JJ Campbell (1976 – ?) is stuck in suburbia, plotting his escape. He’s been widely published over the years, most recently at The Beatnik Cowboy, Disturb the Universe Magazine, The Rye Whiskey Review, Misfit Magazine and Yellow Mama. You can find him most days taking care of his disabled mother while trying to do everything else at the same time. He tries to maintain his blog, although he rarely has time to write on it. (https://evildelights.blogspot.com)
Effective methods of learning English as a foreign language
Dildora Saidjonova, UzSWLU, English philology faculty Uzbekistan, Tashkent Email: saidjonovadildora882@gmail.com
Abstract: The increasing significance of English as a global language has intensified the demand for effective strategies in second language acquisition. This article explores the most efficient methods for learning English as a second language, emphasizing immersion, shadowing, and interactive learning. Through an analytical review of these approaches, the study highlights how each method supports the development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills while fostering cultural understanding and learner motivation.
The findings suggest that a combination of these methods creates a dynamic and learner-centered environment that enhances language proficiency more effectively than traditional approaches. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of adopting diverse and communicative learning techniques to achieve long-term fluency and confidence in English.
In today’s globalized world, English has become a dominant language of communication, education, science, and international business. As a result, the ability to use English effectively is increasingly recognized as a key factor for academic and professional advancement. However, mastering English as a second language (ESL) remains a complex process that requires effective learning methods according to learners’ needs, goals, and contexts. This article examines the most effective methods of learning English as a second language, focusing on innovative practices such as immersion, shadowing, and interactive learning.
Methods: According to several studies, the most effective methods for mastering the English language have been identified as immersion, shadowing and interactive exercises. The first way of learning English efficiently is immersion. Immersion emphasizes the importance of context and continuous exposure, often without relying on explicit instruction. In this setting, learners are encouraged to engage in real-world communication, allowing them to develop both receptive (listening and reading) and productive (speaking and writing) language skills in a more authentic and intuitive manner. The method mirrors the natural language acquisition process by facilitating learning in a dynamic, interactive environment.
This approach based on the idea that immersion accelerates language proficiency by reducing reliance on the learner’s native language and maximizing exposure to the second language in a meaningful context. Research has shown that immersion facilitates the development of fluency, vocabulary acquisition, cultural understanding and an overall deeper mastery of the language, often at a faster pace compared to conventional language-learning methods. Furthermore, it can creates a motivation-driven environment, where learners actively use the language in a variety of settings, improving both their linguistic and socio-pragmatic skills.
The “somber repetition” or “shadowing” method of language learning involve listening to a native speaker and immediately repeating what they say. This technique is very useful for improving pronunciation, intonation and fluidity in foreign language, such as English. The idea behind somber repetition is straightforward: an audience listens to an audio or video recording in the target language and attempts to mimic the words and phrases accurately as possible. This may be accomplished through podcasts, TED Talks or even songs. The goal is to actively strengthen linguistic skills and “immerse oneself” in the language.
How to do shadowing exercises:
Choose the material. Select recordings that are appropriate for your level. It could be podcasts, YouTube videos or shows and movies. Pay attention: Before you start repeating, listen to the recording once to understand the context and content. Repeat immediately: Start recording and repeat as soon as you can. Do not hesitate to pause if necessary to better grasp the phrases. Record your voice: To assess your progress, record yourself while repeating. This allow you to understand your mistakes and make corrections. Practice regularly: Dedicate time each day or week to practice.
Learning English by ear makes the process easier, even though we might not understand the meaning exactly. The shadowing technique should be broken down into five stages, according to its creator, A. Arguelles:
Imitation without intent. Listen to the tape without looking at the text and attempt to get its core. You must scroll through the same section as many times as necessary. Repeat whatever you can after the carrier.
Textual imitation. The second stage involves copying the native speaker’s speech while glancing at the translation. It is only translation.
Without any text in a foreign language. You cannot yet the constructs and grammar.
Replay in shadow mode. Repetition of the speaker’s voice with the text in front of him.
