THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE VERB FAIRE

Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti 

Roman German tillari fakulteti 

Filologiya va tillarni oʻqitish (fransuz)

2-kurs talabasi Mansurova Shahnoza 

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the semantic properties of the French verb faire and the causative function of the faire + infinitif construction. The study examines the polysemantic nature of the verb faire, its role as a complex predicate, and its role in expressing cause-and-effect relationships. The results show that the meaning of the verb faire is largely determined by context and that it is an important grammatical tool in French.

Keywords: faire, faire + infinitif, causative construction, polysemy, complex predicate, valence, French linguistics, grammaticalization, semantic analysis

INTRODUCTION 

The French verb faire is characterized by its wide range of uses and its polysemantic nature. It represents work – action, while also expressing cause – effect relationships, and is considered an important grammatical tool in French, forming complex predicates and participating in many phraseological units. The Faire+ infinitive construction plays a crucial role in expressing causativity, and this construction involves a change in valence and a redistribution of actants. This article analyzes the main semantic features of the verb faire and its grammatical functions in French.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

The semantics of a verb includes the semantic characteristics of the actions, states, and processes expressed by the verb. The main semantic feature of a verb is the meaning of action. In grammar, the meaning of action is widely understood. It represents not only physical action, but also state, mental change, biological process and existence. For example, verbs like venir, marcher indicate a real action, se tenir debout, se réveiller indicate a state, s’inquiéter, étonner indicate a mental (psychological) process, and fleurir, grandir indicate a biological process.

The common aspect of the verb is that all actions, states, and processes occur in relation to time. Therefore, the verb is a dynamic semantic unit. The meaning of the verb is related to the appearance, development or change of a certain sign, which is the main factor that distinguishes it from other parts of speech.

One of the most commonly used verbs in French is faire, which has several unique aspects. The French verb faire comes from the verb faire, meaning “to do” or “to make,” and is synonymous with about 30 French verbs. In this context, the verb faire is a very active verb in French. However, the verb faire is also used in French in all tenses and with linguistic devices.

An experiment was conducted to purchase a complex predicate for 71 children who were French-speaking speakers and 17 native-speaking adults. The children were divided into three age groups: 1) 25 children aged 3 to 4 years; 2) 21 children aged 4 to 5 years; 3) 25 children aged 5 to 6 years. Adults (managers and workers) have different extremes.

The selection of target verbs for our study was not arbitrary. This is conditioned by two main factors: 1/ the syntactic and semantic properties of verbs; 2/ the frequency of occurrence in verbal dummy constructions. Thus, we selected the following verbs:

1) intransitives wait and gather (agent inergatives); dance (action inergative) and drop (position shift) (Perlmutter’s Incuzative hypothesis, 1978, Levin and Rappaport, 1995), in which case we see whether our target children destroy the causative verb. to do (e.g.: sarute, go to drink my baby, I will dance my cat, ef. Sarkar, 2002:191).

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

the Faire + Vinf construction is analyzed as a complex predicate (Gaatone, 1976). In this structure, the verb faire serves as a causative (causative) auxiliary verb and carries grammatical information about tense, aspect and declension (TAM).

According to Tesnière (1969), the introduction of the verb faire expands the valence of the infinitive verb by one new actant — the causer (causateur). At the same time, the initial subject may be excluded from its primary syntactic position and occupy various syntactic positions: direct complement (objet), indirect complement (datif), or other indirect form (oblique).

Dixon (2000) and Novakova (2002) classify causative mechanisms from the most compact forms (synthetic, morphological, lexical) to the least compact forms (periphrastic constructions). In this classification, the faire + Vinf construction is placed between synthetic and analytic structures, that is, at an intermediate level.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The verb faire as a polysemantic verb

The verb faire is used in different semantic fields and its meaning changes depending on the context. For example, faire un travail means to do a job, while faire un gâteau means to create and prepare a cake. This is an example of the polysemantic nature of the verb faire. 

Meaning of action and activity

We often use the verb faire to express general actions and activities in everyday life, such as faire ses devoirs, faire du sport, faire le point. In this sentence, the verb expresses a general action, not a specific action.

