat newspaper was printed by Avloni at his home.  Taking into account that writing and printing books was not developed at that time and it was a laborious process, it required a lot of hard work.

Pedagogical activities and views of Abdulla Avlani

       Abdulla Avlani, for his part, knew that changing the direction of school education was not an easy task, and sufficient conditions were required for this.  One of the main problems in the education system of that time was the lack of educational resources.  In order to prevent this problem, Abdulla Avlani created several textbooks and started using them in his new method schools.  Some of these works include: “The First Teacher”, “The Second Teacher”, “Turkish Gulistan and Ethics”.  The first Teacher’s book was mainly used as an elementary textbook for schools, and it was written on the principle of easy to difficult.  The second book of the Teacher is its logical continuation.  Abdulla Avloni’s collection “Literature or National Poems” (consisting of 5 volumes) and “School Gulistoni” were created as a textbook-complex for the upper classes of schools.  That is why he included not only his own poems, but also children’s works of other authors in these collections.  The collections were published during 1909-1917, the textbooks-complexes served as the main guide in expressive reading.

    Abdulla Avlani paid great attention to literacy and expressive reading and even listed several types of expressive and fluent reading.  It is known that in the schools of the old system, students blindly followed the teacher and pronounced without knowing the letters, but could not read the pronounced words when they saw their written expression.  Since teachers in old schools mainly relied on the oral method of teaching, very few students were able to read and write fluently after graduating from school.  Avloni prevented this shortcoming and created its modern forms without limiting himself to the initial forms of expressive teaching.In 1917, the book “Turkish Culture and Morals” was published, in which the socio-pedagogical views of Abdulla Avloni, an enlightened scientist, were described.  Abdulla Avloni, speaking about the education of children in the work “Turkish culture and morals”, emphasizes that the main task is the responsibility of the teacher.  In his opinion, the strength and breadth of thinking of a pedagogue depends on the breadth of worldviews.  If the teachers’ words contradict their actions, then the students do not believe in such moral teachings.  In Avloni’s pedagogical works, the glorification of intelligence and knowledge is supposedly closely connected with the glorification of this person.Also, Avloni has always encouraged people of knowledge to learn languages.  He said: language and literature are the mirror life of every nation in the world.  Avloni emphasizes that the spoken word of a person is the scale that measures his perfection, knowledge and virtue.  In fact, many scholars know a person’s thoughts, intentions and even value from his words.  When we study Avloni’s point of view, it is surprising that the ideas he put forward are still necessary and have not lost their power.  Educating a mature person in all respects, encouraging him to turn away from evil and to do good is directly related to education.  Abdulla Awlani defines education as follows: “Education and pedagogy means child pedagogy. Good education for the health and happiness of the child, keeping the body clean, correcting the profession at a young age, and teaching good manners are like doctors, the doctor is the disease in the patient’s body.  “A teacher should do a great job by treating the center of anger in the child’s body with the remedy of “good behavior” and above the remedy of “purity”.  Here, Abdulla Avloni compares a pedagogue to a doctor, and purity and good behavior to a cure.  The thinker divides education into three groups: physical education, intellectual education and moral education.  First of all, the first of these is important for a person.  Because if the body is healthy, the mind will be healthy and clear, and the behavior will be beautiful, – says Avloni.

Summary

 Abdulla Avloni has a prominent place among the representatives of Jadidism with his works and productive work, and his great services in the field of pedagogy.  The educational and moral views advanced in his works still serve as an important guide in the culture of the modern age.  Avloni was also an exemplary pedagogue and was able to make a significant contribution to the educational system of the 19th century.  In his works, the necessary qualities of not only the student, but also the personality of the pedagogue are shown.  In fact, in order to educate a student, a pedagogue must first be an example in science and education.  It can be seen from the above examples that Avloni’s works still enrich Uzbek literature, and these works can directly educate the reader to form moral qualities such as love for the motherland and the pursuit of knowledge.

During his time, Avloni worked in the positions of consul, minister of public education, editor, and teacher.  It is true that he was not persecuted and condemned as an enemy of the people, but his work was not studied until 1966, and none of his works were published after his death.  If the works of a poet or writer do not reach the reader, it means that the poet is forgotten.  But the work of Abdulla Avloni was later studied and researched by Begali Kasimov.  During the years of independence, among other representatives of Jadidism, Abdulla Avloni was highly honored and respected, his works were re-examined, updated and brought to the attention of the general public.  In Tashkent, a street and 2 neighborhoods, national research institutes were named after Avloni.  A statue of Avloni was also installed on Adiblar Avenue.

References:

  1. Abdullah Awlani.  Turkish culture or morals.  – T.: “Teacher”, 1992.

 2 Begali Kosimov, Shukhrat Rizaev.  Abdulla Avloniy (1878-1934) -https://ziyouz.uz/ilm-va-fan/adabiyot/milliy-uygonish/begali-kasimov-shuhrat-rizaev abdulla-avloniy-1878-1934

 3. CONTRIBUTION OF ABDULLA AVLONIY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL THOUGHT – Karamatova Dilfuza Sadinovna