I admire shelters. A roof’s worth ten thousand lines
of free verse at least. Actually, I envy them.
Their walls, their warmth, the way a lock and a key connect.
When they’re done, there’s color on curtains,
on quilts, on cheeks, as well as on the rooms.
I write a poem. There are no word stains.
And the housed always look the part –
the brushed hair, the steady gait, the calmness in the stare.
The unhoused blend in. The worst that can happen to me
is to be picked out in a crowd.
And the housed sell their time. The homeless are lucky
if they can give theirs away.
Best of all, the housed hang their photos on walls.
When the homeless hang, a silence has to be sent for.
LIVING ON THE STREETS
Dawn is at its most primeval –
time moves on from despair into defiance –
a figure on the street corner –
eyes cast down but spine still upright.
If it weren’t for the rising sun,
this shadowed soul would have no rival.
The lull is misleading. Not while hunger scurries
through the alleys below. Eyes and ears miss nothing.
They’re always in the struggle.
Hands twitch like trigger fingers.
Breath rises and falls against the cold air.
The body is about to endure.
It has strength enough for the weaknesses beneath.
RENEWAL
Shower and shave.
The chin is smooth.
The skin is clean.
None of it is brand new
but what can you expect?
Some grime rubs off,
a certain firmness
keeps its cool around the bone.
But no sponge, no blade,
is worth a damn
against the years.
Not even a hug
and the words,
“You’re still the man
I married”
or three chords strummed
on an old guitar
and a verse of
“Tangled Up In Blue.”
But I still pop into
the bathroom each morning,
make a pretense of preparing myself
for the day, the world.
I figure I can fool both of them
into thinking it’s someone else,
younger, fitter,
more dashing and handsome
than three movie stars
and a boy band.
But I’m older than I was
the last time I did this.
And sure,
as the cliché would have it,
deep down, I’m wiser.
But wisdom’s just another word
for knowing the joke’s on you.
Why not? I need a good laugh.
IDENTITY
Usually I’m nothing much.
But sometimes…
hey, I admit it, I’m great.
But mostly I’m a pinch of salt
somewhere in the Atlantic.
Or a drop of rain
in a downpour.
Or a molecule.
But then there’s moments when
I’m not just the molecule,
I’m the entire thing.
Most of the time,
when I’m around,
you don’t know I’m there.
To be honest,
I hardly know I’m there either.
I can be so insignificant,
I’m next to non-existent.
But I have it in me
to be existence.
Or, at least,
where it goes from here.
What I am,
I have no idea.
Unless I’m an idea.
Then I know.
John Grey is an Australian poet, US resident, recently published in Midnight Mind, Willow Review and the Pennsylvania Literary Journal. Latest books, “Bittersweet”, “Subject Matters” and “Between Two Fires” are available through Amazon. Work upcoming in the MacGuffin, Touchstone and Willow Review.
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, affecting people of all ages and imposing a substantial burden on patients, families, and health systems worldwide. Over the past two decades, the therapeutic landscape of epilepsy has expanded considerably, moving beyond traditional antiseizure medications toward precision medicine, targeted neurostimulation, and dietary and surgical interventions for drug-resistant cases. This article reviews current evidence on the epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, and diagnostic approach to epilepsy, with particular emphasis on modern pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies, including newer antiseizure medications, ketogenic dietary therapy, epilepsy surgery, neurostimulation techniques, and emerging precision-medicine approaches.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate recurrent, unprovoked epileptic seizures, along with the associated neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. It is among the most common serious neurological disorders worldwide, affecting individuals across all age groups, socioeconomic backgrounds, and geographic regions. Despite substantial advances in diagnosis and treatment, a significant proportion of patients continue to experience seizures despite adequate pharmacological therapy, underscoring the need for continued research into more effective and individualized therapeutic strategies.
