Synchronized Chaos’ First April 2025 Issue: Journeying Inward

“First Day of Spring in Boston” c/o Jacques Fleury

The Global Federation of Leadership and High Intelligence, based in Mexico, is creating a Mother’s Day poetry anthology and invites submissions. They are also hosting a video contest for creative work with paper fibers.

Poet and essayist Abigail George, whom we’ve published many times, shares the fundraiser her book’s press has created for her. She’s seeking contributions for office supplies and resources to be able to serve as a speaker and advocate for others who have experienced trauma or deal with mental health issues.

Also, the Educational Bookshop in Jerusalem, a store that has the mission of peaceful dialogue and education, invites readers to donate new or gently used books (all genres) that have been meaningful to them, with a note enclosed for future readers about why the books were meaningful. (The books don’t have to be about peace or social justice or the Mideast, although they can be). Please send books here. US-based Interlink Publishing has also started a GoFundMe for the store.

We’re also having a presence at the Hayward Lit Hop festival this year, and we encourage everyone to attend this free, all-ages event! Many local writers will share their work and we will also host an open mic.

This month’s theme is Journeying Inward.

Lidia Popa seeks her true self, believing in the value of her quest. Samira Abdullahi acknowledges her scant resources and the obstacles before her, yet bravely forges ahead towards her life’s goals. Xavier Womack expresses determination to stay free of a relationship that has turned controlling and toxic.

Maurizio Brancaleoni crafts bilingual English/Italian introspective vignettes. Philip Butera reflects on noticing different types of flowers throughout his life, paralleling his different moods. Christina Chin of Malaysia and Paul Callus of Malta collaborate on haiku resplendent with action and sensory detail about the minutiae of human life, highlighting how even smaller thoughts matter.

Charitha Jammala’s mystical poetry probes the depths of the human mind and soul, celebrating our inner essence and integrity. In elegant poetry, Haroon Rashid reminds us to look inward to find joy and peace rather than expecting it from the outside world. Alex S. Johnson revels in the dreamscape of human consciousness in his expansive poem.

Beatriz Saavedra Gastelum probes the power of dreaming to explore human consciousness in Alfonso Reyes’ writing. Christina Chin and Uchechukwu Onyedikam collaborate on haiku capturing the delicacy and deliciousness of creative tension and human spiritual journeys. Fatima Anisa Ibrahim depicts the peace she finds upon sleeping, waking, and beginning a new day.

Black and white drawing of a young woman in profile view looking out to the side with two other smaller versions of herself seated with her head in her hands in front of her. She's next to a barren tree and clouds.
Image c/o Kai Stachowiak

Stephen Jarrell Williams’ poetic cycle drums up a sense of urgency, evoking human mortality and spiritual quests. Peter Cherches speaks of time and memory, incidents that make us, small puny humans as we are, question all that we remember. Mykyta Ryzhykh renders the dissolution of language and identity through creative poems. Alaina Hammond probes the effect of present experiences to shift memory and identity in her drama, set at an art opening. J.K. Durick’s poems also address identity in a way, pointing out human experiences we face individually, yet share with many around the world.

Philip Butera’s lengthy poem explores existence, seduction, and morality through a lens of mutable personal identity and the archetypes of Greek mythology. Two literary critics, Dr. Selvin Vedamanickam and Grock, explore the struggle of individual people in a world that seems indifferent in Dr. Jernail S. Anand’s epic poem Geet: The Unsung Song of Eternity.

Bhagirath Choudhary’s piece honors and includes the feminine as well as the masculine in what it means to be human, and divine. Jacques Fleury, a Black man from Haiti, asserts his belonging to the universal human family regardless of racial distinctions.

Patrick Sweeney writes disconnected short pieces with an element of whimsy that explore our curiosities and obsessions. Duane Vorhees’ poetry revels in earthy sensuality and explores questions of personal identity, reality, and fantasy.

Fantasy image of a leaping unicorn (bottom right) and flying unicorn (top left) in a sky full of dark clouds. Ground beneath is sunny grass.
Image c/o Dope Pictures

Kylian Cubilla Gomez’ images focus on fun and imagination in his images of children’s toys. Ochilova Ozoda Zufar shares a children’s story about travel, friendship, and new experiences. Abigail George reflects on her life’s trajectory, how circumstances made her the mother of words rather than human children.