Causative (causal) meaning

One of the important semantic features of the verb faire is its use in causative constructions. The form faire + infinitif expresses the causation of an action to be performed by one person through another. For example: Il fait réparer sa voiture. Here, the person who is directly performing the action is another person.

Grammaticalized faire 

Sometimes the verb faire loses its basic lexical meaning and acquires a grammatical meaning.For example, in compounds such as faire attention, faire partie de, the verb has a weakened independent meaning and provides the semantic integrity of the entire phrase.

Faire in phraseological units

We can also find the verb faire in many phraseological units: faire la tête, faire semblant, faire attention à. In these conjugations, the meaning of the verb is determined through a complete context and phrase.

The results of the analysis showed that the verb faire is one of the most active and multifunctional verbs in French. Its semantic possibilities are strongly dependent on context, providing economy and universality in speech.

CONCLUSION 

This study has shed light on the semantic and grammatical properties of the French verb faire. The analysis showed that the polysemantic nature of the verb faire means that it can have different meanings in different contexts. In particular, the cause-and-effect relationship is expressed through the faire + infinitif construction, and this structure is characterized by the expansion of valence and the redistribution of actants. Also, the active participation of the verb faire in grammaticalized forms and phraseological units confirms its central functional role in French. 

REFERENCES USED

1. Bezinaka, Y. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: yanabezón@yahoo.fr

2. Chevrot, J.-P. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: jpchevrot@wanadoo.fr

3. Gaatone, D. (1976). Le factitif en français. Langue française, 29, 45–62.

4. Grevisse, M., & Goosse, A. (2016). Le Bon Usage: Grammaire française (16e éd.). De Boeck Supérieur.

5. Nardy, A. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: aurelie.nardy@u-grenoble.fr

6. Neves, F., Muni Toke, V., Durand, J., Klinger, T., Mandada, I., & Prévost, S. (2010). L’acquisition de faire + Vinf en français: Production, compréhension, imitation. In Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française (CMLF 2010). Institut de Linguistique Française. https://doi.org/10.1051/cm2010227

7. Novakova, I. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: inovakova@yahoo.fr

8. Nuritdinov, N. S. (2024). Fransuz tilidagi faire fe’lining ishlatilishi, uning sinonimlik xususiyatlari va o’zbek tilidagi tarjima variantlari [Usage of the verb faire in French, its synonym characteristics and translation options in Uzbek]. Ta’lim va innovatsion tadqiqotlar.

9. Sulaymonova, M. O. (2021). Fe’l so’z turkumi va uning leksik-semantik tasnifi [Verb system and its lexico-semantic classification]. Oriental Art and Culture Scientific-Methodical Journal, (6), 1–?. ISSN 2181-063X.

Sway

I finally decide to spit out my over-clotting pain, 

but in whose face?

I pause to deflect a morbid ray.

There is no raven perching on the rail of my bed

to enlighten my head,

no ancient lore up my sleeve

to defer a bleed.

There are no reflections of a resurrected spirit

at my feet,

I reel.

I paint with kohl my inflated eyelids

to camouflage the tears

that would rob every hardened feature of its blade,

that would erode the charade of invincibility,

meant to keep every scoundrel at bay, 

yet thrown off my balance,

I, but only momentarily, sway.

Animists

And do you understand what the wind intimates?

It is not the mere rhythm that makes branches sway,

the vigorous breath that animates stagnant flags into interplays,

the energy that propels gigantic galleys with widespread sails.

It is not merely the hum of trees that Romantic poems exhale,

the booms of waves with which the Gothic novel resonates,

or the caress that woos colossal mountains rooted to their spheres.

It is more eloquent than the most articulate of foreseers.

My Life Fast Flew

My life fast flew before my own bewildered eyes

and ended up its uneven course 

before it had the chance to thrive.

Dissolving love dissipated like frantic fog

and companionship freaked 

before the shrieks of loss.

Paws

“Apart from the Brontës and Virginia Woolf,

most of the women I claim to know

can hardly attain the status of a wolf.

