DENAU INSTITUTE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PEDAGOGY

Faculty of Philology

Philology and Language Teaching Department

First-Year Student of Group 117

Rashidova Shohsanam

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE IN THE DIGITAL ERA AND YOUTH SPEECH

Annotation

This article analyzes the development processes of the Uzbek language in the digital era, the influence of the internet and social networks on youth speech, changes in language culture, and the role of modern communication in language development. The article also discusses the penetration of foreign words, abbreviations, internet slang, and their impact on the Uzbek literary language. Furthermore, recommendations are given on preserving language purity, enriching youth speech, and increasing the prestige of the Uzbek language.

Keywords

Uzbek language, digital era, internet, social networks, youth speech, language culture, communication, literary language, slang, globalization.

Introduction

In today’s rapidly developing world of globalization and technology, the issue of language remains one of the most important topics. The national values, spiritual wealth, and culture of every nation are reflected primarily in its language. During the years of independence, the Uzbek language has significantly developed and is actively used in all spheres of society as the state language. Especially with the widespread use of the internet and information technologies, the scope of language usage has expanded even further.

In the present era, where digital technologies have become an inseparable part of human life, the communication style of young people is also changing dramatically. Social networks, messengers, blogs, and various online platforms have deeply entered the daily lives of youth. As a result, new words, abbreviations, and internet slang expressions have appeared. This situation is considered one of the important issues that should be studied from a linguistic perspective.

Language is not only a means of communication but also a reflection of national thinking and culture. Therefore, scientific analysis of language development, linguistic changes, and innovations in youth speech is one of the urgent tasks of modern philology.

Main Part

The Digital Era and Language Development

The twenty-first century is entering history as the century of information technology. The popularization of the internet has accelerated communication among people and expanded opportunities for information exchange. At the same time, this process has had a significant impact on language development.

Previously, people mainly received information through books, newspapers, and television. Today, however, social networks have become the primary source of information. Millions of users actively communicate on platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube. During this communication process, new forms of language are emerging.

One of the main characteristics of the digital environment is speed. Since young people are accustomed to expressing their thoughts quickly, shortened words and abbreviations are often used in online communication. Expressions such as “ok,” “bro,” “thanks,” “like,” and other shortened forms are frequently used in internet language.

This process can be evaluated from two perspectives. On the one hand, the flexibility of language and its adaptation to modern times is a positive phenomenon because language is always developing and adapting to new conditions. On the other hand, the violation of literary language norms, the increase in spelling mistakes, and the excessive use of foreign words may lead to negative consequences.

The Use of Internet Slang in Youth Speech

Today, internet slang occupies a special place in the speech of young people. Slang refers to informal language units used by a particular social group. Internet slang consists of new expressions that emerged during virtual communication.

For example, words such as “top,” “super,” “like,” “story,” “trend,” “blogger,” “online,” “chat,” and “status” are widely used in youth speech. In some cases, these words are used even though Uzbek equivalents exist. This situation affects the national characteristics of the language to a certain extent.

The interest of young people in internet language is connected with several factors:

• Desire for modernity;
• Fast and convenient communication with peers;
• The influence of social networks;
• Interest in foreign cultures;
• The impact of bloggers and mass media.

Today, many young people mix English or Russian words into their daily speech. Expressions such as “I posted a story,” “Will you be online?” or “Write a comment” are becoming common in everyday communication.

According to linguists, if such tendencies continue for a long time, they may negatively affect literary language norms. Since the younger generation shapes the future language of society, this issue is becoming increasingly important.

The Position of the Uzbek Language on the Internet

In recent years, the amount of Uzbek-language content on the internet has been increasing. The growth of Uzbek websites, blogs, electronic libraries, and educational platforms serves as an important factor in language development.

The activities of young bloggers, journalists, and creators contribute to the expansion of the Uzbek media space. Various materials in the Uzbek language are being produced on YouTube and Telegram platforms. This helps strengthen the position of the Uzbek language on the internet.

However, on some internet pages spelling rules are ignored, Latin and Cyrillic scripts are mixed, and punctuation marks are used incorrectly. Such situations also influence the written speech of young people.

For instance, some users prefer informal and dialectal forms in writing. This may negatively affect the literary norms of the language.

Therefore, promoting грамотical writing and popularizing Uzbek spelling norms on the internet are of great importance.

Language Culture and Speech Issues

Language culture means the ability to use language correctly, appropriately, and beautifully. Speech culture is considered one of the important indicators of a person’s education and spirituality.

Today, because of the habit of writing quickly and using abbreviations, some young people face difficulties in expressing their thoughts fully. In particular, challenges are observed in writing official texts and expressing ideas in scientific style.

In addition, rude words, offensive expressions, and spiritually inappropriate phrases are sometimes used on social networks. This leads to a decline in speech culture.

To improve language culture, attention should be paid to the following issues:

• developing reading habits;
• following literary language norms;
• strengthening literacy promotion among youth;
• creating high-quality Uzbek-language content on the internet;
• using pure and fluent language in mass media.

Reading books enriches vocabulary, broadens thinking, and improves fluency of speech. Therefore, encouraging young people to read books is one of the important tasks of modern society.

Globalization and the National Language Issue

The process of globalization affects all national languages to some extent. In particular, the widespread use of English as an international language causes many foreign words to enter other languages.