Elan Barnehama’s short story places us back in our early twenties, when many of us were still making major life decisions. Still, many people past that age express similar sentiments. Tagrid Bou Merhi affirms the drive towards personal and artistic freedom. Anna Keiko reflects on how she has followed the call of poetry in her life. Chad Norman’s brash poetry celebrates the freedom to do and say and love as he wishes in his native Canada.

Doug Hawley relates his experiences in the natural vastness of mountainous and lesser-known eastern Oregon. Maja Herman Sekulic’s speakers lay exposed in the city, under the weight of human emotion as much as the heat of the sun and the relentlessness of the rain.

J.J. Campbell conveys regret, despair, and the lingering effects of a broken past. Mark Young’s poetry presents with wry humor dreams pursued and derailed. Susie Gharib’s work reflects the anxiety and discomfort of the human condition and her desire to find and choose peace. John Dorsey’s speakers seek various forms of comfort and stability.

Two women in dresses (saris) stand bent over by a tree. Painting is blue and purple with some warm sunlight on the right.
Image c/o Rajesh Misra

Brian Barbeito reflects on the life and death of his beloved dog, Tessa. Taro Hokkyo’s short poems speak to grief and loss, ending on a note of regrowth.

David Sapp speaks to the lingering psychological impact of physical and mental loss during the American Civil War. Dennis Vannatta’s essay explores the wartime inspirations for some of Chopin’s music and compares that with his own Vietnam experience.

Fadwa Attia reviews Mohamed Sobhi’s new play “Fares Reveals the Hidden” which explores identity, homeland, and belonging. Dr. Kang Byeong-Cheol speaks to loneliness, nostalgia, and empathy.

Atabayeva Gulshan examines loneliness through the lens of Chekhov’s writings. RP Verlaine’s work posits speakers surrounded by maelstroms of feeling, unable to do more than watch. Dr. Kareem Abdullah reviews poet Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s work on the power of human emotion and the power of the individual to transcend it.

Face of a young woman superimposed on an image of a chessboard and the ocean and the night sky and stars and galaxies.
Image c/o David Bruyland

Nigar Nurulla Khalilova implores deities, and her fellow humans, for compassion towards struggling people. Eva Petropoulou Lianou misses human kindness and simple pleasantries of life.

Graciela Noemi Villaverde speaks to the physical coziness of true and long-term love. Isaac Aju writes of first love between a generous young man and a strong young woman who doesn’t feel conventionally feminine. Makhmasalayeva Jasmina Makhmashukurovna encourages love and respect for the wisdom of parents.

Poet Eva Petropoulou Lianou reminds us to be kind and show common courtesy. Greek poet Eva Petropoulou Lianou interviews Chinese poet Yongbo Ma about writing as a spiritual practice to seek goodness in a harsh world. Elmaya Jabbarova highlights the power of the poet to engage with the senses and cast a vision for the world. Eva Petropoulou interviews Egyptian writer Ahmed Farooq Baidoon about his hopes and dreams for the human literary imagination to guide and transform our world, and also Venezuelan poet Mariela Cordero, who celebrates the evolution of literature and the unnoticed acts of kindness around us daily.

Sayani Mukherjee rests within a Romantic poet’s verdant natural dreamscape. Bekmirzayeva Aziza’s tale reminds us not to forget as we grow up that we can find happiness through simple pleasures and days in nature. Maja Milojkovic reminds us to care for the planet, asking us some hard questions in the process. Writer and literary critic Z.I. Mahmud compares Michael Crichton’s Jurassic Park to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in its critique of humanity’s quest to micromanage and control nature.

Raised fists, brown skin of indeterminate race, painted background of swathes of gray, purple, pink, yellow, green, blue.
Image c/o Linnaea Mallette

Idris Sheikh looks to the awakening and rebirth of Nigeria from poverty and violence. Joseph Ogbonna mourns the Ottoman Empire’s genocide of the Armenian people. Marjona Bahodirova’s story illustrates the pain and loss many women in Central Asia endure, due to class prejudice and intimate partner violence. Bill Tope’s short story explores the evolution of a formerly open-minded person into a bigot and the long-lasting harm that does to his family and ultimately, himself. Taylor Dibbert recollects an encounter with an aggressive and clueless neighbor as Bill Tope and Doug Hawley’s collaborative short story humorously addresses social misunderstandings accentuated by our society’s prejudices. Patricia Doyne’s poem laments political aggression, power grabs, and the rise of autocracy as Daniel De Culla laments the political danger posed to democracies by a culture of brash ignorance.