Epidemiology and Classification
Epilepsy affects a substantial proportion of the global population, with the highest burden observed in low- and middle-income countries, where access to diagnosis and treatment remains limited. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has established a widely used classification framework that categorizes seizures according to their onset (focal, generalized, or unknown) and epilepsy syndromes according to etiology, which may be structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune, or unknown. Accurate classification is essential, as it directly informs the selection of appropriate antiseizure therapy.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of epilepsy involves an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission within cortical and subcortical neuronal networks. Abnormal synchronization of neuronal firing, alterations in ion channel function, and disruption of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory signaling are central mechanisms underlying seizure generation. Genetic mutations affecting ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors have been identified in a growing number of epilepsy syndromes, contributing to the emerging field of precision medicine in epilepsy care.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of epilepsy is primarily clinical, based on a detailed history of seizure semiology, often supplemented by eyewitness accounts. Electroencephalography (EEG) remains a cornerstone diagnostic tool, providing evidence of epileptiform activity and assisting in syndrome classification. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for identifying structural abnormalities, such as hippocampal sclerosis, cortical dysplasia, or tumors, which may serve as the underlying substrate for seizures. In selected cases, video-EEG monitoring, genetic testing, and metabolic screening may be warranted to establish a precise diagnosis.
Pharmacological Treatment
Antiseizure medications (ASMs) remain the first-line treatment for the majority of patients with epilepsy. Older-generation agents, including valproate, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, remain widely used and effective for many seizure types, though they are associated with notable drug interactions and adverse effect profiles. Newer-generation ASMs, such as levetiracetam, lamotrigine, lacosamide, perampanel, and brivaracetam, offer improved tolerability and more favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, with fewer drug-drug interactions. Selection of an appropriate ASM depends on seizure type, epilepsy syndrome, patient age, comorbidities, and potential for teratogenicity in women of childbearing potential.
Approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not achieve adequate seizure control despite trials of two or more appropriately selected and adequately dosed ASMs, a condition termed drug-resistant epilepsy. These patients warrant early referral to specialized epilepsy centers for consideration of non-pharmacological treatment options.
Non-Pharmacological Treatment
Epilepsy Surgery
For patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy and a clearly identified epileptogenic zone, resective surgery can achieve seizure freedom in a substantial proportion of carefully selected candidates, particularly in cases of temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Comprehensive presurgical evaluation, including video-EEG monitoring, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological assessment, is essential to identify appropriate surgical candidates and minimize postoperative risk.
Neurostimulation
Neurostimulation techniques offer alternative options for patients who are not candidates for resective surgery. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves intermittent electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and has demonstrated efficacy in reducing seizure frequency across a range of epilepsy syndromes. Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS), particularly targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, represent more recently developed approaches that provide targeted, closed-loop or continuous stimulation to disrupt seizure activity.
Dietary Therapy
The ketogenic diet, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate dietary regimen, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing seizure frequency, particularly in children with drug-resistant epilepsy and specific genetic epilepsy syndromes. Modified variants, including the modified Atkins diet and low glycemic index treatment, offer more palatable alternatives with comparable efficacy in select populations.
Precision Medicine and Emerging Therapies
Advances in genetic testing have enabled the identification of specific gene mutations underlying certain epilepsy syndromes, opening the door to targeted therapeutic approaches. For example, patients with SCN1A-related Dravet syndrome may benefit from specific ASMs while avoiding sodium channel blockers that can worsen seizures. Cannabidiol has received regulatory approval for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex, representing a notable advance in targeted therapy for these historically difficult-to-treat conditions.
Discussion
The management of epilepsy has evolved substantially from a one-size-fits-all pharmacological approach toward an individualized treatment paradigm that integrates seizure type, underlying etiology, genetic findings, and patient-specific factors. While newer-generation ASMs have improved tolerability, drug-resistant epilepsy remains a significant clinical challenge, highlighting the importance of timely referral to specialized epilepsy centers for consideration of surgical, neurostimulation, or dietary interventions. Continued research into the genetic and molecular underpinnings of epilepsy holds promise for further expanding precision-medicine approaches and improving long-term outcomes for patients with this complex and heterogeneous disorder.
