THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WORD DIVISION IN THE STUDIED LANGUAGE
Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
4th year student Malika Tursunkho’jayeva
Supervisor: Ismanova Odinakhon
Anmerkung: In diesem Artikel werden die Hauptprinzipien der Klassifizierung von Wortarten in der untersuchten Sprache Deutsch analysiert. Es werden moderne linguistische Ansätze, Methoden zur Identifizierung von Wortarten anhand grammatikalischer und semantischer Merkmale diskutiert und die spezifischen Charakteristika der einzelnen Wortklassen anhand zahlreicher Beispiele aus dem Deutschen beleuchtet. Theoretisches Wissen wird durch praktische Beispiele ergänzt.
Schlüsselwörter: Wortarten, grammatisches Merkmal, semantisches Merkmal, deutsche Sprache, linguistische Analyse
Annatation:This article analyzes the basic principles of part-of-speech assignment in the learned language – German. Modern linguistic approaches as well as methods for determining parts of speech on the basis of grammatical and semantic features are covered. The specific characteristics of each part of speech are illustrated by numerous examples from German. Theoretical findings are supplemented with practical examples.
Keywords: parts of speech, grammatical features, semantic features, German language, linguistic analysis
The language system is distinguished by its complex structure and rules. Parts of speech are classified according to the grammatical and semantic features of the words in the language. In the process of learning a language, it is important to divide words into the correct categories, to use them correctly and to master grammar perfectly.
German, although structurally similar to English and other Germanic languages, has its specific phonetic, morphological and syntactic features. Parts of speech are distinguished in German on the basis of strict grammatical criteria.
Basic principles of the division of parts of speech
1. Separation based on grammatical symbols
In German, each word group has certain grammatical symbols: gender, number, possessive, tense, cite, condition, and so on. For example:
Ism (the noun): jins (the, the, the), ko’plik (-en, -e, -er) shakllari mavjud. Misol: the table (stol), the flowers (gullar)
Verb (das Verb): changes according to the person and tense. Example: gehen (go), ging (go), ist gegangen (go)
2. Semantic character separation
The meaning of the word is also important in determining its category. For example:Names: refers to the name of an object or person. (Auto, Lehrer)
Verbs: Express an action or situation. (Laufen, Schlafen)
3. Classification based on syntactic functions
The role of words in a sentence can also help determine their category:
Noun: usually comes as an object or object of a sentence.
Verb: forms the predicative core of a sentence. Basic vocabulary and their features in the German language.
Practical Examples
1. Ismlar: The city is big. (Shahar katta.)
2. Fe’llar: Ich lerne Deutsch. (Men nemis tilini o‘rganayapman.)
3. Sifatlar: This is an interesting book. (Bu qiziqarli kitob.)
4. Ravishlar: He runs fast. (U tez yuguradi.)
5. Template:Wir fahren mit dem Bus. (Biz autobusda ketayapmiz.)
Basic information about parts of speech (Wortarten)
1. What are parts of speech? Speech categories are a system of classifying words of a language based on their morphological form, syntactic role and semantic meaning. Each phrase has its own unique grammatical features. It is also determined by the function of words in a sentence.
2. Main Separation Criteria
3. Basic Vocabulary in German. Variable (flexiberbare Wortarten):
1st noun (Ism) – the dog, the book 2nd verb (Fe’l) – to read, to sleep
3. Adjective (Sifat) – beautiful, clever 4. Pronoun (Olmosh) – I, my, this
5. Numerals (Son so’zlari) – one, two, hundred
O’zgarmas (non-inflectible parts of speech):
6. Adverb (Ravish) – today, there, fast. 7. Preposition (Predlog) – on, under, because
8. Conjunction (Bog’lovchi) – and, because, although. 9. Particles (Yordamchi so’zlar) – yes, yes, wait
4. Features in German Vocabulary Recognition
A. Morphological features
Ismlar: Artikl va jinsga ega (the table, the lamp, the book).
Verbs: Have tense, person, and number variation (ich gehe, du gehst).
Adjectives: Changes when it comes with fixed articles and nouns (ein schöner Tag).
B. Syntactic features
Nouns: In a sentence, it is usually possessive or complementary.
Verbs: Always serve as the center of a sentence, a predicate.
Adjectives: Used as a descriptor or sentence fragment (Das Auto ist schnell.).
C. Semantic Properties
Names: Refers to a thing, person, or concept.
Verbs: Signifies an action, situation, or process.
Adjectives: Signifies the quality, signs of things.
5. Special Events
A. Ismlanish (noun)
A verb or adjective is used like nouns and starts with a capital letter.
Examples: das Essen (eating, eating), der Alte (seniors)
B. Declination of Adjectives. It varies depending on the specified and unspecified article.
Misollar: the beautiful tree, a beautiful tree
C. Arrival of the verb in auxiliary forms
Modal verbs and perfect tenses are used with auxiliary verbs:
I have to learn. He worked.
6. Principles applied in the comparison of parts of speech
7. Examples from German
8. Literature Used
Duden editors: Duden – Die Grammatik, Dudenverlag, 2021.
Helbig, Gerhard; Buscha, Joachim: Deutsche Grammatik, Langenscheidt, 2016.
Durrell, Martin: Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage, Routledge, 2017.
Zifonun, Gisela: Parts of Speech – an Introduction, Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997.
9. Important Notes. In German, an article, gender, declination and conjugation are important for each word category.
The function of words in context is always clarifying.
When learning new words, you should always learn their vocabulary and how they are used in a sentence.
In conclusion, the division into word categories plays an important role in understanding the logical and structural order in the language. Parts of speech in German are clearly distinguished based on grammatical, semantic and syntactic notation. Adherence to these principles in the study of a language allows increasing the vocabulary and mastering the grammar perfectly.
References
1. Duden. Grammar: Indispensable for proper German. Bibliographic Institute, 2016.
2. Helbig, Gerhard; Buscha, Joachim. Deutsche Grammatik: Ein Handbuch für den Ausländerunterricht. Langenscheidt, 2001.
3. Zifonun, Gisela et al. Grammar of the German Language. de Gruyter, 1997.
4. Eisenberg, Peter. Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik. Metzler, 2004.
5. Engel, Ulrich. German grammar: tasks and solutions. Iudicium Verlag, 2013.
6. Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage. Routledge, 6th edition, London/New York, 2017.
7.Zifonun, Gisela Wortarten – Eine Einführung. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen, 1997.
8.Eisenberg, Peter Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik: Band 1: Das Wort.
J.B. Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart, 2004.
9. Hentschel, Elke; Weydt, Harald Deutsche Wortgrammatik.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin/New York, 2002.
10.Polenz, Peter von Deutsche Satzsemantik: Grundbegriffe des Zwischen-den-Zeilen-Lesensde Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, 2008.
11.Gallmann, Peter Inflection and Part-of-Speech Belonging in German.
Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1990.
12. Glück, Helmut (ed.)Metzler Lexikon Sprache.
J.B. Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart/Weimar, 4th edition, 2016.