And they do possess paws,

with which they claw a man

if he cannot prove his financial worth,”

he stated with a spoof!

Time as Our Witness

Poem by Lan Xin (Lanxin Samei)

International Spiritual Poet, Internationally Renowned Chinese Writer and Poet, Winner of the Premio Letterario Internazionale Francesco Giampietri, the Only Female Inheritor of the World Memory Heritage Naxi Dongba Culture, Dean of the Yulong Wenbi Dongba Culture Academy of China and Lanxin Samei Academy

Dedicated to the Greek readers on Valentine’s Day, February 14, with this poem. May you and your loved ones be blessed with eternal happiness!

——Lan Xin

Three thousand years ago

You were the Lord of the Universe—the King of Kings

Known to gods and mortals alike, I was your cherished Queen

Then came the great catastrophe of the Three Realms

Tearing us apart abruptly, leaving us to grieve the love we lost

Since then, time has carried me

Across the Ten Directions and Dharmadhatus

Through six cycles of reincarnation

Reborn as a human, I walked the path of cultivation for nine lifetimes

Endured all the tribulations of the mortal world, just to meet you again

After three thousand years of wandering

I searched for you a thousand times among the crowds

And finally, today, three thousand years later

We reunite beneath the magnolia tree

Its dancing shadows whisper our ancient vows

In the moment our eyes meet

We see reflections of ourselves from three thousand years ago

And the endless search through lifetimes unfolds before us

Above the mortal world, you remain the supreme King of Kings;

Within the mortal world, you are also the finest man on earth.

Heaven and earth unite, with white cranes as their matchmakers

Sun and moon unite, with Venus as their matchmaker

Mountains and rivers unite, with gold as their matchmaker

Chestnut and pine trees unite, with bees as their matchmaker

Turquoise and black jade unite, with golden threads as their matchmaker

When you and I unite once more, who shall be our matchmaker?

Let three thousand years of time be our matchmaker

To witness our timeless love

For the rest of my life

I do not wish to return as the goddess of the Diamond Kingdom

I only wish to be the little woman in your arms

For the rest of my life

I do not wish to leave a legacy for a thousand years

I only wish to be with you, day and night

For the rest of my life

I do not wish to be a fairy in the clouds

I only wish to live fully as a mortal woman

For the rest of my life

I do not wish to be showered with thousands of affections

I only wish to nestle in the arms of you, the ultimate doting husband

For the rest of my life

I do not wish to return to the cosmic kingdom

I only wish to savor the love of this mortal world

Time as our witness

Heaven and earth as our testimony

May we be united for ten thousand years

And never part again

To My Beloved Wife

By Bai Gengsheng

About the Author: Vice Chairman of the China Writers Association, Member of the Standing Committee of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), Honorary Dean of the China Yulong Wenbi Dongba Culture Academy

Translator: Lan Xin (Lanxin Samei)

About the Translator: Internationally renowned writer and poet, the only female inheritor of the World Memory Heritage Dongba Culture, Dean of the China Yulong Wenbi Dongba Culture Academy, Winner of International Literary Awards

Thirty-three years ago,

I met you,

And set you on a lifetime of giving.

Back then,

I said I was an ethnic minority,

You said you had long yearned for that;

I said I was born in the great southwest,

You said you had always dreamed of its wonderful customs and scenery;

I said I was a man from the mountains,

You said you loved my calm and kindness;

I said I was just a worker-peasant student,

You said it was because the college entrance exam had not yet resumed;

I said my work would keep me in the fields,

You said that was the most down-to-earth;

I said I was penniless and had no luck with wealth,

You said having knowledge made me the richest man;

I said my profession had once seen many “rightists”,

You said that era was gone forever;

I said my Mandarin was not fluent,

You said your skill would help me speak with a Beijing accent.

Your figure was everywhere on the stage back then,

Your beauty was indispensable to the landscape;

Countless eyes were drawn to you,

Many hearts were set ablaze by you.

What did it matter that you were not from the mountains, an ethnic minority, from the great southwest, or a worker-peasant student?