Conclusion
Epilepsy remains a common and clinically heterogeneous neurological disorder requiring individualized management. Modern therapeutic approaches, encompassing newer pharmacological agents, epilepsy surgery, neurostimulation, dietary therapy, and precision-medicine strategies, have considerably broadened the treatment options available to patients, particularly those with drug-resistant disease. Early and accurate diagnosis, coupled with timely referral to specialized epilepsy care when appropriate, remains essential for optimizing seizure control and improving patients’ quality of life.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
References
1. Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2017.
2. World Health Organization. Epilepsy. Geneva: WHO; 2024.
4. Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O’Brien TJ, et al. Epilepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018.
5. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000.
6. Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D, Kwan P. Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs. JAMA Neurol. 2018.
7. Rho JM. How does the ketogenic diet induce anti-seizure effects? Neurosci Lett. 2017.
8. Fisher RS. Deep brain stimulation of thalamus for epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis. 2023.
9. Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al. Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017.
National identity is the spiritual image, historical memory, and invaluable heritage of a nation that has been shaped over centuries. It not only reflects a person’s ethnic belonging but also represents their worldview, values, culture, and moral development. The true strength of a nation is measured not only by its economic or political achievements but also by its ability to preserve its national values, remain faithful to its history, and educate future generations in the spirit of patriotism and national pride.
The national identity of the Uzbek people is vividly reflected in our rich culture and unique traditions. Our elegant traditional clothing made of atlas and adras fabrics, the art of embroidery and gold embroidery, traditional skullcaps (doppi), exquisite jewelry, and other examples of folk craftsmanship demonstrate the refined taste and artistic thinking of our ancestors. These are not merely decorative objects; they symbolize the history, worldview, and spiritual heritage of our people.
The modesty, dignity, kindness, and strong moral values traditionally associated with Uzbek women are among the finest examples of our national upbringing. These qualities have been passed down from generation to generation and have contributed to the strength of families, the moral stability of society, and the preservation of our national identity. Therefore, protecting these values and instilling them in the younger generation remains one of the most important responsibilities of our time.
The ancient cities of Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara, Shahrisabz, Termez, and Kokand are recognized as priceless treasures of world civilization. For centuries, these cities have served as centers of science, education, culture, and enlightenment. Every historical monument and every street bears witness to the intelligence, creativity, and architectural genius of our ancestors.
It was on this land that great scholars and statesmen such as Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Mirzo Ulugh Beg, Alisher Navoi, Bahauddin Naqshband, Amir Temur (Tamerlane), and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur were born and flourished. Their remarkable achievements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, literature, philosophy, and statecraft continue to serve humanity and inspire people throughout the world. Their names are forever engraved in the history of global civilization.
Our ancestors left us not only magnificent architectural monuments but also a priceless legacy of knowledge, wisdom, patriotism, and high moral values. Preserving this rich heritage, studying it deeply, and passing it on to future generations is both our responsibility and our honor. A nation that respects its history and takes pride in its ancestors will always have the strength to build a prosperous future. In today’s era of globalization, when different cultures interact more closely than ever before, preserving national identity has become increasingly important. Respecting our native language, protecting our customs and traditions, and safeguarding our historical heritage are sacred duties for every citizen. A nation that loses its identity gradually loses its historical roots.
I am deeply proud to belong to the Uzbek nation—a nation with a glorious history, a rich culture, and outstanding scholars who made invaluable contributions to world civilization. My national identity gives me strength, confidence, and inspiration. Continuing the legacy of our ancestors, preserving our national values, and contributing to the development of our homeland should be the highest goal of every citizen.
Indeed, national identity is not only a reflection of our past but also the foundation of our present and the guarantee of our future. A nation that knows its history, honors its heritage, and remains faithful to its values will always move confidently toward progress. Therefore, preserving our national identity and passing it on to future generations in all its richness is our sacred duty.
My national identity is my pride, my honor, and the true meaning of my life.