Elaboration. Read the sentence again and examine the pronunciation characteristics. Interactive learning emphasizes active participation, collaboration, and communication between learners and teacher. Unlike traditional teachers-centered methods, interactive learning encourage students to exchange ideas, solve problems, and use language in real communicative contexts. Interactive games and flashcards are well-known for being effective resources for improving vocabulary memory and motivating students. Some useful games like Quizlet and Kahoot! offer organized and interesting learning opportunities.
This approach aligns with Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (1978), which states that knowledge is constructed through social interaction and collaborative dialogue. In an ESL classroom, students develop language competence not only through individual practice, but also through cooperation and negotiation of meaning with peers. In conclusion, mastering English requires the use of effective, engaging, and appropriate learning methods. Among the numerous strategies have proven to be particularly valuable in promoting linguistic competence and communicative confidence. Together, these methods create a comprehensive and balanced approach to language acquisition.
Therefore, educators and learners are encouraged to integrate these techniques into their study, as their combined application can significantly enhance both the effectiveness and enjoyment of learning English as a second language.
References:
https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/effective-study-techniques-for-learning-english/ _Approaches_and_Methods_in_Language_Teaching__2nd_Edition__Cambridge_Language_Teaching_Library_ Жуманиязова F., & Умарова J. (2025). The role of immersion in acquiring a second foreign language. Объединяя студентов: международные исследования и сотрудничество между дисциплинами, 1(1), 333–335. извлечено от https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/btsircad/article/view/101312 Takahashi, S. (2015). Shadowing as a Technique for Improving English Pronunciation: A Case Study.
D. Shomahmudovaeffective methods for learning English as a second language https://www.grnjournal.us/index.php/STEM/article/download/7011/6781/12343
THE ROLE OF COGNATES IN LINGUISTICS: COGNATES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Khasanova Azizabonu
Uzbek State University of World Languages
Email: xasanovaazizakhon06@gmail.com
Abstract
Cognates play a very crucial role in every language’s linguistics. Therefore, when we want to learn some languages or compare ours to other languages we definitely come across them during our learning journey. The concept of cognates can be found in nearly all languages, since languages are interrelated and, in many instances, words are transferred or adapted from one language to another, resulting in the emergence of cognates.
Keywords: Modern information technologies, interactive learning, e-learning, digital transformation, education quality.
If the history of cognate is discussed, etymology dictionaries trace present-day words to the oldest forms available, establish their primary meanings and give the parent form reconstructed by means of the comparative-historical method. In case of borrowings they point out the immediate source of borrowing, its origin, and parallel forms in cognate languages.
1. Cognate awareness One method of building vocabulary among English-language learners whose language share capitalize on students’ first-language knowledge (August et al.2005). Cognates are words in two languages that share a similar spelling, pronunciation, and meaning. Students often can draw on their knowledge of words in their native language to figure out the meanings of cognates in English. Because of their common Latin and Greek roots, as well as the close connections between English and the Romance languages, English and Spanish share a large number of cognate pairs. Not only in Romance or English languages but also in Uzbek we can see some cognates
2. Cognates in English and Uzbek languages ENGLISH UZBEK EXPLANATION Radio Radio Same form, same meaning. Taxi Taxi Similar pronunciation and meaning. Doctor Doctor Similar pronunciation and same meaning .Video Video Same pronunciation and same meaning. Virus Virus same form, different pronunciation. Bank Bank Same form, same meaning Hacker Haker Slightly different form, same meaning (loanword from same root) Menu Menyu Different form, same pronunciation and meaning. Mini Mini Same form and meaning. Idea Ideya Different pronunciation, same meaning. Season Sezon Slightly different pronunciation, same meaning Zebra Zebra Same form, same meaning. Cobra Kobra Same form, same meaning. Museum Muzey Different pronunciation, same meaning.