Who made you stay true to your heart,

And walk with me for thirty-three years?

Thirty-three years passed,

You followed me through wind, frost, and toil.

My home expanded from eight square meters,

My salary grew from forty-nine yuan;

My academic career started with short articles,

My steps always measured the land of words,

My spirit always roamed the cosmos.

Yet I bore none of the burden of raising our daughter and caring for our parents;

You raised our daughter and cared for our parents, always shedding tears alone;

You found joy in those tears,

You endured illness and pain in silence,

You never doubted anything I did,

Firmly believing I would always stay true to my original heart:

Upholding one faith,

Cherishing one ideal,

Joining one political party,

Holding one nationality,

Pursuing one profession,

Earning one salary,

Needing one home,

Loving one woman,

Raising one child,

Not envying others’ wealth and many descendants.

Thirty-three years later,

I never took you to watch lanterns,

I rarely went to dances with you;

I never asked about daily chores or social status,

I never knew the hardship of cleaning and sweeping;

You always hoped my writings would outlive me,

You loved my calm and peaceful nature.

Your sweetness was lying down to hear me tell stories of “Wolf Grandma”,

Your comfort was singing a song softly or loudly,

Your encouragement was a sincere and true kiss,

Your love was a gentle smile without many words,

Your promise was to hold my hand as we grow old.

Ah,

My beloved wife,

Thirty-two years is not short,

Thirty-two years is not long;

How many black hairs have turned to white frost,

My beloved wife,

In this life and the next, I owe you more and more,

In this life and the next, I owe you more and more——

Yet I still have a heart full of passion,

Yet I still have a heart full of loyalty,

I can only move forward bravely,

I can only give you all my love.

My beloved wife,

I will never forget your days and nights under the stars and moon for thirty-three years,

I will never forget your hand in mine through wind and snow,

I will never forget your letters when I wandered far and wide,

I will never forget your heartbeat when I rose and fell in officialdom.

Thirty-three years later,

I will also never forget how you warmed me in the bitter cold,

I will never forget how you made soup for our family and stayed by my side;

I will never forget how you remained unstained in a corrupt world,

Like an orchid blooming quietly in an empty valley, exuding a faint fragrance.

PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN: MODERN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Lutfullayeva Shaxrizoda Faruxjon qizi

Kimyo International University in Tashkent

Pediatrics 2^nd year student

lutfullayevashahrizoda@gmail.com

ANNOTATSIYA: Pnevmoniya – bu o’pkaning yallig’lanishi bilan kechadigan va turli agentlar(bakteriyalar,viruslar yoki qo’zg’atuvchilar )sababli yuzaga keladigan jiddiy kasallikdir.Bolalar orasida pnevmoniya tez-tez uchraydi va uning kechishi og’ir bo’lishi mumkin.Pnevmoniyaning erta bosqichida aniqlanishi va to’g’ri davolanishi bolalar salomatligini saqlashda katta ahamiyatga ega.Maqolada bolalarda pnevmoniyaning asosiy belgilari,zamonaviy diagnostika va ularni oldini olish bo’yicha tavsiyalar ko’rib chiqiladi. 

KALIT SO’ZLAR: Pnevmoniya, bolalar, zamonaviy

diagnostika, o’pka, davolash, tibbiyot, kasallik, pnevmokokk.

ANNOTATION: Pneumonia is a condition that is accompanied by inflammation of the lungs and caused by various agents (bacteria, viruses or pathogens) is a serious disease. Pneumonia is common among children and its course can be heavy. Detection and correct at an early stage of pneumonia treatment is of great importance in maintaining children’s health. In the article the main symptoms of pneumonia in children, modern diagnostics and their prevention recommendations for obtaining are considered.

KEYWORDS: Pneumonia, children, modern diagnostics, lungs, treatment, medicine, disease, pneumococcus.

АННОТАTЦИЯ:Пневмония-это заболевание, которое сопровождается воспалением легкихи вызванные различными агентами (бактериями,вирусами или патогенами )серьезное заболевание.Пневмония чаще встречается у детей и ее течение может быть тяжелым.Выявление и коррекция пневмонии на ранней стадии лечение имеет большое значение для поддержания здоровья детей.В статье основные симптомы пневмонии у рекомендации по получению.