Shahnoza Ochildiyeva explores the impact of literature on the lives of characters in Markus Zusak’s novel The Book Thief. Even though books cannot save them from the Nazis, they consider literature worth the risk of their lives. Lilian Dipasupil Kunimasa calls on humanity to seek knowledge and cultural advancement in the pursuit of peace.

Tarane Turan Rahimli speaks to the burgeoning literary scene and cultural heritage of her native Azerbaijan. Alex Johnson’s poem celebrates the enduring literary legacy of Patti Smith and William S. Burroughs and the Beat generation. Malika Abdusamat suggests possibilities for the role of artificial intelligence in language learning. Grock outlines the work and career of Indian poet Dr. Jernail S. Anand and considers his originality and suitability for a Nobel prize.

Christopher Bernard reviews Cal Performances’ production of William Kentridge’s The Great Yes, The Great No, praising the vibrant stagecraft while questioning the value of celebrating the absurd in a time of real political absurdity. Chimezie Ihekuna observes that the world’s ways have become upside-down, strange, and unusual.

Art Nouveau wallpaper, dark background, twining green leaves and branches, light tan flowers of different brightness.
Image c/o Maria Alvedro

Dr. Andrejana Dvornic, in a presentation at the Belgrade Book Festival, explores themes of love, longing, and loneliness in the works of Umid Najjari. Teacher Liu Xingli sends in poetry from the elementary school students of the Xiaohe Poetry Society in China’s Hunan Province, which explores themes of nature and society, love and compassion, and heroism and sacrifice.

Federico Wardal honors the legacy of actor Marcello Mastroianni. Texas Fontanella sends up some vibrant, avant-garde music. Cristina Deptula reviews the anthology White on White: A Literary Tribute to Bauhaus, edited by Alex S. Johnson with a foreword from Poppy S. Brite.

Vernon Frazer plays with splashy words and images. Rizal Tanjung situates the paintings of Anna Keiko in the developing history of world art. Scott Holstad probes Husserl’s philosophical understanding of phenomena and being.

Norman J. Olson evokes the wonderment and curiosity we can experience when we look at art and history. Isabel Gomez de Diego’s photography honors the Spanish heritage of faith and craft. Erkin Vahidov reflects on Uzbekistan’s proud cultural heritage. Toxirova Ruxshona highlights advances in modern world modern medicine in her piece on diagnostics and treatment for a variety of skin diseases.

Neolithic house on a partly cloudy day, clay and mud walls, thick straw layered roof and door and fence. Surrounded by hardened dry dirt.
Image c/o Vera Kratochvil

Bangladeshi writer Mahbub Alam expresses his respect and humility before God in his Ramadan poem. Jake Sheff draws on mythology and history as he memorializes his family members and other figures from the past. Nilufar Anvarova’s poem tells the story of an elder encouraging modern people to remember the past.

Dr. Lalit Mohan Sharma reviews Dr. Jernail Anand Singh’s epic work “From Siege to Salvation,” comparing the battles of the Mahabharata with the siege of Troy and affirming commonalities of our human experience. Cristina Deptula interviews Nigerian poet Uchechukwu Onyedikam about transcending cultural barriers through his international haiku collaborations.

We hope that this issue will draw you out to peek at the world from different cultural and generational vantage points, then pull you inward to consider the value and wonder of your own thoughts and psyche.

Short story from Ochilova Ozoda Zufar

Childlike animated cartoon style drawing of a brownhaired girl with a pink shirt and blue skirt and flowers in her hair singing in a grassy field with flowers and sheep and foxes and a bluebird playing the guitar.

The Colorful Journey


Once upon a time, a little girl named Momo decided to go on a journey with her favorite animals. She took a red ball, a yellow fox, a blue bird, and a  black sheep, and set off to explore wonderful places.

During the journey, Momo and her friends visited many exciting spots. They played in a colorful garden filled with wildflowers, swam by a strong and beautiful river, and listened to the lovely songs of the birds. At each location, Momo and her friends learned new things: the different colors of flowers and how they grow, how clean the river water is, and how birds find their way.