Types of cognates in English language: Actually the main types of cognates are true cognates, near-perfect cognates and false cognates. In true cognates have a identical spelling and similar meaning, but in perfect cognates have slightly different spelling but similar meaning, in false cognates have similar spelling but different meaning. Some classifications also include accidental cognates (which are words that are similar by chance), and partial cognates (which are may share a root not all affixes.
Conclusion To sum up the findings, it is clear that English and Uzbek share many type of cognates that reflect cultural and linguistic exchange. Words such as radio, computer, virus ,taxi demonstrates how global communication and scientific progress have influenced modern vocabulary.
References1.R.S.Ginzburg.A modern course in modern English lexicology.2.Agniezska Otwinowska. Cognate vocabulary in language acquisition and Use. 3. https://semantjournals.org/index.php/AJBP. 4.Cognate in foreign language learning: A cognitive and Linguodidactic perspective by Natalia Oberste-Berghaus(2025) 5.uz.wikipedia.uz
Azizabonu Xasanova was born on November 22,2006 in Buloqboshi district, Andijan region. From 2013 to 2024, she studied at School No.43 specialized for English and Mathematics.She has achieved remarkable success in her studies and extracurricular activities. In 2022, she won a competition organized by the Muloqot channel, as a result of which her CEFR exam will be fully funded by the government.As a result, she successfully earned a B2 level certificate with a score of 58 points.
Currently, she is continuing her bachelor’s degree at the Uzbekistan State World Languages of University, majoring in English Philology. She participate in regularly in some projects like University Pride, Kitoblarim Yuzi and others. As a second year student She has successfully transitioned from a self-funded (contract) student to receiving a 50% university grant this year. This achievement not only reflects her academic excellence but also provides her with significant financial support to continue her studies more comfortably.
Azizabonu Xasanova is an enthusiastic student with a deep interest in languages and cultural communication.
Zamira Moldiyeva Bahodirovna, Student of English Filology Faculty,
UZSWLU.Email:zamiramoldiyeva219@gmail.com
Abstract: Human beings are emotional creatures, shaped not only by logic but also by feelings. Among all emotions, pain seems to stay in memory longer than joy. While moments of happiness are often bright but short-lived, painful experiences leave deep emotional and psychological traces that can last for years. This paper examines the biological, psychological, and social reasons why pain dominates human memory. It also explores how modern technology and lifestyle reinforce this tendency, and suggests ways to help people cultivate stronger, more lasting positive memories. Understanding this pattern is essential for improving emotional well-being and developing a more balanced perception of life.
Keywords: Pain, Joy, Human Memory, Psychology, Emotion, Neuroscience, Well-being
Introduction Every human being has both happy and painful memories. Yet, when we try to recall the past, painful experiences often appear sharper and more vivid than joyful ones. A simple question arises: why do we remember pain more than joy? Scientists, psychologists, and philosophers have long been interested in this phenomenon. From an evolutionary standpoint, pain plays an important survival role — it teaches us what to avoid.
For example, a person remembers the pain of touching a hot stove much longer than the pleasure of a warm meal. Psychologically, negative experiences create stronger emotional responses, which strengthen memory. Socially and emotionally, pain connects people through empathy and shared struggles, while happiness is often seen as personal and fleeting. This paper aims to discuss these aspects in detail — the biological reasons behind emotional memory, the emotional and social dimensions of pain, and the influence of modern society on how we remember and process our experiences.
Discussion 1. The Psychological and Biological Factors From a psychological perspective, the brain treats pain as a warning signal. According to research by Baumeister and colleagues (2001), negative experiences have a stronger impact on the brain because they trigger survival mechanisms. When a person experiences pain, the amygdala — the part of the brain that handles emotional processing — sends a powerful signal to the hippocampus, which then stores the memory more deeply. This means that even a single painful moment can form a permanent memory, while joy, which does not involve threat or fear, is stored more lightly. Furthermore, emotional pain and physical pain activate similar areas of the brain. When people recall a painful breakup or failure, the same brain regions that respond to physical injury become active. This overlap explains why emotional suffering feels so intense and long-lasting. Positive emotions, on the other hand, are often short and less urgent; the brain does not treat them as critical for survival.