КЛЮЧEВЫЕ СЛOВА: Пневмония, дети, современная диагностика, легкие, лечение, медицина, болезнь, пневмококк

INTRODUCTION.

Preschool children, especially those with an underdeveloped immune system, are more susceptible to pneumonia. Depending on the symptoms, unusual clinical picture and course of this disease, it is necessary to quickly identify and properly treat it. Currently, early diagnosis and rational treatment of pneumonia in children is a serious problem. Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the lungs, an infectious disease of the lungs, and is considered an independent disease or a complication of other diseases. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by various bacteria (pneumococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus) and viruses. The occurrence and development of the disease is caused by severe cold hardening of a person, extreme physical and mental exhaustion, internal poisoning of the body — intoxication, as well as other factors that weaken the body’s ability to fight the disease, as a result of which microbes into the upper respiratory tract are acute and chronic, depending on the location of limited areas or pneumonia (damage to

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pneumonia is the leading cause of death among infants worldwide. In particular, it accounts for 17.5% of deaths among children under 5 years of age, which is approximately 1.1 million deaths worldwide each year. 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

Currently, radiography and fluoroscopy are used in children to detect small foci of pneumonia. This study was conducted to assess the clinical course and diagnostic features of hospital-acquired pneumonia in children. The study was carried out in a method of observation and analysis, covering children of different ages who were treated with a diagnosis of pneumonia. The age of the patients, severity of the disease, clinical signs and the results of laboratory and instrumental examination were studied.

Chest radiography was used as the main instrumental method to detect infiltrative changes in the lung tissue. A control X-ray examination was performed approximately 4–5 weeks after the onset of the disease. In cases of complicated pneumonia, additional radiological examinations were performed to assess the dynamics of the disease.

In laboratory diagnostics, a general blood test was of primary importance. Changes in the number of leukocytes and the leukocyte formula were assessed. An increase in the number of leukocytes to 10–12 × 10⁹/l and a shift to the left in the leukocyte formula (greater than 10% of rod-shaped neutrophils) indicated the presence of a bacterial infection. In severe cases of pneumonia, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, liver enzymes, creatinine, and acid-base balance were measured.

Sputum or material from the upper respiratory tract was subjected to microbiological examination to determine the etiological factor of the disease. In cases where necessary, polymerase chain reaction and serological tests were used to identify pathogens.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE USED

Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in children are one of the current areas of scientific research today. According to research conducted worldwide in this area, pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age. Therefore, many scientific studies are aimed at developing early diagnosis and modern treatment methods for this disease.

Scientific literature emphasizes that the etiology of pneumonia varies with age. McIntosh (2002) as well as Don and Valent (2015) have shown that viral pneumonia predominates in young children and bacterial and atypical triggers (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae) are of high importance in older children.

In terms of diagnostics, modern sources note that the role of instrumental and laboratory examinations is increasing in addition to clinical signs. Harris and Clark (2011) acknowledge the importance of chest radiography in diagnosing pneumonia, but note that it is not always necessary. Recent studies have recognized lung ultrasound as a safe, fast, and effective diagnostic method in children. It has also been noted that biomarkers such as CRP and procalcitonin are important in distinguishing bacterial and viral pneumonia.

According to the literature, the main causative agent of pneumonia in children over 5 years old is M. pneumoniae (Mycoplasma), which accounts for 14-35% of hospitalization cases. Among bacterial pathogens, however, S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the leader. Also, due to the low vaccination rate in low-and middle-income countries, B. Pertussis (whooping cough) has also been noted as an important factor in pneumonia. Viral infections (influenza, RS virus, SARS-CoV-2) often damage the interstitial tissue, causing a specific clinical picture of the disease.

According to the traditional approach, the diagnosis of pneumonia is considered reliable if there is a radiologically confirmed infiltrative shadow and at least two clinical signs (fever, cough, wheezing, leukocytosis). In severe cases, it is recommended to additionally determine the levels of liver enzymes, urea, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin. Procalcitonin concentration serves as an important indicator in predicting the severity of bacteremia.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Results of clinical and laboratory analysis. In the framework of the study, the age of patients, severity of the disease and clinical signs were studied in detail. Laboratory tests served as an important indicator in determining the bacterial nature of pneumonia:

Hematological indicators: patients were observed to have leukocyte levels exceeding 10\text{–}12 \cdot 10^9/L and left shift of the leukocyte formula (rod-shaped neutrophils above 10%).

Biochemical markers: In severe cases of the disease, the levels of acute phase proteins of inflammation – C-reactive protein and procalcitonin – were significantly elevated. Changes in liver enzymes, creatinine, and acid-base balance also indicated impaired functional status of the organs.

Etiological confirmation: pathogens were detected by the pzr (polymerase chain reaction) method if necessary when microbiological examination of mucus and grease from the upper respiratory tract.

2. Results of Instrumental diagnostics

A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of imaging methods in the diagnosis of pneumonia was carried out:

X-ray: It was used as the main method for detecting infiltrative changes in lung tissue. Follow-up X-rays were performed 4–5 weeks after the onset of the disease.

Lung ultrasound (LUS): Meta-analysis results showed that LUS has high accuracy in detecting pneumonia in children. According to the results of 30 studies covering 4356 children, the diagnostic effectiveness of this method was as follows:

Sensitivity (Sensitivity): 91%;

Specificity( specification): 90%;

ROC curve (AUC): 0.95 (excellent performance).

3. Comparative effectiveness of diagnostic criteria

The study results show that lung ultrasound (LUS) is characterized by its speed and lack of radiation risk in patients aged 0 to 21 years with suspected pneumonia. When the results of LUS were compared with standard control methods (radiography, CT, and clinical development), it proved to be a reliable tool in detecting pulmonary consolidation. 

CONCLUSION

Pneumonia in children is one of the most common and potentially serious diseases in pediatric practice. The widespread prevalence of the disease among children is due to their anatomical and physiological characteristics, the sensitivity of the respiratory tract, the immaturity of the immune system, and the active spread of various pathogens. Pneumonia is etiologically divided into bacterial, viral, atypical, fungal, and mixed forms. Each type has different clinical signs, and treatment approaches also vary depending on the etiology. Therefore, early detection of the disease, correct diagnosis, and treatment based on modern protocols are key factors in reducing the consequences of pneumonia.

Pneumonia in children is one of the most dangerous diseases for health, and its early detection and timely and appropriate treatment are important in preventing severe complications and deaths. According to scientific research, the severity of the disease depends on the child’s age, the state of the immune system, the causative agent of the infection, and how quickly treatment measures are started. In modern medicine, clinical examination, laboratory tests, and instrumental examinations allow for the accurate diagnosis of pneumonia. Antibacterial drugs play a leading role in the treatment process, and when used in combination with symptomatic and supportive treatments, they help the child recover faster. In addition, preventive measures, particularly vaccination, adherence to personal hygiene, proper nutrition, and a responsible approach to children’s health by parents, are important in preventing the development of pneumonia. Therefore, early detection, effective treatment, and strengthening of preventive measures for pneumonia are important in protecting children’s health.

To reduce pneumonia, it is necessary first of all to strengthen preventive measures. Timely vaccination of children based on the national vaccination calendar, regular ventilation of rooms, compliance with hygiene reduces the risk of pneumonia. It is advisable to introduce screening programs for early detection of respiratory diseases in children under 5 years of age in polyclinics. It is important to educate parents to recognize the early signs of pneumonia. It is also recommended that modern pneumonia treatment protocols be updated for pediatricians in every medical facility.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YHATI

1.Turumbayeva, A. T. (2024). Bolalarda pnevmoniya belgilari va uni davolash. Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences, 4(12), 289-bet. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14557971

2.Kenjayeva, N. A. (2023). Bolalarda pnevmoniyaning zamonaviy diagnostikasi va davolash usullari. Journal of Healthcare and Life-Science Research, 2(12), 155-156.