In the Uzbek language, many terms related to technology, economics, marketing, and media are borrowed from foreign languages. Words such as “marketing,” “manager,” “startup,” “digital,” “content,” “target,” and “brand” are actively used.

Of course, the emergence of new concepts with the development of science and technology is natural. However, it is important to create and popularize Uzbek alternatives whenever possible.

Protecting language means protecting national identity. If a language disappears, national values and spiritual heritage may also suffer.

Therefore, increasing the prestige of the state language, actively using it in science and technology, and strengthening respect for the mother tongue among youth are among today’s urgent tasks.

Conclusion In conclusion, the digital era creates great opportunities for the development of the Uzbek language. Through the internet and social networks, the sphere of Uzbek language usage is expanding and new communicative forms are emerging. At the same time, preserving language culture, following literary norms, and enriching youth speech remain important issues.

Although young people’s interest in internet language is natural, it is necessary to develop грамотical writing and proper speech skills among them because language is the spiritual wealth and future of the nation.

In the future, in order to increase the international prestige of the Uzbek language, it is important to create high-quality Uzbek content on the internet, develop electronic dictionaries and educational platforms, encourage young people to read books, and educate them in the spirit of respect for their native language.

Every person should value their mother tongue and strive to use it correctly and fluently. Attention to language means attention to the nation.

References

• Karimov I.A. Yuksak ma’naviyat – yengilmas kuch. – Toshkent: Ma’naviyat, 2008.
• Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Milliy taraqqiyot yo‘limizni qat’iyat bilan davom ettirib, yangi bosqichga ko‘taramiz. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston, 2017.
• Mahmudov N. Til va jamiyat. – Toshkent: 

O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2019.

• Begmatov E. Nutq madaniyati asoslari. – Toshkent: Fan, 2008.
• O‘zbekiston Respublikasining “Davlat tili haqida”gi Qonuni.
• Rahmatullayev Sh. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. – Toshkent: Universitet, 2006.
• Internet manbalari va zamonaviy ilmiy maqolalar.

when called on to read, 

I was in the same metabolic state

as Ham on take-off

        *

sparrows always at the fragile conjunction

of staying

or going

        *

he never knew the square footage

or the date of anyone’s birthday

        *

dandelion puff ball

going somewhere

without a wish

        *

I rode in the little yellow bus

with Der Witwer

        *

the nervous son of a nervous father,

taking the heat, the white stones refused

        *

who I think I am

in the teeming rain

        *

he was the genius

of nothing worth knowing

        *

mistrusting the rungs

of the ‘borrowed ladder’

        *

for my benefit,

Wednesdays and broken lifelines

        *

listening to Teen Angel

over and over again

        *

stopping him before he could say:

 ‘Sorry for your loss’

        *

she’s overprotective of caterpillars

and runny noses

        *

saying the distance between stars

as if I understand it

        *

the ones who laughed

behind my back

Bio: Patrick Sweeney is a short-form poet and devotee of the public library. 

Emily as the Predictable Question

Yes, she drew me in

as simply as a breath

& when she breathed

me out I was part

of the derivation 

of Emily, the world

that exists for everyone

else. I miss the before,

when her lungs

were making this me,

but it’s good to be

with you all.

How else could I mourn?

How else could I fight

my way back to her?

Emily as Well-Made Cake

I don’t need to be so modern

as to use plates or utensils or occasion,

I just need her in my mouth.

Emily as Obvious Beauty

Being simple, 

seeing good as a gift,

that re-made me.

Emily as Fifty-Seven Years Later

The frailties will be funny, too.

Death will be hysterical. Jokes we

barely remember, that’s oxygen.

All All #52

Now, now, now is when we sit on top

of America’s chest to see what 

good breath is left. No songs. No strutting

across the mythology of fields

with actual gods we blanketed

to smother. Just the weight of people

& a promise to bring back honey,

to bring back the drowning in honey

to the bee killers. Now. Now. Now. Now.

“No Extracurricular Moaning: Diamanda Galás on Suffering, Irony, and the Wily Mind”

Interview by Alex S Johnson

• INTRODUCTION 

In this newly released segment of Alex S. Johnson’s ongoing conversation with avant‑garde vocalist and composer Diamanda Galás, the artist dismantles sentimentalism in contemporary music, critiques the misuse of feminist rhetoric, and explores the philosophical and psychological architectures that shape her work.

Galás rejects the “namby‑pamby, like, crying into the hanky shit” of modern singer‑songwriters, insisting that authentic expressions of suffering must contain irony, perspective, and survival intelligence. As she states in the interview: “If you got nothing else in your deck to show me, then why don’t you just get lost… I want a punchline in there.”

Drawing on country legends like Hank Williams and Johnny Paycheck, she contrasts their sardonic, outlaw‑inflected storytelling with today’s confessional pop, which she finds “revolting” when stripped of humor or self‑awareness. She also critiques certain strains of contemporary feminist performance as “weak,” noting that “what they think is maybe feminist… is not feminist in the original sense of the word.”

The conversation expands into classical philosophy, the Stoics, and the Greek concept of wily intelligence—the survival‑driven cunning embodied by figures like Odysseus. Galás emphasizes that “wily is by no means a negative… it means you are a man who can survive in situations designed to destroy you.”

Finally, she discusses the conceptual roots of her piece Panopticon, drawing from Jack Abbott’s In the Belly of the Beast and the psychological violence of total surveillance. She describes the panopticon as “a system of mental destruction… a massive paranoia situation for prisoners,” and critiques the naïveté of releasing institutionalized people into society without support.