2. The Emotional and Social Dimensions Pain also has a deep emotional and social meaning. When people experience loss, rejection, or failure, they often reflect deeply on it — trying to understand why it happened. This reflection leads to emotional learning but also strengthens the painful memory. Joy, however, is rarely examined with the same intensity. We celebrate, smile, and move on. Because we replay pain more often in our minds, it becomes stronger and more permanent. From a social perspective, pain can even create unity. People connect more easily over shared struggles than over shared happiness. Comforting someone, expressing empathy, or discussing hardships make emotional bonds deeper. Happiness, in contrast, is individual and temporary — it is felt but not always shared in depth. This difference also influences which memories our brains choose to preserve.
3. The Influence of Modern Life In today’s fast-paced, competitive, and digital world, our attention is constantly pulled toward negative information. Social media, for example, emphasizes perfection and comparison, which often increases feelings of inadequacy and emotional stress. News outlets focus on tragedies more than positive stories, training our minds to pay attention to pain. As a result, many people unconsciously strengthen their negative memories. When we constantly compare ourselves to others or worry about the future, we relive emotional pain again and again. Over time, this makes painful experiences even more powerful in memory. However, the human brain is flexible. Positive experiences can also become long-lasting if we learn to pay attention to them. Practicing gratitude, keeping a “happiness journal,” and focusing on the present moment can train the brain to store joyful experiences more deeply. Mindfulness and reflection can balance the emotional weight between pain and joy.
4. A Balanced View of Memory Remembering pain is not a weakness — it is part of being human. Pain teaches us caution, wisdom, and empathy. Yet, focusing only on painful memories can distort our perception of life. The healthiest approach is to remember both pain and joy equally. Pain shows where we have been, while joy shows where we can go. By consciously practicing positive recall — such as recalling moments of success, gratitude, and love — people can reshape their emotional memory.
Conclusion Pain remains stronger in memory because it protects us and helps us learn, while joy fades quickly because it poses no threat to our survival. Still, this natural imbalance can be corrected. Humans have the power to train their minds to remember positive emotions with equal strength. Cultivating gratitude, engaging in positive reflection, and surrounding oneself with uplifting people can all help in creating a more emotionally balanced memory. In essence, remembering pain more than joy is a sign of growth and awareness — but true wisdom lies in giving both emotions their place. Pain teaches us lessons, but joy gives us reasons to live them.
References:1. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370.2. LeDoux, J. (2012). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster.3. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.4. Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity. Crown Publishers.5. Schacter, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54(3), 182–203.6. Siegel, D. J. (2012). The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are. Guilford Press.7. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207–232.
THE ROLE OF MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION: ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES
Hoshimova Sevinch Uzbek State University of World Languages Email: sevinchh081@gmail.com
Abstract In the digital era, modern information technologies (MIT) have significantly transformed the education system. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of integrating MIT into education, analyzing its advantages and challenges. The study reviews existing literature and highlights key aspects such as interactive learning, global access to education, and innovative teaching methods. While MIT enhances student engagement and facilitates global collaboration, it also presents challenges such as reduced face-to-face interaction, information overload, and digital dependence. The paper concludes with recommendations for optimizing the use of MIT in education.
Keywords
Modern information technologies, interactive learning, e-learning, digital transformation, education quality.
The rapid development of modern information technologies (MIT) has profoundly influenced various sectors, including education. Digital tools, such as e-learning platforms, artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual classrooms, have reshaped traditional learning methods. The implementation of these technologies in higher education aims to improve accessibility, engagement, and efficiency in the learning process. However, the increasing reliance on MIT also raises concerns regarding digital literacy, student motivation, and potential drawbacks such as screen dependency and misinformation. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of MIT’s role in education, evaluating both its benefits and challenges.