Throughout the journey, Momo learned the importance of helping her friends and understanding their needs. She also discovered how cooperation and supporting one another made the adventure even more enjoyable. For instance, they learned to play together and solve problems as a team.


In the end, when Momo and her friends returned home, their hearts were filled with joy and wisdom. Momo realized that traveling is not just about seeing new places but also about learning new things, spending wonderful time with friends, and experiencing life’s valuable lessons.


Educational Significance


This tale teaches children the importance of travel and exploration, as well as friendship, teamwork, and problem-solving. Through Momo and her friends’ experiences, children can understand the value of helping each other, being empathetic, and learning new things.


Thus, travel is not only about discovering new places but also about building friendships and learning vital life lessons.

Ochilova Ozoda Zufar was born on September 16, 2003 in Jondar district of Bukhara region. Her nationality is Uzbek. Currently, she is a 4th grade student of Jizzakh State Pedagogical University and a member of the Male and Female Gifted Students of Jizzakh State Pedagogical University and a member of the student academy. She’s the author of about 10 articles and a Mental Arithmetic Trainer…

Poetry from Patrick Sweeney

My older brother told me
Chuang Tzu knew all along
he wasn't a butterfly




That her cat was well-behaved
wasn't the kind of information
he was seeking




Poster of the most dangerous creatures
on the wall where he measured
himself




 The builder's boots
 at their ease
on the sunny porch




Nowadays
the shrine maidens are always
on their phones




Just in my lifetime
a man walked on the moon
and another pretended to bend a spoon




The time spent 
waiting for the governor to call
in a movie I saw before




Also the work of the cosmos
children chasing bubbles
in the sun




Hampering her graceful efforts
to move him off the topic
of spindle shells




He's writing the secret history of sock drawers
and looking for a little
light clerical work




Strolling the aisles of the Dollar Tree
I picked up a gold sparkle
on my wrist












Essay from Chimezie Ihekuna

Chimezie Ihekuna (Mr. Ben) Young Black man in a collared shirt and jeans resting his head on his hand. He's standing outside a building under an overhang.
Chimezie Ihekuna

Chapter 1: The Current State Of Being

We live in a time where it would be difficult, extremely difficult, to live and lead a normal life.

Back in the day, the need for normalcy, decency and modesty in every area of Interests was being looked out for. The family, community, work-place and general society would prioritize character in relation to any engaged endeavor.

However, modern-day situations hold different narratives. What was seen as morally upright in the days of old is frowned today. What was seen as evil in the past is revered in the present. Being a person of integrity seems to portray limited relevance as it has been substituted with the exact opposite: deceit. From family to society, the culture of what was seen as “good character” has now become a complete shadow of itself. The pop culture of falsehood, which carries an aesthetic outlook, is given a warm embrace by vast majority of people in today’s world.

Consequently, it is without a doubt that the world of today is so wrong that what is left of it is not right and what should be right is not left!

Whatever led to such transition of value, has constituted the current state of being of most people of today, regardless of income bracket, status and even conviction.

Bottom line:

The Current State Of Being: Being abnormal is the new normal!

Poetry from Jake Sheff

Poem 1: 

In Memory of Donald Vruwink (Senior)

Your almanac was always breathing.

The heart’s imaginary twin

Will die. “We’ll all be lovely then,” 

You’d say. My bones are done, done reading

The soil. A clever fever’s scribbling

Its high opinion of the moon

On it. We’ll all be lovely, then

We’ll banish imitation’s sibling. 

The death of plethora seems tawdry

When thunder darts the dirt with thin

Flashes. We’ll all be lovely, then

Tornados will be riding shotty. 

Poem 2:

In Memory of Sol Sheff

Words are like eyes; we often fail

To see a thing until it’s said. 

Each poem’s a mental pyramid

That stands because of memory’s pull. 

The rough perfection of a gull

You stewarded in Jacksonville.

And in Milwaukee, there’s a thrill

That stands because of memory’s pull. 

The sun’s ushabti may console

An Army corporal on the beach

At dawn. You gave a crippled speech

That stands because of memory’s pull. 

Poem 3:

In Honor of Louis Pasteur

“The picturesqueness of human thought may console us for its imperfection.”