3.Bolalarda pnevmoniya: Takliflar va xulosa. (2025). Luchshiye Intellektualniye Issledovaniya, Tom-2, 266. ISSN: 3030-3680..World Bulletin of Public Health (WBPH), Vol. 30, Jan 2024. ISSN: 2749-3644. “Modern Methods for Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Early Children”.

4.MDPI Journal, “Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound for Pneumonia in Paediatric Patients” (Sistematik sharh va meta-tahlil).

5.Xasanova S. R. Bolalarda o‘pka shamollashining zamonaviy davolash usullari // IMRAS. – 2025.

6.Guitart, C., Becerra, J., Bobillo-Perez, S., Carrasco, J. L., Peon, G., Balaguer, M., & Jordan, I. (2023). Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound for Pneumonia in Acutely and Critically Ill Neonates, Children, and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics, 13(24), 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243122

National Idea, Fundamentals of Spirituality, and Legal Education: Three Pillars of New Uzbekistan’s Development

Author: Abdug’aniyev Shexrozbek
Email: abduganiyevshexroz8@gmail.com
ORCID: 0009-0000-8960-4350
University: Andijan State University, Faculty of Law and Economics
Specialization: Fundamentals of National Idea, Spirituality, and Legal Education, Group 101

Abstract: This article analyzes the role and significance of the national idea, fundamentals of spirituality, and legal education in the development of New Uzbekistan. The study examines the interrelation of these three pillars in shaping personal development, civic consciousness, and building a democratic and lawful state. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, normative-legal documents, and ongoing reforms, it is determined that the national idea serves as an ideological foundation uniting society, spirituality fosters social responsibility and moral values, and legal education is a crucial factor in enhancing citizens’ legal culture. The findings demonstrate that the integrated development of these three pillars is essential for ensuring sustainable development and progress in New Uzbekistan.

Keywords: national idea, spirituality, legal education, New Uzbekistan, development

Introduction

In the current era of globalization and rapid reforms, ensuring the development of New Uzbekistan requires a profound and systematic approach in all spheres of social life. In this process, the national idea, fundamentals of spirituality, and legal education emerge as key factors for sustainable development of society. In particular, fostering loyalty to national values, high moral qualities, and legal culture among the younger generation remains one of the priority directions of state policy.

During the nation-building process, enhancing citizens’ social activity, legal consciousness, and spiritual awareness plays a crucial role in strengthening democratic principles. While the national idea serves as an ideological foundation uniting society, spirituality ensures the moral and ethical development of the individual. Legal education, in turn, is a critical tool for promoting the rule of law, understanding citizens’ rights and freedoms, and developing compliance skills.

Purpose of the study: To scientifically analyze the interrelation of the national idea, fundamentals of spirituality, and legal education in the development of New Uzbekistan and their impact on societal progress.

 Research Methodology

This study focuses on the role and interconnection of the national idea, fundamentals of spirituality, and legal education in the development of New Uzbekistan.

Methods:

• General and specific scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction-deduction)
• Comparative-analytical method for reviewing approaches in national and international sources
• Analysis of normative-legal acts, state programs, and conceptual documents
• Systemic approach to view the national idea, spirituality, and legal education as interconnected components of a unified social system

 Results

1. National Idea
The national idea in the context of New Uzbekistan acts as a dynamic ideological foundation that unites society around modern, democratic, and economic development goals. It provides a meaningful basis for shaping civic morality and legal consciousness.

2. Fundamentals of Spirituality
Spirituality serves as a foundation for stability and social cohesion. During reforms, maintaining the integrity of the moral-ethical system alongside economic and institutional changes is crucial. National and spiritual values—such as diligence, justice, family values, tolerance, and patriotism—enrich an individual’s inner world while fostering social responsibility and respect for the law.

3. Legal Education
Legal education goes beyond teaching knowledge of laws; it develops legal culture—understanding the rule of law, respect for individual rights, legal responsibility, and practical application. Legal literacy transforms citizens into socially active participants in governance, thus ensuring the implementation of democratic and lawful principles of the national idea.