1. Theoretical Foundations of Modern Information Technologies in Education MIT encompasses various tools, including online learning platforms, multimedia content, and AI-based educational assistants. The integration of these technologies is grounded in several educational theories: Constructivist Learning Theory According to Vygotsky’s constructivist theory, learning is most effective when students actively construct knowledge through interaction. MIT facilitates this through interactive simulations, gamification, and real-time collaboration tools.
Connectivism Siemens introduced the connectivist learning model, which emphasizes the role of technology in knowledge acquisition. This theory suggests that learning occurs through networks, digital interactions, and global collaboration, making MIT an essential component of modern education.
Cognitive Load Theory Sweller’s cognitive load theory highlights the importance of managing information processing capacity in learning. While MIT can enhance comprehension through multimedia and visualization, excessive digital content may lead to cognitive overload.2. Advantages of Modern Information Technologies in Education MIT provides various benefits in education, including: Enhanced Interactivity and Engagement Digital tools, such as augmented reality (AR) and AI-driven personalized learning, make the learning process more engaging. Studies show that multimedia-based instruction improves student retention rates.
Global Access to Education MIT enables access to quality education worldwide. Platforms like Coursera and edX provide free educational resources to students in remote areas, bridging the gap between developed and developing regions. Personalized Learning Paths Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms can tailor educational content based on individual student progress, making learning more effective. Efficient Assessment and Feedback Automated grading systems and real-time feedback tools help educators assess student performance more efficiently, reducing workload and improving educational quality.
3. Challenges and Limitations of Modern Information Technologies in Education Despite its advantages, MIT also presents several challenges: Reduced Face-to-Face Interaction The shift to online education may decrease personal communication between teachers and students, potentially affecting student engagement and motivation. Digital Divide and Inequality Not all students have equal access to digital resources. A lack of internet connectivity and technological infrastructure can widen educational disparities. Information Overload and Misinformation With vast amounts of online content, students may struggle to identify reliable information. Critical thinking and digital literacy skills are essential to navigate this challenge. Health Concerns and Screen Dependency Prolonged screen exposure can lead to health issues such as eye strain, mental fatigue, and decreased attention spans. Educators need to balance digital and traditional learning methods.
Conclusion Modern information technologies have revolutionized education by improving accessibility, engagement, and learning efficiency. However, their implementation also presents challenges that must be addressed through balanced digital strategies, digital literacy training, and a hybrid learning approach. Future research should focus on optimizing MIT’s role in personalized learning while minimizing its negative impacts on students’ cognitive and social development.
References 1.Selwyn, N. (2020). Education and technology: Key issues and debates. Bloomsbury Publishing.2.Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning.3.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.4.Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem-solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science5.www.tuit.uz6. uz.wikipedia.uz
Sevinch Hoshimova is a motivated and creative student currently pursuing her bachelor’s degree at the Uzbek State University of World Languages, majoring in English Philology. As a second-year student, she actively combines her academic studies with social, educational, and leadership initiatives. She graduated from School No. 9 in Andijan district with an honorary gold medal for her outstanding academic performance.
Throughout her school and university life, Sevinch has been deeply involved in various projects as a coordinator, demonstrating strong organizational, teamwork, and communication skills. She has successfully completed an SMM (Social Media Marketing) course and earned a professional certificate, which has helped her manage and promote educational and youth-oriented projects effectively. Currently, Sevinch serves as a Coordinator of the “Qizlarjonlar” Club at her university, where she empowers young women through education, creativity, and leadership activities.
She is also an active member of the Youth Parliament Activity Team under the Oliy Majlis (Parliament) of Uzbekistan, contributing to youth development programs and civic initiatives. With a deep passion for language learning, education, and youth empowerment, Sevinch strives to become a linguist and social leader who promotes reading culture, innovation, and active citizenship among young people in Uzbekistan.
New houses, rows of luxury cars — at first glance, everything seems perfect. The family looks happy, birds are singing joyfully, as if thanking life itself. Inside one of these grand houses lived two children. To their friends, they seemed like the happiest kids in the world. After all, when your parents work in powerful state companies, when you live in mansions with servants who cook and wait for you after school — isn’t that happiness?