–       George Santayana, The Sense of Beauty

Nobody honestly reports

On the beliefs of others. Wolves

Explain what alchemy involves

To beakers blackened by beaux arts

You said that men who run from warts

Are like a bear that runs from fish. 

And logic’s like a petri dish

To beakers blackened by beaux arts

Your era loved what love distorts…

One cannot trust the naked eye

Which craves the novel modesty

Of beakers blackened by beaux arts.

Poem 4: 

Blackguarding Merles

You mock a dahlia’s faith in rain

And March’s hieratic pain

In Wotan’s one good eye. I show

The only serious dog I know

The absence of a final task. 

(His bark becomes so plateresque.) 

Jocasta’s hardship melts the snow…

The only serious dog I know

Is on precocious wisdom’s trail.

Your apperception tugs his tail.

For Tiresias, you set aglow

The only serious dog I know. 

Poem 5: 

Schtupping Philosophy

After Mark Strand

“If only it were so easy to soothe hunger by rubbing an empty belly.” 

–       Diogenes the Cynic, on public masturbation

 “Qui veut faire l’ange fait la bête.”

–       Blaise Pascal, Pensées

Fear pats the propaganda on

Each head. Hate rubs the belly of

Hypocrisy. There’s Puppy-Love,

Schtupping Philosophy again. 

 “O, History, you’re not strapped for time,”

She moans while strapping me in wings.

Her drunken master drily sings:

“Schtupping Philosophy turns wine 

To dust!” When we extremes do meet

In bed, what’s born reveals our chains

And all but holy sweetness feigns. 

Schtupping Philosophy, one ought

To pause one’s speech, but not one’s thought. 

Play Water Music, let all see

The truth’s invisibility. 

Schtupping Philosophy brings out

Third eyes. This post-renewal age

Can’t fathom seasons. Anger warps

Each blossom, buzzing does each corpse…

Schtupping Philosophy onstage, 

I feel the sunlight’s bearded breath. 

The earth lets go of hardness. This

Gets harder moonlight, as does Bliss

Schtupping Philosophy to death.  

Poem 6:

Ode on My Daughter’s Bat Mitzvah (an Acrostic)

“If faith is the sail on a relationship, one with a broken faith is a hardship. What do you build a new sail with when your faith is broken? Hardiness. Jacob is hardy… Hardiness is not the same as hardness. The ‘i’ in hardiness is a reaching hand; hardiness strives, it reaches through hardness.” – Madeleine Sheff, from her d’var Torah

Do not too aggressively light upon

Adulthood, nor too agreeably go 

Usurp its tumultuous limits. Snow

Greets every shoeless shaliach whose crown,

Humility, isn’t the brownest brown. 

Take Laban, who wears mankind’s to-and-fro

Every season, and his deceptive chatter

Richly to the bottom of Jacob’s ladder. 

Of intellectual hatred, we’ve Yeats

For removing any gray gratitude

(Tantamount to cemetery gates):

Haunted by it, your life’s just a bladder

Emptied at the bottom of Jacob’s ladder. 

Comedy’s cruelty makes men brood.

Oh, even tragedy must look away.

Muteness sympathizes with nature’s food;

Made wingless in wine glass novels by day,

All of it runs full speed from decay. 

Normal Saturdays are mad as a hatter

Dimmed by the shadow of Jacob’s ladder. 

May the chuppah embrace each ah! bright ray

Eternal nature absorbs from your frame. 

Nouns have more beauty than verbs; don’t name

This place Terra Terribilis then shatter

Seraphs at the bottom of Jacob’s ladder. 

Poetry from Graciela Noemi Villaverde

Smiling middle aged Latina woman with blonde hair, a black sweater, a wristwatch and bracelets in front of a green gauzy background.

A Song to True Love

Beacon in the storm, light that pierces the darkness,

taste of saltpeter on the lips,

icy wind whispering secrets to the waves.

Unbreakable refuge, scent of salty wood and rain.

Deep roots,

scent of damp earth and ancient moss,

rough bark under the fingers,

rough and firm touch.

Indestructible bond, deep and damp silence.

Crystal river,

cold water brushing the skin,

constant murmur, reflection of the leaden sky,

scent of clay and seaweed.

Constant flow, aquatic freshness.

Midday sun,

scorching heat on the skin,

blinding golden light,

buzzing of bees in the air,

aroma of honey and pollen.