Sobirov Qobuljon G‘ofirjon o‘g‘li – Lecturer, Department of Therapeutic Sciences
Namangan State University
Jo‘rayeva Muxtasar Ilyosovna – Bachelor’s Student
ABSTRACT
Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are among the most widespread infectious diseases affecting people of all age groups worldwide. These diseases are caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses. ARVIs are mainly transmitted through airborne droplets and direct or indirect contact, resulting in inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Their high prevalence necessitates special attention to preventive measures. This article analyzes the epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory viral infections, the factors contributing to their spread, and the effectiveness of modern preventive strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on personal hygiene, vaccination, healthy lifestyle practices, and sanitary-hygienic measures as effective approaches to reducing disease transmission.
Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are among the most common infectious diseases affecting humans and remain one of the major public health challenges worldwide. These diseases are caused by various viruses that infect different parts of the respiratory tract and are characterized by a high level of contagiousness. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of people worldwide are infected with ARVIs every year. These infections are among the leading causes of temporary disability, interruption of educational activities, and increased burden on healthcare systems.
More than 200 different viruses can cause ARVIs. The most common pathogens include rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses. These viruses primarily enter the human body through airborne droplets, replicate in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, and trigger inflammatory processes. The main clinical manifestations include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or blocked nose, general weakness, and muscle and joint pain.
Although ARVIs can occur throughout the year, their incidence reaches its peak during the autumn and winter seasons. Lower temperatures, changes in humidity, prolonged stays in enclosed spaces, and inadequate ventilation create favorable conditions for viral transmission. Population density, extensive use of public transportation, and mass gatherings also contribute significantly to the rapid spread of these infections.
ARVIs affect not only the upper respiratory tract but may also lead to serious complications in some cases. Young children, older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic cardiovascular, respiratory, or endocrine diseases are at a particularly high risk of developing severe forms of the disease. Complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and secondary bacterial infections may occur. Therefore, ARVIs represent not only a medical problem but also a significant social and economic challenge.
In recent years, the global increase in respiratory infections, the emergence of new viral strains, and the threat of pandemics have further emphasized the importance of ARVI prevention. Modern scientific studies indicate that preventing the disease is considerably more effective and cost-efficient than treating it. Adherence to preventive measures can reduce the incidence of infection, prevent complications, and improve epidemiological stability.
The prevention of acute respiratory viral infections involves a comprehensive set of measures, including maintaining personal hygiene, frequent handwashing, proper ventilation of indoor spaces, adopting a healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system, and receiving seasonal vaccinations. Increasing public awareness and improving knowledge about preventive measures are also essential components in reducing the spread of these diseases.
The aim of this article is to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and modern preventive approaches to acute respiratory viral infections based on scientific evidence, as well as to highlight the importance of effective preventive measures in reducing the incidence of ARVIs and improving public health.
RESEARCH
Scientific research on the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) has become one of the most important areas of epidemiology, immunology, and infectious disease studies over the past decades. Investigations conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and other international organizations have significantly improved the understanding of the transmission mechanisms of respiratory viruses and contributed to the development of effective preventive strategies.
Research findings indicate that ARVI pathogens are primarily transmitted through airborne droplets and aerosols. When an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks, millions of tiny droplets containing viral particles are released into the air. These particles may remain suspended for a certain period and can be inhaled by other individuals. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the risk of infection is considerably higher in crowded places, especially in enclosed spaces with poor ventilation. Therefore, improving ventilation systems and ensuring regular air exchange are recognized as essential components of ARVI prevention.
Numerous studies evaluating the effectiveness of hygiene practices have confirmed that washing hands with soap for at least 20 seconds significantly reduces the transmission of viruses through direct contact. Research has also shown that viruses may survive on various surfaces for several hours or even several days. Frequently touched objects such as mobile phones, computer keyboards, door handles, and shared public equipment may serve as sources of infection. Consequently, the use of disinfectants and strict adherence to personal hygiene measures play a crucial role in reducing disease transmission.
A considerable number of scientific investigations have also assessed the effectiveness of face masks and respirators in preventing respiratory infections. The findings indicate that medical masks and high-filtration respirators effectively reduce the spread of viral particles into the environment and decrease the likelihood of inhalation by healthy individuals. During periods of increased disease transmission, the use of face masks is strongly recommended as an effective epidemiological preventive measure.
Research focusing on influenza vaccines and other preventive immunization strategies has demonstrated significant health benefits. Clinical studies have shown that individuals vaccinated against seasonal influenza experience fewer severe cases of illness, lower rates of pneumonia, reduced hospitalization, and decreased mortality. Vaccination stimulates the development of a specific immune response, enabling the body to provide rapid and effective protection when exposed to the virus. Scientific evidence particularly supports the high protective effectiveness of vaccination among children, older adults, and individuals with chronic diseases.
Studies investigating the role of immunity and healthy lifestyle habits in ARVI prevention have also produced important findings. Researchers have concluded that adequate sleep, a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and avoidance of harmful habits strengthen the body’s ability to fight infections. Furthermore, sufficient intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E, as well as essential trace elements such as zinc and selenium, supports normal immune function and may reduce the risk of respiratory infections.
Epidemiological studies conducted in schools, higher educational institutions, and workplaces have demonstrated that combining multiple preventive measures provides the highest level of protection. Maintaining personal hygiene, routine disinfection, proper ventilation, mask use, and vaccination together have been shown to significantly reduce infection rates. These findings confirm that no single preventive measure is sufficient on its own; rather, a comprehensive and integrated prevention strategy is the most effective approach.
Overall, scientific evidence indicates that the early and systematic implementation of preventive measures is essential for limiting the spread of acute respiratory viral infections, reducing complications, and protecting public health. Therefore, promoting preventive practices and incorporating them into routine healthcare activities remain among the highest priorities of modern public health systems.
RESULTS
The analysis of scientific literature, epidemiological observations, and medical studies on this topic demonstrated that the comprehensive implementation of preventive measures is highly effective in preventing acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs). The regular and proper application of these measures contributes to a reduction in disease incidence, a lower frequency of complications, and an overall improvement in public health.
The findings indicate that adherence to personal hygiene practices is one of the simplest and most effective methods for preventing the spread of ARVIs. Regular handwashing with soap, the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and avoiding touching the face with unclean hands significantly reduce the risk of virus transmission through contact. Communities that consistently follow hygiene recommendations have been found to experience considerably lower infection rates than those with poor compliance.
Regular ventilation of indoor spaces and maintaining good air quality have also produced positive outcomes. Epidemiological observations show that respiratory infection rates are lower in buildings with effective natural or mechanical ventilation systems. This can be explained by the reduction in the concentration of viral particles suspended in the air. Proper ventilation is particularly important in educational institutions, offices, and healthcare facilities, where it helps prevent large-scale outbreaks.
Studies on seasonal influenza vaccination have also demonstrated encouraging results. Individuals vaccinated against influenza experienced fewer severe cases of illness, pneumonia, and other complications. In addition, hospitalization rates among vaccinated populations were significantly lower than among unvaccinated groups. These findings confirm the important role of vaccination in developing protective immunity against respiratory viruses.
The importance of a healthy lifestyle in disease prevention has also been confirmed by scientific research. Adequate sleep, balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and avoidance of harmful habits contribute to improved immune system function. Individuals with stronger immune systems generally experience milder disease symptoms and recover more quickly. Furthermore, the regular consumption of foods rich in vitamins and essential micronutrients supports the body’s natural defense mechanisms and reduces susceptibility to respiratory infections.
The studies also revealed that wearing face masks in public places, temporarily isolating individuals showing symptoms of illness, and complying with sanitary and hygienic regulations contribute significantly to improving the epidemiological situation. The combined implementation of preventive measures proved to be considerably more effective than relying on any single intervention alone. These findings emphasize the necessity of a comprehensive approach to ARVI prevention.
Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that preventing acute respiratory viral infections is more effective and economically beneficial than treating them. The widespread implementation of preventive measures reduces disease incidence, prevents complications, and substantially decreases the burden on healthcare systems. Therefore, promoting a culture of disease prevention and encouraging the adoption of modern preventive strategies are essential for reducing the medical, social, and economic impact.