Their friends were still too young to understand that wealth, position, and luxury don’t define happiness. Maybe they just believed the lies those rich children told them. It was said that the family often dined together, played games, and went on trips every week. “Really?” thought their neighbor Khadicha, who knew the truth. The children could hardly remember the last time they saw their parents or ate together. Every morning at five, Ali and Lola woke up hoping to see their parents — but their father was away on another business trip, and their mother had gone out to meet friends or organize new events.
Even when she was home, she would tell the servants,> “If the kids ask, tell them I’m at work. I want to sleep in peace today — I have no time for their endless chatter.” The servants were shocked — so many people yearn for children, while these parents can’t spare even five minutes for theirs. Last Monday, the situation worsened. Ali won first place in the national stage of the “Young Reader” competition and even received a Chevrolet Cobalt as a prize. He wanted to gift it to his father and stayed up until 2 a.m. waiting. But his father never came.
When he finally returned in the morning, the driver excitedly told him the news. The father just smirked:> “A Cobalt? I could buy a thousand of them along with that silly contest. They chose him because of my wealth and influence.” The driver snapped:> “No, sir. They chose him for his knowledge and intellect — even officials’ children couldn’t win.” But the boss had already gone to bed, tired from his trip to Turkey. The driver was disgusted.
Those parents traveled the world, while their children were forgotten — no relatives visited, no love from their own parents. Only kind neighbor Khadicha sometimes took them to the park so they wouldn’t feel so lonely. In their parents’ eyes, the children were nothing but a burden. Life is cruel — some people long for children, while others take them for granted.> “If only kids could choose their parents…” thought the driver sadly.“
When we fail to appreciate God’s blessings, He can take them back.” He sighed, hoping:> “May this story end well.” But the truth remains — real wealth is peace, love, and family unity. When there is harmony at home, everything else can be earned later. No child should grow up deprived of love, forced to mature without ever feeling what childhood truly means.
Since childhood, I loved one fairy tale my mother used to tell —> “There once lived a snake and a cat. The brave cat always fought the snake, but in the end, the snake devoured the cat.”
Every night, I asked my mother to tell it again, hoping that one day the ending would change — that the cat would win. But it never did.
That’s when I realized — not every story ends happily. Life is like an exam: the more you fall, the higher you can rise. One of my teachers once said:> “Life is like boiling water. Whether you want it or not, you’re thrown into it every day. If you don’t endure and trust the process, you’ll face even harder trials. Those hardships are gifts — they wash away your sins and test your patience. The more patient you are, the sweeter the reward.”
I understood — like gold purified by fire, humans too are refined through challenges. Gold must be heated thousands of degrees before it becomes beautiful jewelry — and we must face pain to become stronger. When I was younger, I couldn’t understand why adults got upset over small things. Now that I’m older, I finally do. Life is temporary, and stress causes most of our illnesses. Even our physical pain often begins with emotional pain. The human body is a miracle — everything inside is connected like clockwork.
A few years ago, I underwent laser eye surgery. After years of studying day and night for exams, I had strained my eyes and partially lost vision. When the surgery succeeded, and I saw the world clearly again — distant trees looked like they were right before me — I realized how little we value our blessings until we lose them. Whenever I feel sad, I remind myself:> “I can see, I can walk, I am healthy — I should be grateful.” Even hardships can be blessings in disguise. When something doesn’t go as planned, maybe it’s because something better awaits. We just don’t see it yet.
For example, when I was trying to get my driver’s license, I failed twice during the practical test. After months of preparation and money spent, I almost gave up. But on the third attempt, I passed. That’s when I learned — what’s truly yours will find its way to you, no matter how long it takes. In conclusion — every person faces such tests. What matters is not what we get from society, but what we give back to it. The key is to value what we already have — because if we don’t, it can be taken away.
And as for that childhood fairy tale —Not every story ends happily, because sometimes failure itself is the happiest ending — it’s what helps us grow. If you fall, rise again — stronger than before.
