In the morning … The spring if the horizon is spreading. From the coldest winter, the spring was lifted by a spring temper to the spring. The river laughed again in the sky in the sky in the sky. The wings birds towards the hot land will return to the hot country again. Exclusive of just the exception. The butterflies also give a more charm to spring flowers with their elegance. For some reason the whole being, for some reason, a tree never flowered. If Nahot He does not want to flower, Nahot was foreigner to him?
Those questions had made a butterfly dream on the flower. The butterfly did not think for a long time. Has his curiosity? He went to that floral tree and began to ask questions. Why didn’t you even want to bloom when the whole being demonstrated his beauty? I also wanted you to land in the flowers of you too. Then the tree: I would also flow like other trees. I bloomed even from them. But regret. I was in a hurry. I was deceived in the sunset. I opened an early bud. As a result, my flowers are freezing because of my impatience. Then I was frozen. Now I can’t help me either. Neither the winter blame for me to fall into this case nor his belly. All the guilt is on myself. I wish I was not a hassle. I was also now the brains of spring. Sorry …
Mushtariy Tòlanboyeva, Student of the 8th grade of the Erkin Vohidov School of Creativity
Funny how we count time. We try to contain it in seconds, hours, days, years. But we wouldn’t know time passes if memories didn’t fall like petals, Unpacking moments we once cherished.
That once smooth skin Is scarred with lessons and cuts from our first fall. We learn time takes everything, And nothing stays the same, Reminding us to enjoy life before it ends.
But when time actually passes, We shed tears and laugh At the experiences life managed to carry us through. And here we are, Wondering where it all went.
Nóra was eager to know the results of the selection of the Nice conference. These should arrive soon. Sometimes she thought she had every chance. At other times, Nora was pessimistic. She had to wait.
She sent the text of her contribution «Dominic Valarcher, Broken Identity» to the writer too. She had scrupulously complied with the requirements requested. Some time later, Dominic replied. He congratulated her warmly. He found her analysis brilliant. Her French was perfect as usual.
Dominic suggested that she write some kind of a letter of recommendation to the jury, but Nóra thought it was not a good idea. She was probably right. This initiative risked annoying the said jury. The writer was convinced that her application would be accepted. Perhaps he was overconfident.
In the meantime, the manuscript of short stories was finished. He was happy with it and sent it to Jean-François Macor. He proposed to the publisher The Fairy of Pécs as a title. Macor quickly acknowledged receipt.
Carlotta Bonini was eager to read and translate the stories into Italian, the publisher assured.
The day ended peacefully in Garouze. Dominic took a short walk in the country. He wondered if the surrounding landscape would have inspired Camus. Was it inhabited by the gods? Probably.
He found Noces ( Nuptials) followed by L’Été ( Summer) in the small village bookshop. He bought the book in order to read it in the sun. Dominic felt the urge to start living again. Camus could help him do just that.
The writer felt good. The only thing missing was Laetitia. He would have liked her to be here, by his side, to be able to tell her in person how much he loved her.
The walk was short. He had found a bench well exposed to the sun. Children passed by, laughing. They seemed happy. It looked like this was the first morning in the world, Dominic thought. A passer-by waved at him. Everything was in place, according to the universal setting. The only thing missing was a painter who would have immortalized this «tableau» for him.
*
The light was dimming. He decided to go back in. On the way, he remembered an interview with Dr. Bronstein that had particularly marked him.
“Mr. Valarcher, you told me that Camille, your mother, didn`t like the German language?
“Hated would be more correct.” It was the language of death, as it was for Paul Celan. Without any irony, as a good Christian, she had forgiven Germany, but not the language of the executioners. »
Bronstein thought for a moment:
“I understand. I myself have preferred to express myself in French since the genocide of the Jews. It’s terrible to reject your so-called mother tongue in this way. You don’t speak German, I believe?
–No. I know the works of Franz Kafka and Todesfuge by Paul Celan in French translation. This poem haunted me for years. I saw in it the fate of my mother’s first husband, murdered at Auschwitz. I never managed to learn German by the way. I couldn’t. »
Bronstein looked at some pictures on the walls of his study. The psychiatrist had once told Dominic that he had found these pictures after the death of his father and of a part of his family in deportation. He had been tempted to destroy them. Aware that it would have been a sacrilege, he had not done so. Dominic couldn’t forget all those conversations with the therapist. The latter, in fact, had not cured him, but had helped him a lot. Samuel Bronstein had visited Auschwitz without his wife, who did not feel capable of confronting the “unspeakable”.
Laetitia and Dominic had not been able to get through the gate of the camp. Should this attempt have been repeated? When he asked Dr. Bronstein for his opinion, the doctor replied:
“Don’t feel guilty, Mr. Valarcher. You carry within you, the suffering of the young brunette woman with blue eyes. This terrible ordeal broke you when you were a child. We must not add to it. Forgive the triviality of this expression. When I went there, I felt like I could smell the smell of death, the stench that poisoned everything. I know, other pilgrims – I use this expression cautiously – have spoken about it… It is said that, on certain evenings, the wind from Poland carries death, its smell, to Germany, yes, death and with it the screams of the damned. I would like to believe that this is only a legend. »
*
Dominic had tears in his eyes as he remembered the psychiatrist’s confidences. He had always refused to tape their conversations.
“No doubt you want to use my words for one of your books, Mr. Valarcher? Well, you will call on your memory. Memory is labile. It will transform, lie, perhaps censor and that will be fine. Therein lies the literature as you understand it. As we understand it. »
Traduction en italien :https://www.ladolfieditore.it/index.php/en/catalogue/rubino/denis-emorine-identita-spezzate-identites-brisees.html?tmpl=component&print=1
Nóra était impatiente de connaître les résultats de la sélection du colloque de Nice. Ceux-ci devraient arriver bientôt. Parfois, elle se disait qu’elle avait toutes ses chances. À d’autres moments, l’étudiante était pessimiste. Il fallait attendre.
Elle envoya le texte de sa contribution Dominique Valarcher, l’identité brisée à l’écrivain. Elle avait scrupuleusement respecté les exigences demandées. Quelque temps après, celui-ci répondit. Il la félicita chaleureusement. Il avait trouvé son analyse brillante. Son français était parfait comme d’habitude.
Dominique lui proposa d’écrire une sorte de lettre de recommandation au jury, mais Nóra pensa que ce n’était pas une bonne idée. Elle avait sans doute raison. Cette initiative risquait d’agacer ledit jury. L’écrivain était persuadé que sa candidature serait retenue. Peut-être était-il trop confiant.
Cette fois, le manuscrit de nouvelles était fini. Il en était content et l’envoya à Jean-François Macor. