CODE-SWITCHING AMONG UZBEK ENGLISH LEARNERS: REASONS AND FUNCTIONS

Saminjon Khakimov University of Business and Science Non-Governmental Educational Institution Philology and Language Teaching (English) K.XF 23-04 Phone number: +998 333696936 +998 943623669 Email: saminjon.khakimov@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0006-1444-7331

Annotation: This article examines the phenomenon of code-switching among Uzbek learners of English and analyzes the major reasons and communicative functions behind it. Based on classroom observations and learner interviews, the study reveals that code-switching is not simply a sign of linguistic weakness but a strategic tool used for clarification, social bonding, topic shift, and emotional expression. The research emphasizes that code-switching plays an important pedagogical role in foreign-language learning environments, especially in multilingual societies like Uzbekistan.

Keywords: code-switching, bilingualism, Uzbek learners, English learning, sociolinguistics, communication strategies, multilingual education

In multilingual communities, switching between two or more languages during communication is a common linguistic practice. This phenomenon, known as code-switching, has been widely studied in sociolinguistics. For Uzbek learners of English, code-switching frequently appears in classrooms, social media communication, and informal conversations. Although it is often perceived as a barrier to language fluency, many researchers argue that it serves important communicative, psychological, and pedagogical functions. This article explores why Uzbek English learners code-switch and what functions it performs in their communication.

Code-switching typically occurs when speakers alternate between languages depending on context, topic, or interlocutor. Scholars classify it into several types:

 Inter-sentential switching — language shift between sentences.
 Intra-sentential switching — switching within one sentence.
 Tag-switching — insertion of discourse markers such as “ha”, “you know”, “aslida”.

Previous studies (Gumperz, Myers-Scotton, Poplack) show that code-switching is often systematic and purposeful, rather than random.

The study uses:
1. Classroom observation at secondary and vocational institutions in Fergana region.
2. Semi-structured interviews with 20 English learners aged 15–20.
3. Analysis of chat-based communication (with participants’ consent).
Qualitative analysis was applied to identify repeated patterns and motivations behind switching.

1. Reasons for Code-Switching
a. Lexical Gaps
Learners often lack vocabulary for certain concepts and naturally insert Uzbek words. Example: “Teacher, I don’t know this tushunchani in English.”
b. Ease of Expression
Some ideas feel more natural in L1 due to cultural closeness.
c. Learning Strategy
Learners intentionally mix languages to confirm understanding: “Past Simple o‘tgan zamon bo‘ladi, to‘g‘rimi?”
d. Classroom Norms
Teachers themselves switch languages to save time during explanation, influencing learners’ behavior.
e. Emotional Expression
Feelings such as surprise, humor, or frustration are often expressed in Uzbek even during English conversation.

f. Social Bonding
Switching helps maintain group identity and solidarity, especially among classmates and friends.
a. Clarification Function
Students switch to Uzbek to clarify grammar, meaning, or instructions.
b. Emphasis and Focus
Certain Uzbek words are used to highlight important information.
c. Identity Marking
Using Uzbek markers like “ha”, “xo‘p”, “baribir” creates a shared linguistic identity.
d. Topic Shift
Learners switch languages when changing from academic talk to everyday conversation.

e. Pedagogical Function
Code-switching helps teachers scaffold learning and reduce confusion during complex topics.
f. Affective Function
Use of mother tongue reduces anxiety and increases speaker confidence.

The findings indicate that code-switching among Uzbek English learners is a strategic communicative practice, not a sign of poor proficiency. Learners rely on both languages to negotiate meaning, express identity, and maintain social relations. In Uzbek classrooms, where English is learned as a foreign language, total exclusion of L1 may create unnecessary psychological pressure. Instead, structured and purposeful use of the mother tongue can support language acquisition.

Code-switching among Uzbek English learners serves multiple linguistic and social functions. Rather than discouraging it completely, educators should understand its pedagogical value and guide students toward more intentional and balanced usage. Future research may explore differences in code-switching patterns across age groups or proficiency levels.

REFERENCES
1. Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press.
2. Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social Motivations for Codeswitching. Oxford University Press.
3. Poplack, S. (1980). “Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL.” Linguistics, 18(7–8), 581–618.
4. Auer, P. (1998). Code-Switching in Conversation. Routledge.
5. Matras, Y. (2009). Language Contact. Cambridge University Press.
6. Iskandarova, S. (2020). “Code-Switching Practices in Uzbek EFL Classrooms.” Uzbek Journal of Education Studies, 4(2), 45–51.

Saminjon Khakimov was born in Margilan, Fergana Region, Uzbekistan. He is a student of Philology and Language Teaching (English) at Namangan University of Business and Science. He works as a Head English Teacher and IELTS Instructor at a private educational center.