Heat that penetrates the soul,

intense glow.

Embrace of wings, soft skin against skin,

deep joint heartbeat,

scent of jasmine and wet earth,

absolute security.

Perfect Union/

Silent song,

vibration in the chest,

deep resonance, serene silence,

peace that floods the being.

Serenade of the soul/

Silk canvas,

soft texture under the fingers,

smell of fresh paint, vibrant colors,

delicate brushstrokes.

Joint creation…

Secret garden,

fragrance of roses and damp earth,

velvety petals, soft touch,

mysterious silence.

Shared intimacy, vegetal freshness.

Eternal fire,

intense heat on the face,

crackling of flames, smell of burnt wood,

hypnotic light, burning warmth.

Flame that never goes out/

Safe refuge,

soft and warm blankets,

smell of home, cozy silence,

feeling of deep peace. Peace and tranquility,

aroma of cinnamon.

Endless journey/

Fresh air in the lungs,

changing landscapes, murmur of the wind,

excitement of adventure, boundless freedom.

Shared adventure, sensation of movement.

Intense brilliance…

Dream come true;

Softness of the sheets, comforting darkness,

a feeling of peace, sweet dreams,

immense joy. Complete fulfillment,

the scent of lavender.

Constant whisper,

a gentle breeze on the skin…

GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS DIVISION, of the UNACCC SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA CHAPTER.

Poetry from Dr. Kang Byeong-Cheol

Middle aged East Asian man in a gray coat and orange and black collared shirt in front of a bookshelf.
Snow falling white birch forest
After wandering the world,
I now watch the snow falling
on a birch forest in Poland.

Every soul that leaves its home
will long for the land it once dwelled in,
the lingering scent of wildflowers left behind,
the laughter of a beloved voice.

I only miss the sunshine of Jeju.
There is no gift more precious than sunlight.
The autumn sun in Jeju is dazzlingly beautiful.
You will never know
how deeply I love the sunshine.

Standing beneath the gray sky,
watching the snow fall in a Polish birch forest,
in this divine and beautiful woodland,
I long for the warmth of the sun.

Snowflakes fall endlessly,
piling on the snow-covered birch trees,
as longing quietly settles in my heart.


Distance Between You and Me

Each word, each phrase,
like the wind, it sways.
When we hear but don't retain,
connections start to wane.

With a quiet heart, sincere and wide,
we look, we listen, side by side.
Emotions flow, a hidden stream,
revealing truths, a whispered dream.

Listening is magic, soft yet strong,
it soothes, it heals, it rights the wrong.
It melts the ice, it breaks the chain,
and opens hearts to feel again.

At work, at home, in love, in ties,
trust is built where empathy lies.
To truly hear, to understand,
creates a bond, a helping hand.

Like forests need the sun and rain,
so do hearts through joy and pain.
Nodding gently, eyes that see,
reflecting words so truthfully.

Not just our voices, loud and free,
but others' stories, their decree.
Only then, both strong and wise,
can we unite and harmonize.

Together swaying, firm yet free,
a bamboo grove in unity.


The Day I Turned Away from the Heron

She gazed at glass in the morning light.
What did she see in that silver space?
A lonely ghost in her own embrace.
She longed to be like the crane so bright,
with feathers pure as drifting white.
Yet in the stream where shadows play,
her form was cast in quiet gray.

Who would cherish one unseen?
One who scorns where they have been
can never know a world serene.
The crane looked on with patient eyes,
as still as time, beneath the skies.
The heron stood where waters gleam,
a fading shape within a dream.

I turned away from the heron, left nothing there,
just silence hanging in the air.

Poet Dr. Kang, Byeong-Cheol is a Korean author and poet, born in Jeju City, South Korea, in 1964. He began writing in 1993, publishing his first short story, “Song of Shuba,” at the age of twenty-nine. He released a collection of short stories in 2005 and has since won eight literature awards and published more than twelve books. From 2009 to 2014, he served as a member of The Writers in Prison Committee (WiPC) of PEN International. Additionally, he worked as an editorial writer for JeminIlbo, a newspaper in Jeju City, Korea. He holds a PhD in Political Science and currently serves as the Vice President of The Korean Institute for Peace and Cooperation and vice president of Jeju PEN. Moreover, he holds the position of founding President of the Korean Association of World Literature.