This exchange reveals Galás at her sharpest—philosophically incisive, culturally unsparing, and fiercely committed to artistic rigor. It is a portrait of an artist who refuses sentimentality, demands intelligence, and insists on the power of the wily mind

ALEX  07:59

Suffering has never been, and even earlier, I’m going back decades, suffering has never been for you as sort of an abstraction. A lot of artists will, in pop music, for example, they’re suffering in love, and again, I’m going back to you, I’m thinking of, you know, “I Put a Spell on You,” because you take this classic by Screamin’ Jay Hawkins,

Diamanda Galas  08:33

oh yeah,

ALEX  08:34

So this is, I’ll just give you my sort of theatrical interpretation of it…what I felt from it was that it’s there are two voices here, one voice is, is the one who’s genuinely in anguish, who’s genuinely hurt, who’s, you know, wants to be beloved, has been failed in some way, shape, or form. The other is more like the dark goddess manifestation, who is putting a curse on the person, assuming power, and with a lot of pop songs, it’s like, why did you leave me, like country western, it’s like, why’d you leave me, or, a female empowerment song, which is completely valid, but I – go ahead,

Diamanda Galas  09:29

Yeah, well, my take, yeah, actually, a lot of the songs, I think that when Hank Williams sang them, when, Johnny Paycheck was singing them, it was a very different time, and initially, and there was a lot of sardonicism, there was a lot of irony, and there were, they were just singing. Sing the life, life as they knew it, and they would sing about a lot of other things too, besides, you know, unrequited love, but I think that right now there’s a lot of singers who sing a lot of these songs, love songs, and poor me songs, and I really, when I hear a lot of women or men singing these kinds of songs without any irony, without any humor, without any perspective other than poor me, I find it revolting, because it’s just like, look, you know, I really don’t need to know all those details, you know? If you got more, if you got nothing else, in your, in your deck to show me, then why don’t you just get lost, because you know what? We all know what these things feel like, and I want a punchline in there. I want a punch line in there. I want a point of view that will help me survive that, if that, if you know, if that’s what I’m looking for. I don’t want all this namby-pamby, like, crying into the hanky shit. I can’t bear it. I still seriously can’t bear it, you know.

And, and I find, and musically, it’s like the singer songwriter tradition, that kind of thing. I can’t stand it. It’s with, with Hank Williams, or especially with Johnny Paycheck, there would always be this kind of, you know, two feet up on the bar,

ALEX  11:47

Right,

Diamanda Galas  11:48

And getting really drunk, and, and knowing that he was an outlaw, he was going to do the wrong thing every time, and then writing a kind of a sort of imitation poor me song, but always had these punch lines, were just like, like, with ‘Pardon me, I’ve got someone to kill.’ He sings, you know what I mean.

ALEX  12:10

I do.

Diamanda Galas  12:10

I don’t know..I mean, I’m sorry, I’m gonna have to leave you because I got someone to kill. I told her not to do it, and blah blah blah, and I’ve been so miserable, and blah blah blah. At the end of the song, he just says, ‘Okay, pardon me, I got someone to kill, you know?’ They’re on the hill, they’re on there. He talks about them being on the hill, and his wife and her lover, and.. and it’s.. it’s kind of like all in a, all in a day job, in a day’s job

ALEX  12:41

Right. Yeah, that’s…

Diamanda Galas  12:42

Their approach to art is the life that they’re in, that’s just the way it is, you know, and it’s sorrowful, but there’s no extracurricular moaning, and you know, and I think that a lot of women do that, just like what they think is maybe they think it’s feminist, that’s not feminist in the original sense of the word. The expressions that people use a lot of times right now that are supposed to mean feminist are for me just weak.

ALEX  13:18

Okay…

Diamanda Galas  13:19

And I don’t like all that weak shit. I don’t want to be around it. I don’t want to hear it, and too many sweet voices, fine sweet voices. I’m just like Jesus Christ, don’t strangle me to death.

ALEX  13:31

Okay, so examples, please.

Diamanda Galas  13:34

Nope!

ALEX  13:36

That’s fine.

Diamanda Galas  13:38

Examples, no, there’s so many examples, it would just be redundant.

ALEX  13:42

Okay? Because, because I know, I don’t hear a lot of sweetness, I hear a lot of what they call it, sort of selective outrage, or blaming men for shit that’s really structural…

Diamanda Galas  13:58

I think if you get to this point where you’re just sitting blaming men all the time, you know, you should make up your mind, just go out there with the scissors and just kill them,

ALEX  14:06

Okay?

Diamanda Galas  14:07

Or just, you know, do something else, but the same old theme over, over it, it just glorifies these, these people that they’re supposedly got a hate on for, and it’s just like, oh, for Christ’s sakes.

ALEX  14:25

Well, you know, that’s a fascinating because it makes me think of two things. First of all, Hegel, right, the master-slave dialectic, and also Nietzsche, you’ve got, like, fucking. I really, I’m not meek at all, you know, but I’m going to clad myself in the robes of meekness in order to dominate people, right, and try to gaslight them into thinking that they should be meek in order to be dominated by me.

Diamanda Galas  14:57

Well, that’s a stoic that comes from the Stoics. Actually, if you think about it, because the Stoics were the slave, the Greek, at first the Greek slaves of the Romans,

ALEX  15:08

Yeah.