CONCLUSION
Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are among the most common infectious diseases worldwide and have a significant impact on public health, work productivity, and healthcare systems. These infections are highly contagious and are particularly prevalent during the autumn and winter seasons. Children, older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic diseases are at greater risk of developing severe forms of ARVIs and related complications.
The analysis of scientific literature and research findings presented in this article demonstrates that prevention is the most effective strategy for controlling ARVIs. Adherence to personal hygiene practices, regular handwashing, proper ventilation of indoor environments, compliance with sanitary and hygienic regulations, maintenance of a healthy lifestyle, and seasonal vaccination all play essential roles in reducing the transmission of respiratory viral infections. The combined implementation of these preventive measures significantly decreases disease incidence, prevents complications, and promotes public health.
In addition, improving public awareness and providing health education are key components of ARVI prevention. Increasing people’s knowledge about the routes of transmission, early symptoms, and preventive measures enhances the effectiveness of disease control programs. Educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and mass media play an important role in raising public awareness and improving sanitary culture within the community.
In conclusion, the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections remains one of the highest priorities of modern public health systems. The effective implementation of preventive measures helps limit the spread of infections, reduce complications, and protect the health of society. Widespread adoption of preventive strategies and public compliance with these recommendations are essential for minimizing the medical, social, and economic burden associated with ARVIs.
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. Infection Prevention and Control for Respiratory Diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2024.
2. World Health Organization. Influenza (Seasonal) – Fact Sheet. Geneva: WHO, 2024.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Respiratory Viruses and Prevention Guidelines. Atlanta, 2024.
4. Loscalzo J., et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2022.
5. Bennett J.E., Dolin R., Blaser M.J. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2020.
6. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2023.
7. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. National Guidelines for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Tashkent, 2024.
8. Ziyadullayev Sh., Karimov A. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi, 2023.
9. Ashurov A., Raximov B. Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2022.
10. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance for Prevention of Respiratory Infections. Stockholm, 2023.
11. Murray P.R., Rosenthal K.S., Pfaller M.A. Medical Microbiology. 10th Edition. Elsevier, 2023.
12. O‘runov A., Ismoilov S. Fundamentals of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology. Tashkent, 2021.
13. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Respiratory Infection Prevention and Child Health Recommendations. New York, 2023.
14. Mahmudov X., Tursunov N. Public Health and Preventive Medicine. Tashkent, 2022.
15. Committee for Sanitary-Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Methodological Guidelines for the Prevention of Respiratory Infections. Tashkent, 2024.
Elmurodova Charos Sunnat qizi Sarbon University, Faculty of Philology (Uzbek Language)
Amir Temur was the great commander and just statesman of his time, born on April 9, 1336, in Kesh (now Shahrisabz). From a young age, he stood out for his bravery, intelligence, and determination.
In 1370, he took power in Transoxiana and founded the Timurid Empire. Amir Temur paid great attention to science, architecture, and building. During his time, Samarkand became a major cultural center. The Gur-i Amir, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, and the Shahi Zinda complex reflect his rich legacy.
In conclusion, Amir Temur was a great commander and statesman who built a strong state based on justice and order, and his governance experience remains important even today.
We press the green button, abandoned to the illusion,
never aware of the irreparability of our ill-fated action.
Who is speaking?
No one.
From the acoustics emerge the noises of dead souls,
saved by cheap rates from outcomes of ill fate,
claiming insistent attention,
with the knife between the teeth.
PERIPHERAL BALLADEER
I can finally stop calling myself a poet,
not creating in hendecasyllables,
loosened in the acid, caustic, of my intuitions.
I create in the vernacular, measuring on no meter
the fragments secreted by the conflagration of existences,
Giovanni beheaded, and landed on two wheels in front,
in front of the clamoring sirens of the fire brigade,
in front of the ironic muzzle of a dog met in a courtyard,
in front of the assenting silences of the walls of an urban cemetery,
in front of the shouts of owner and editorial director,
in front of a walk among the currents of a warehouse,
in front of the certainty of needing no one.
A poet? No. Thank you.