4. Interrelation and Synergistic Effect
The three pillars—national idea, spirituality, and legal education—form a mutually reinforcing system:

• The national idea provides content and purpose for spirituality and legal education.
• Spirituality fosters loyalty to the national idea and internal acceptance of legal requirements.
• Legal education expresses and protects democratic principles and societal norms in a legal framework.

The practical result of this integration is the formation of citizens with moral-legal awareness, loyalty to the homeland, and the ability to harmonize democratic values—key actors in New Uzbekistan’s sustainable development.

 Discussion

Analysis shows that the national idea, spirituality, and legal education complement and strengthen each other, contributing significantly to the stable development of society. The integrated development of these three pillars is crucial for ensuring the democratic, legal, and spiritual stability of New Uzbekistan.

Practical Recommendations:

• Develop curricula that integrate the national idea, spirituality, and legal education from school to higher education.
• Promote public awareness programs highlighting the interconnection of these three factors.
• Implement projects to enhance youth’s legal and spiritual literacy in collaboration with civil society institutions.
• Direct legal education programs not only towards knowledge of laws but also towards understanding their moral, ethical, and social significance.

5. Conclusion

The national idea, fundamentals of spirituality, and legal education constitute inseparable pillars of New Uzbekistan’s development. They play a vital role in ensuring societal stability and raising civic consciousness. The study demonstrates that integrated development of these three factors significantly contributes to the progress of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

References

1. Abduxoliqov, J. (2023). National Idea and Social Development in Uzbekistan. Tashkent: Uzbekistan National Publishing.
2. Karimov, I. (2017). High Values and Spirituality as a Foundation of Society. Tashkent: Academy of Sciences Press.
3. Mamatqulov, S., & Ergashev, B. (2021). Legal Education and Rule of Law in Modern States. Journal of Legal Studies, 12(3), 45–62.
4. Mirzaev, T. (2022). Spirituality, Legal Culture and Youth Development. Andijan: Andijan State University Press.
5. Nazarov, A. (2020). Civic Consciousness and Democratic Reforms in Uzbekistan. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 78–95.
6. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi. (2019). Tashkent: Huquqiy axborot markazi.
7. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2020-yil 5-martdagi PF-5955-son Farmoni “Yangi O‘zbekiston strategiyasi to‘g‘risida”.

SPRING INSPIRES ME

Spring. So much beauty, so much elegance, so much innocence – all this is embodied in spring. Spring. Grasses rise from the ground, branches grow like necks, the sun increases its temperature, mothers prepare sumalak and halim in pots, grandfather farmer takes a hoe and goes to the field, girls wear a wreath of willow leaves in their hair and look for chochmoma all this is embodied in my mind.

Spring. Children throwing leaves into the sky, flying kites, wrestlers going to the wrestling ground to knock each other’s swords on the ground, girls with caps on their heads and eyebrow growths singing songs with handsome guys, cooking kok somsa and dumplings for the bodies tired of winter and in need of vitamins. incarnate in the spring.

Spring. Kindness, people asking each other about each other, giving helping hands to the disabled, widows, asking about the elderly – all this is embodied in spring.

Imagination is a gift given to man by God.

Just thinking about spring brings peace and dreams to the human heart.

Our hearts flutter when we think of spring. Spring renewal, making new dreams, we think of it as stepping forward into life, making new plans. Spring brings with it a world of news. As you imagine, the peach blossoms in the fields and the scent of the tulips on the mountain come to your eyes. Spring is beyond our imagination. We cannot imagine spring without our national games.

I compare the spring season to rejuvenation and renewal, a new era. As soon as spring comes, it begins to spread its blue-blue dress around. The surroundings become more and more beautiful and reflect elegance. She is also compared to a bride. The reason is that a woman’s heart is elegant, delicate, demanding, and can attract any man. Spring is the percentage of seasons.

Spring is as durable as women, patient and tenacious like rocks. No matter how much it rains and winds, it retains its beauty. This is why spring inspires me…

Kucharova Ugiloy Utkir qizi is a student at Samarkand State University in the Sharof Rashidov Faculty of Law.