Diamanda Galas  15:08

They were the counselors to the Roman emperors, and because they were slaves, of course, they could never, never express their feelings or any of their, their particular resentments or angers, they, but they were, they were sought after because of their use of logic, and they had to put an emphasis on certain things, logical thinking, and they were valued for that, because they will be able to make constructs that would work for the people they, for the people that employed them, military designs, just mental… how do you put it? How would I say this devious in Greece? There’s an expression in Greek which means wily thinking, [πολύμητις (polýmētis)] and to survive as a slave of the Empire, Roman Empire, with people that were syphilitic emperors and very evil, had to be extremely wily, and that’s a one of the most revered words in Greece, so you have these people, like you know, Zeno Heraclitus, and these others,

ALEX  16:47

Right,

Diamanda Galas  16:48

Helping plot, plot the rule of a Roman government, and that’s what I’m talking about, I think that that’s very interesting.

ALEX  17:04

It is, it is very, very interesting. I almost.. I lost my, my thought. It was.. oh, yes. There’s a word.. I don’t know Greece. I don’t know Greek. I don’t know anything about it, except, you know, my poem, which is translated into Greek, which I don’t understand my own poem, but anyway, I’ve been assured that it’s really good Greek, and it’s called “Alchemist of Sorrows,” anyway, after Baudelaire, actually, but so, so in in the original Greek of the of the Odyssey, when, when, and I was wondered about this, you know, when Odysseus, they’re one of the epithets, is always used is, you know, you know, man, in many ways, or I guess it’s polytropos, probably mispronouncing it, but I, you know, and, and you know what’s, what’s her name, the she’s a professor at Columbia, Gayatri Spivak, right, translates it says basically sardonically big liar, so I’ve always, I’ve always been curious about that, and now you’re kind of filling something in for me, where that the mentality of being wily is not necessarily wrong, it’s just so Odysseus. What’s your, what’s your take on Odysseus and his ways?

Diamanda Galas  18:35

I, I, I don’t think I’m qualified to discuss.

ALEX  18:39

Okay, okay…

Diamanda Galas  18:40

Wily is by no means a negative, it’s a positive, it means you are a man who can survive right in situations that are designed to destroy you.

ALEX  19:03

Yes.

Diamanda Galas  19:04

And that means you must be extremely clever. You must be able to to see paradigms, and you must be able to recognize patterns before one is exacted upon you, and that is why they’re, we’re hired and revered,

ALEX  19:30

Right?

Diamanda Galas  19:32

So much as revered,

ALEX  19:34

Right? Yeah, I mean, that’s that’s that’s brilliant, and I think that, you know, pattern recognition is the, you know, skill set of our era in so many, so many ways, right? Yeah, so also I just wanted to kind of pivot to Panopticon. So you did a piece called Panopticon, immediately think, obviously, Jeremy Bentham, but famously Michel Foucault, and right, and could you, could you talk about the origins of that piece, and your, your, your use of vocal language to express the concept of the panopticon?

Diamanda Galas  20:16

One of the texts that I was reading at the time was was a, oh my god, in the morning I’m, I tend to forget it, a Jack Abbott’s In the Belly of the Beast.

ALEX  20:34

Yes.

Diamanda Galas  20:35

That was promoted naively by Norman Mailer, who fought very, very hard to get the guy out of prison, and as soon as the guy got out of prison, he killed somebody, you know, that was just it. It’s like that’s where you look at Norman Mailer, and you know, I remember that Truman Capote used to laugh all the time, he called him “the most vicious bitch in the world.” And my favorite things were to read in Gay Sunshine, they’re casting aspersions upon each other, and I would just fall out laughing…Norman Mailer was very protected.

So, anyway, when you talk about Panopticon, it’s really a system of many eyes, in, in, in the sense that the guards, the guards, and the warden are in the center, they’re in the center, they have the center seat, and they can see every cell in the prison, they so that there, there is a, there’s, it’s a massive paranoia, paranoia situation for prisoners. There’s no privacy, there’s no privacy at all…a system of mental destruction.

So you have a guy like, like Jack Abbott, and all these liberals are thinking about, ‘oh, poor guy,’ you know? Like, well, you could say poor guy all you want, but I mean, you don’t want to just hatch him out of prison, like, and give him 50 bucks and say have a good life, you know. It doesn’t work that way in your life. Doesn’t work that way.

It’s like when a person becomes institutionalized, that person becomes terrified of the outside world. That person does not know how to interpret gestures from the outside world. A gesture, I believe it was a gesture by a bartender or a situation like that that got killing him because he thought the gesture meant that it was he was threatening Jack Abbot and it wasn’t that…The thing is, is, is that the person to leave is, is a, is a second execution, is a second punishment, because, where do you go, where do you go, where do you go to learn the skills of, of, of a normative? It’s not a normative society, is it? But it’s called normative society. Where do you go to learn how to communicate and how to interpret signals after you’ve been in a place for eight years, and always have 24 eyes in the back of your head.

Alex S. Johnson — American author, editor, and cultural interviewer. Known for over 100 works in horror, bizarro, surrealism, and the dark fantastique, and for conducting a major interview with avant‑garde vocalist Diamanda Galás. His projects include Black Diadem: Magazine of the Fantastique and the Axes of Evil metal‑horror anthologies. Johnson’s work aligns with underground, mythic‑punk, and transgressive traditions; he has been praised by cyberpunk pioneer John Shirley, who called him “the Baudelaire of our time.” His interview with Galás situates him within the lineage of writers engaging with radical performance, political art, and the aesthetics of extremity.