I feel a balladeer, a writer of disgrace,
yielding every victory to souls never sated,
of honors, and of crowns, gathered face-down for the crown.
INVERTED VERSES
We do not sing of grassy mantles
dampened by a fine morning mist;
in our inverted verses
there lie stretches of synthetic turf,
reeking of pollution fumes.
We do not sing of smiling hills
warmed by the gentle sun of a gentle autumn;
in our inverted verses
there stand mounds of organic waste
piled in the middle of a road.
The stairs descend, catching junkies
in the act of shooting up,
with the indifference of being different,
to the rhythms of discounted music
from shopping malls.
We do not sing of crystal seas intent
on cradling boats with the sweet roll of waves;
in our inverted verses there are water tanks
from fire-suppression systems,
brimming with mosquitoes and sludge.
We do not sing of charming little girls
busy arranging their blond curls;
in our inverted verses
there are prostitutes beaten into soliciting
on the outskirts of urban sprawl.
We descend
into Paradise,
aedo Narcissus:
do not make a racket,
I will hold your hand.
MEOWING IN A CORNER
To the moon, saddened by blue clouds,
a celestial wall of a room,
I raise laments, faint meows of a furious brute,
against the crows hidden in the ivy,
against the worms concealed in the saucers
of Italian criticism.
A cat that roars at the moon, meowing in a dark corner,
without the courage to be a beast thirsty for flesh,
without the destiny to be a predator hungry for verse,
you find me thus, on spiteful evenings,
on harsh evenings of fluorescent anguish.
Hissing at enemies, ghosts, myself,
I lift lullabies, at times off-key,
from my left eye,
awaiting catatonic clashes,
love quarrels,
as a castrated sovereign.
A cat that roars at the moon, meowing in a corner
of a darkroom, unknown to all, unknown to everything,
chased across balconies stained with eviction,
intent on disturbing the sleep of those
who live by begging.
PRISONERS OF THE PRESENT
Prisoners of the present,
peeling the knuckles of our fingers,
bouncing off the chewing-gum walls of art,
wearying ourselves in the aisles of warehouses,
running, in vain, on the treadmills of fitness,
between fashion stores and discount shopping,
always, or sometimes, searching for what we had,
what we will have, or what we should have had.
Everyday life is a refundable emptiness,
rented out, to non-EU citizens, at fair rates,
it is overcrowded: dozens of individuals in a room,
with no chance to step down,
to compromise,
or at least to reduce the distance
between frenzied screams and tone-deaf voices.
Prisoners of the present, with no way out,
laboratory hamsters stimulated by mass-media anxiety,
we gamble on loves so vast they could feed oceans of mosquitoes,
and spray ourselves with hectoliters of Autan,
struggling to survive ourselves
until we wear out completely.
Ivan Pozzoni was born in Monza in 1976. He introduced Law and Literature in Italy and the publication of essays on Italian philosophers and on the ethics and juridical theory of the ancient world; He collaborated with several Italianand international magazines. Between 2007 and 2024, different versions of the books were published: Underground and Riserva Indiana, with A&B Editrice, Versi Introversi, Mostri, Galata morente, Carmina non dant damen, Scarti di magazzino, Qui gli austriaci sono più severi dei Borboni,Cherchez la troika e La malattia invettiva con Limina Mentis, Lame da rasoi, with Joker, Il Guastatore, with Cleup, Patroclo non deve morire, with deComporre Edizioni, Kolektivne NSEAE and Lo Stato Pontificio with Divinafollia. It contains a fortnight of autogérées socialistes edition houses. He wrote 152 volumes, wrote 1000 essays, founded an avant-garde movement (NéoN-avant-gardisme, approved by Zygmunt Bauman), and wrote an Anti-manifesto NéoN-Avant-gardiste. His verses are translated into 30 languages. In 2024, after six years of total retrait of academic studies, he return to the italian artistic world and melts the NSEAE Kolektivne (New socio/ethno/aesthetic anthropology) [https://kolektivnenseae.wordpress.com/], the legal “armed” wing of Italian literary latemodernism.
