Amir Timur’s Reforms in Public Administration

Student of Group 1-24, History Major, Faculty of Social Sciences, Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute

Eshmamatova Oysanam Ulmasovna

Abstract

This article analyzes Amir Timur’s place in world history, focusing on the reforms he implemented in public administration, domestic policy, and foreign policy, all of which contributed to consolidating his power. In advanced Western European countries such as Germany, France, and England, scholars and statesmen held Amir Timur in high esteem. Scientific and artistic works were dedicated to him, he was revered, his name was included in educational curricula, and museums were established.

Keywords: Islamic power, law and order, justice, Timur’s decrees, great statesman, Timurid state

Introduction: Amir Timur (1336–1405) implemented significant reforms in public administration, establishing a strong, centralized state system. His governance policies were founded on order, discipline, justice, and military strength. Based on the demands and necessities of his time, Sohibkiran Amir Timur refined public administration, imbuing it with a new spirit and substance. Although the state structure was rooted in military and political principles, it aimed to protect the interests of all social strata to foster societal development. Under Amir Timur, public administration comprised two institutions: the court and the ministry (divan). The Supreme Ruler personally managed the court. The devonbegi (prime minister) led the executive power. The divan included the Minister of War, the Minister of Property and Taxation, and the Minister of Finance. The statehood and spirituality of the era of Amir Timur and the Timurids hold a special place in our people’s history due to their power, substance, educational value, and influence.[2] In world history, Amir Timur is recognized not only as a great commander and statesman who established a powerful and prosperous state. Sohibkiron was an outstanding diplomat of his time, advocating for the establishment of amicable relations between states and the development of economic ties. He was a great patron of scholars and rulers, architects and poets, earning widespread renown.[1]

 From this perspective, the historical and legal study of Timur’s statutes is of particular relevance. After all, our past heritage, its rich statehood and legal foundations, in particular, the just principles applied in the state and law during the reign of Amir Timur, serve our independence today and contribute to the formation of a high political, moral and legal culture of the individual. The main historical sources covering the life and activities of Amir Timur are extremely numerous and diverse, which indicates that his name, role in world history are incomparable and his great popularity. [3]

Literature review and methodology: Abdulakhad Literature Analysis Mukhammadjanov’s treatise “Amir Timur” published in 2011 provides information about Sahibkiran’s appearance on the state stage, his military campaigns, relations with neighboring countries, and the reforms he carried out. In the 1320s, the Mongol rulers began to dominate Central Asia, and as a result, the foundations of our science and culture, which had been restored by the intelligence of Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Musa al-Khwarizmi, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Ahmad Yugnaki, and Mahmud Kashgari, began to crumble, and the dominant ideology, Islam, also lost much of its status. Because Chigatai Khan, who had taken over Transoxiana as his ulus, was a fierce enemy of Islam. The people of Transoxiana, who were left in the clutches of the enemy, were determined to fight for freedom and sought a spiritual foundation that would transform the idea of independence they had cherished in their hearts into a powerful force and movement. [4]Discussion and conclusions: Amir Temur was a great commander and statesman who introduced unique and strong principles in the field of state administration. His system of government was built on the basis of a strong centralized state, developed on the basis of strict discipline, justice, and military order. Discussion (Main features of Amir Temur’s rule. “Tuzuklar” system Amir Temur described his system of government in his work “Temur’s Tuzuklar”. It set out the rules for state management, military policy, and social order. [3] Centralized state He ruled the state with a strong central authority and established strong discipline. Justice and order He introduced a method of governance based on the principle of “Strength is in justice”.

Administrative and territorial administration – He divided the country into provinces and appointed loyal noyons and officials to each province. Results (Effects of Amir Temur’s rule) A powerful empire was established Amir Temur took control of vast territories from Central Asia to India in a short time. Order and discipline were ensured Internal conflicts were eliminated and governance based on laws was established. Amir Temur’s style of governance was a study not only in his time, but also for statesmen and military strategists in subsequent centuries and remains an experiment worth analyzing. [4]

Summary: The style of government of Amir Temur was built on the basis of a centralized monarchy, based on the principles of strict discipline and justice. He followed the laws and regulations called “Temur’s Regulations” in state administration. Meritocracy, military discipline, and a strong central government played an important role in governance. Amir Temur strengthened his kingdom through military campaigns and political diplomacy, and also paid attention to the development of science and culture. As a result of his rule, a great empire was formed and strong economic, political, and cultural development occurred. The prosperity of the state created the basis for the rise of science, art, and architecture. Samarkand became the cultural and scientific center of the world. After Amir Temur, his descendants ruled the state, but due to internal conflicts and external invasions, the power of the Temurid state weakened and was finally abolished by the Shaybanids in 1507. Thus, the state of Amir Temur was a powerful empire in its time, and its political and cultural heritage has been preserved to this day.

Sources:

1.Abdulahad Muhammadjanov “Amir Temur ” risolasi 2011-yil

2.Muhammad Ali va Toʻlqin hayit “Amir Temur va Temuriylar saltanati”

3.Kapyunning “Temur saltanati boʻylab”

4.E.Bloshening “Temur qabrtoshidagi bitiklar”

5.Kruasiyning “Temuriylar davrida Samarqand yodgorliklari”