SPRING MEMORIES

A baby girl was born into a family. They named her Sabriya because her parents had waited many years for her birth. Eight years before Sabriya was born, her elder sister named Maftuna had passed away when she was only three months old. She had been born prematurely and could not survive.

Two years later, Sabriya’s brother Umarbek was born, but he lived only for two days. Unable to bear the pain of losing her children, their mother became seriously ill. Years passed, and finally Sabriya was born. Her parents were overjoyed at her arrival. They organized a feast for relatives and neighbors and cared for Sabriya with great love.

When Sabriya turned two years old, her younger brother Hayotbek was born. They cherished him dearly as well. Three years later, Sabriya’s little sister Barchinoy was born. By then, Sabriya was already five years old. Their family was very close and loving. The three children always cared for and helped one another.

One day, when Sabriya was in the 7th grade and Barchinoy was in the 2nd grade, Sabriya was cooking. Barchinoy said:

— “Sister, let me help too.”

Sabriya agreed and explained what needed to be done, while she went to clean the hallway. There was boiling water on the stove. Barchinoy tried to lift the kettle, but it slipped from her hands and spilled onto her foot.

“Si-i-ster!” Barchinoy screamed loudly.

Sabriya ran over and saw that her sister’s foot had been badly burned. She quickly cut a potato in half and placed it on the burn. In those days, people often used potatoes instead of medicine for burns. Their mother saw what had happened and became frightened. Barchinoy’s foot was badly injured, and her mother scolded her. After that incident, Barchinoy stayed away from the kitchen for years.

Days passed. One day, their mother gave Barchinoy and Hayotbek a plate of samsa and asked them to take it to their grandmother’s house. Barchinoy carried the plate in her hands. While walking, she tripped over a stone, and both the plate and the samsas fell to the ground.

Hayotbek quickly helped his sister stand up. Barchinoy cried because she had hurt her foot and the plate had shattered into pieces. Fortunately, the samsas had been wrapped in a bag. Hayotbek gathered them and placed them back into the bag.

As they continued walking, the siblings talked:

— “Brother, what will we do now?”
— “We’ll still give them to Grandma. What else can we do?”
— “What will we tell Mom?”
— “We’ll tell her the truth.”

After delivering the samsas to their grandmother, they returned home. Their mother asked:

— “Did you take the samsas to Grandma?”
— “Yes, we did,” Hayotbek replied.

Their mother noticed Barchinoy’s bandaged hand and became worried. Barchinoy explained everything, and both siblings lowered their heads and apologized. Their mother smiled and said:

— “It’s alright, my children. The most important thing is that you are safe.”

That evening, their mother Maryam cooked pilaf, and the whole family happily ate together around one table.

Years passed, and Sabriya grew into a beautiful young woman. Suitors frequently came to ask for her hand in marriage. One day, the son of Samad aka’s close friend came as a suitor. Samad aka spoke with Sabriya:

— “My daughter, you’ve grown up. As you can see, many suitors are coming to our home. My friend’s son has asked for you. What do you think?”

Sabriya blushed shyly and replied:

— “Whatever you decide, father.”

— “Then meet Jamshid tomorrow at the park.”

— “Alright, father,” she said and went to her room.

The next morning, Maryam aya was baking bread in the tandir oven, while Sabriya prepared for the meeting. She looked more beautiful than a princess from a fairy tale. Before leaving, she said:

— “Mother, I’m going now.”

— “Go safely, my daughter,” Maryam aya replied.

Sabriya and Jamshid talked for a long time and realized they were perfect for each other. Both families approved of the marriage. The wedding was planned for two months later, and both families began their joyful preparations.

Soon, the wedding day arrived. Everyone was happy. Accompanied by the sounds of traditional trumpets and drums, Sabriya left her parents’ home and entered Jamshid’s household as a bride.

Sabriya and Jamshid lived a very happy life together. A year later, Maryam aya and Samad aka became grandparents. Sabriya and Jamshid became parents—not to one child, but to twin boys. They named them Hasanjon and Husanjon. The family was extremely happy.

But sadly, their happiness did not last forever.

Years passed, and Hasanjon and Husanjon turned four years old. Relatives gathered to celebrate their birthday. Hayotbek gave each twin a bicycle as a present. Since the twins were born in spring, a gentle breeze was blowing outside. They took their bicycles and went out with Hayotbek.

Hayotbek met a friend and became distracted while talking. Meanwhile, the twins rode their bicycles toward the main road. A large truck was speeding down the road. Hayotbek turned around and saw the horrifying scene—the twins were on the road, and the truck was rushing toward them at great speed.

There was almost no distance left between the truck and the twins. Hayotbek screamed with all his strength:

— “No-o-o!”

The next morning, after the dawn prayer, four deceased family members were buried. After the tragedy, Sabriya often fainted from grief. The women around her would splash water on her face to bring her back to consciousness. Barchinoy cried endlessly. Samad aka became seriously ill and was hospitalized for a month.

Whenever Jamshid and Sabriya saw children playing in the street, they remembered their sons and sighed deeply in sorrow.

Two years later, suitors began visiting Barchinoy as well. She married a young man named Rustam. That same year, Jamshid and Sabriya had another child. They raised the child with endless love and care.

A year later, Barchinoy and Rustam also had a daughter and named her Sevinch. However, two years after Sevinch was born, Samad aka passed away. By the will of Allah, he too left this world during the spring season.

That is why, whenever spring arrives, Sabriya and Barchinoy feel a deep sadness, remembering all the memories and sorrows they experienced in the past.

Madina Asliddinovna is an 8th-grade student at School No. 16 “Jasorat” in the Qashqadaryo region. From an early age, she has shown great interest in creativity, reading books, and journalism, and is recognized as one of the active and inquisitive students.

She began her creative journey at a young age by launching her personal blog on Telegram, where she shared her thoughts and opinions on various topics.

Madina successfully completed the “Efirdamiz” course, further improving her knowledge and skills. She was invited several times to the “Fayzli Kun” program of Qashqadaryo Television Channel, where her creative works were presented on television. Her performances were also broadcast on Madaniyat va Ma’rifat TV Channel.

Her creative works have been published in local and international websites and magazines. In particular, her works were featured on the international literary platform ATUNIS Poetry. Additionally, her writings appeared in international anthologies published in the United States, including Voices Without Borders and Ziyo Izidan.

Madina is the holder of several international certificates and has actively participated in various competitions, where she received cash prizes, books, and commemorative gifts.

She has been recognized as a favorite student by journalist Nigora Tog‘ayeva and continues her creative activities in collaboration with international organizations.Despite her young age, Madina Asliddinovna is a promising and talented young creator who is striving to establish her place in the fields of creativity, journalism, and media.   

Introduction: Why Does Everyone Need Success?

Success is not only about material achievements; it is about reaching the goals one sets, feeling inner satisfaction, and increasing self-worth. In psychology, the concept of success is closely related to realizing one’s potential. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the highest level is self-actualization. However, reaching this peak requires not only knowledge and opportunities but also patience, confidence, and the ability to overcome fear.

Today’s world is fast-paced and highly competitive. Every day, hundreds of people start new ventures, yet not all of them succeed. Why? Because many are afraid to take the first step or give up after a few failures. In reality, successful people are not necessarily more talented than others—they are simply those who are not afraid to start, who are patient, and who believe in themselves.

Key words: Optimism, stress, determination, visualization, theory, cognitive reappraisal, positive psychology, marshmallow experiment, self-efficacy, motivational strategies, “Now or Never” principle.

Chapter I: Psychological Foundations of Success

Psychologists have developed various theories to explain success. For example:

Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy shows that a person’s level of success depends more on their belief in their own abilities than on their actual skills. Confident individuals are not afraid of challenges and are willing to try new opportunities.

Angela Duckworth’s “Grit” theory states that the most important factor in success is not talent, but perseverance toward long-term goals.

Martin Seligman’s positive psychology theory highlights the role of optimism in success. Optimistic people view failure as temporary and try again.

These theories confirm that success is a product of mindset, confidence, and determination.

Thus, the first condition is learning how to manage our thoughts properly.

Chapter II: Overcoming Fear – The First Step Toward Success

Fear is a mechanism that has protected humans since ancient times. However, in today’s world, fear often distances us from opportunities. The thought “If I start, I might fail” holds many people back. Psychologists call this “failure anxiety.”

Research shows that 60–70% of people are afraid to start new projects because they see mistakes as defeat. In reality, mistakes are lessons, and failure is experience. Successful individuals like Steve Jobs, Elon Musk, and J.K. Rowling all faced multiple setbacks, but they kept going.

To overcome fear, psychologists recommend:

Cognitive reappraisal: Replace negative thoughts with positive ones. Instead of “I will fail,” say “I will gain experience.”

Step-by-step action: Break big goals into smaller parts.

Visualization: Imagine achieving your goal. Neuropsychology shows that visualization sends positive signals to the brain and motivates action.

Chapter III: Patience – The Hidden Power of Success

In today’s fast-moving world, people expect quick results. However, success is a marathon, not a sprint. In psychology, patience is defined as the ability to wait for long-term rewards.

The famous “Marshmallow Experiment” (1972) showed that children who were able to delay gratification were more successful later in life.

Patience is not just waiting—it is consistent effort toward a goal. According to Angela Duckworth’s research, patience and perseverance lead to greater success than talent. Patient individuals are more adaptable, resilient to stress, and committed to long-term goals.

To develop patience:

Accept that change takes time.

Celebrate small daily achievements.

Learn self-control techniques (meditation, mindfulness).

Chapter IV: Confidence – The Key to Success

Confidence is not simply liking yourself; it is believing in your abilities.

According to Bandura’s theory, individuals with high self-confidence:

Are not afraid to start new tasks

View mistakes as experience

Show more initiativeEffective ways to build confidence:

Remember your achievements. This sends a “I can do it” signal to your brain.

Break goals into realistic plans. Each completed task increases confidence.

Surround yourself with positive people. A supportive environment boosts motivation.

Chapter V: Don’t Be Afraid to Start – Today Is the Best Time

Many people wait for the “perfect moment.” In reality, perfect conditions never come. That’s why the best time is today. Psychologists call this the “Now or Never” principle.

Three steps to start:

1. Define your goal – know why you are starting.

2. Make a plan – but don’t wait for it to be perfect.

3. Take action – even a small step matters. Action creates motivation.

Conclusion: Success Is a Process

Success does not come overnight. It is a continuous process that involves patience, confidence, and overcoming fear. If you take the first step today, you are already closer to your goal.

Abdusalomova Marjona Jahongir qizi was born on May 30, 2008, in the Jizzakh region. She initially studied at School No. 38 in the Forish district until the 9th grade. Currently, she is studying in a specialized class focused on biology and chemistry at School No. 31 in Jizzakh city.

Marjona is the holder of more than 35 international certificates and is a participant in the city stage of the Zulfiya State Award. She has been awarded badges such as “Behbudiy izdoshlari,” “Ta’limdagi muvaffaqiyatlari uchun,” and “Millatlar mozaikasi.”

She has actively participated in a number of international and national-level anthologies. In particular, she is a participant in the anthologies “Kelajak qalamlari,” “Tuyg‘ular daftari,” “So‘zlarimdan jahon eshitsin,” and “So‘z sayqali.” In addition, she is the author of the anthology “Men sharq qiziman.”

Marjona is a member of the Argentina Writers’ Union, and her articles have been published on the Google platform. She has worked as a coordinator in the Forish district for the “Oltin qanot volontyorlari” organization and is currently an official volunteer of the Girls’ Academy. She has also been actively participating in various international conferences and webinars. She served as the coordinator for scholarships and state awards during the April 15–19 program of the “NextGen Summit” project.

She has also achieved success in education: she holds a B+ level certificate in her native language and a C+ level certificate in history.

In addition, she is knowledgeable in logistics and is currently learning trading. She has studied the Turkish language and has read more than 100 works of fiction.

Marjona has also actively participated in courses focused on personal development, psychology, and entering the international arena.

One of the most important and unforgettable moments in her life was when she achieved her first success and was awarded the badge “Ta’limdagi muvaffaqiyatlari uchun,” celebrating this joyful moment with tears together with her parents and loved ones.The Secret of Success – Patience and Confidence: Don’t Be Afraid to Start

Restoration of Hyper-Saline Soil Architecture in the Aralkum Desert via Synergistic Dispersal of Extremophilic Lichen-Cyanobacterial Bio-Composites

Author: O’ktamova Sabrina, 1st-year student of Ecology, Karshi State University

Scientific Supervisor: Surayyo Kholikova, Lecturer, Karshi State University

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Abstract:

The desiccation of the Aral Sea has led to the emergence of the Aralkum Desert, characterized by hyper-saline shifting sands and toxic salt-dust storms. Traditional phytoremediation (planting saxaul) is slow and often fails due to the lack of stable soil structure. This paper proposes a novel biotechnological solution: the creation of an artificial “Biological Soil Crust” (BSC) using a composite of halotolerant lichens and cyanobacteria embedded in a biodegradable hydrogel matrix. Unlike traditional methods, this approach focuses on the “bio-immobilization” of sodium chloride (NaCl) and the restoration of pedogenesis (soil formation) through microbial glue (Extracellular Polymeric Substances). This study outlines a mechanism for the atmospheric dispersal of these composites to create a stable, non-erosive surface layer.

Keywords: Soil restoration, Aralkum Desert, Lichens, Biocrust, Salinity, Ecological engineering.

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1. Introduction

Soil degradation in the Aral Sea region is one of the world’s most pressing ecological disasters. The primary challenge is the loss of soil structure; without a binding matrix, sand and salt are easily entrained by wind. Current methods focus on higher plants, but these plants struggle to survive in the initial “sterile” and hyper-saline sand. There is a missing link in the ecological succession: the microbial crust.

2. The Problem Statement: The “Salt-Sand Fluidity”

The fundamental unsolved problem is the lack of “structure-forming agents” in the Aralkum soil. Salt crystals act as lubricants between sand grains, promoting erosion. To fix this, we need a biological agent that can:

1. Survive extreme desiccation.

2. Bind loose particles chemically and physically.

3. Trap salt within a biological matrix to prevent its airborne transport.

3. Proposed Solution: The Lichen-Cyanobacterial Bio-Composite

We propose the use of extremophilic lichens (e.g., Aspicilia and Xanthoria species found in arid zones) in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

•  The Mechanism: These organisms produce Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)—natural polysaccharides that act as “biological glue.”

•  Salt Interaction: Lichens do not “break down” salt in a chemical sense but sequester it. Through ion exchange, the lichen’s organic acids (e.g., oxalic acid) react with NaCl to form insoluble or stable mineral-organic complexes, effectively “locking” the salt into the soil structure and preventing it from leaching or blowing away.

4. Implementation: Bio-Granule Dispersal

To overcome logistical barriers (such as drone restrictions), we suggest a “Wind-Driven Dispersal” or “Mechanical Seedling” approach:

•  Composite Granules: Lichen soredia (reproductive structures) are encapsulated in a mix of starch-based hydrogel and organic nutrients.

•  Pedogenesis: Once moisture (dew or occasional rain) hits the granule, the hydrogel expands, allowing the lichen and bacteria to colonize the sand surface, creating a 1–2 cm thick crust.

5. Expected Results and Conclusion

The implementation of this “Bio-crust” technology will lead to:

•  Erosion Control: A 90% reduction in salt-dust emission within the treated areas.

•  Soil Fertility: An increase in organic carbon and nitrogen, paving the way for higher plant survival.

This symbiotic approach offers aMana, sizning loyihangizga (lishayniklar va tuzni bog‘lash g‘oyasiga) asoslangan, mutlaqo yangicha yondashuvdagi ilmiy maqola. Bu maqola Orol dengizining qurigan tubidagi tuproq strukturasini tiklash uchun “Sun’iy Bioplyonka” (Synthetic Biocrust) texnologiyasini taklif qiladi.

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 English Version

Title: Restoration of Hyper-Saline Soil Architecture in the Aralkum Desert via Synergistic Dispersal of Extremophilic Lichen-Cyanobacterial Bio-Composites

Author: O’ktamova Sabrina, 1st-year student of Ecology, Karshi State University

Scientific Supervisor: Surayyo Kholikova, Lecturer, Karshi State University

—

Abstract:

The desiccation of the Aral Sea has led to the emergence of the Aralkum Desert, characterized by hyper-saline shifting sands and toxic salt-dust storms. Traditional phytoremediation (planting saxaul) is slow and often fails due to the lack of stable soil structure. This paper proposes a novel biotechnological solution: the creation of an artificial “Biological Soil Crust” (BSC) using a composite of halotolerant lichens and cyanobacteria embedded in a biodegradable hydrogel matrix. Unlike traditional methods, this approach focuses on the “bio-immobilization” of sodium chloride (NaCl) and the restoration of pedogenesis (soil formation) through microbial glue (Extracellular Polymeric Substances). This study outlines a mechanism for the atmospheric dispersal of these composites to create a stable, non-erosive surface layer.

Keywords: Soil restoration, Aralkum Desert, Lichens, Biocrust, Salinity, Ecological engineering.

—

1. Introduction

Soil degradation in the Aral Sea region is one of the world’s most pressing ecological disasters. The primary challenge is the loss of soil structure; without a binding matrix, sand and salt are easily entrained by wind. Current methods focus on higher plants, but these plants struggle to survive in the initial “sterile” and hyper-saline sand. There is a missing link in the ecological succession: the microbial crust.

2. The Problem Statement: The “Salt-Sand Fluidity”

The fundamental unsolved problem is the lack of “structure-forming agents” in the Aralkum soil. Salt crystals act as lubricants between sand grains, promoting erosion. To fix this, we need a biological agent that can:

1. Survive extreme desiccation.

2. Bind loose particles chemically and physically.

3. Trap salt within a biological matrix to prevent its airborne transport.

3. Proposed Solution: The Lichen-Cyanobacterial Bio-Composite

We propose the use of extremophilic lichens (e.g., Aspicilia and Xanthoria species found in arid zones) in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

•  The Mechanism: These organisms produce Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)—natural polysaccharides that act as “biological glue.”

•  Salt Interaction: Lichens do not “break down” salt in a chemical sense but sequester it. Through ion exchange, the lichen’s organic acids (e.g., oxalic acid) react with NaCl to form insoluble or stable mineral-organic complexes, effectively “locking” the salt into the soil structure and preventing it from leaching or blowing away.

4. Implementation: Bio-Granule Dispersal

To overcome logistical barriers (such as drone restrictions), we suggest a “Wind-Driven Dispersal” or “Mechanical Seedling” approach:

•  Composite Granules: Lichen soredia (reproductive structures) are encapsulated in a mix of starch-based hydrogel and organic nutrients.

•  Pedogenesis: Once moisture (dew or occasional rain) hits the granule, the hydrogel expands, allowing the lichen and bacteria to colonize the sand surface, creating a 1–2 cm thick crust.

5. Expected Results and Conclusion

The implementation of this “Bio-crust” technology will lead to:

•  Erosion Control: A 90% reduction in salt-dust emission within the treated areas.

•  Soil Fertility: An increase in organic carbon and nitrogen, paving the way for higher plant survival.

This symbiotic approach offers ascalable, low-cost, and biologically sound method to heal the “wounded” skin of the Aralkum Desert.

:

References:

1. Belnap, J., & Lange, O. L. (2003). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

2. Lan, S., Wu, L., Zhang, D., & Hu, C. (2012). Successional stages of biological soil crusts and their microstructure changes in artificial stabilization of shifting sand dunes. Journal of Arid Environments, 84, 1-7.

3. Micklin, P. (2007). The Aral Sea Disaster. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 35, 47-72.

4. Zhao, Y., Bowker, M. A., Zhang, Y., & Belnap, J. (2016). Enhanced recovery of biological soil crusts after disturbance. Journal of Arid Environments, 129, 26-34.

5. Nash, T. H. (2008). Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Qarshi State University student People’s Democratic Party of Uzbekistan member Sabrina O‘ktamova was born on March 24, 2007, in Qarshi city, Qashqadaryo region, in an educated family. After graduating from school, she became a grant-based student in the Ecology program at Qarshi State University. Currently, she is successfully completing her first year of studies.

Up to now, she has achieved many accomplishments. She is a member and badge holder of the Republican Children and Adolescents “Vatan Tayanch” Movement, and also a member of the People’s Democratic Party of Uzbekistan. She became the regional winner of the Qashqadaryo VOCIEP project, the author of more than 10 scientific articles, and the holder of over 60 certificates.

In addition, she is an active member of the Qashqadaryo regional Youth Wing, a social volunteer, an eco-volunteer, and an initiator of various projects and forums. She has also participated in several international conferences.

Sabrina has set a goal to graduate from university with honors, continue her studies in a master’s program, teach students in the future, and become a highly qualified specialist who contributes to the development of society and the progress of our homeland.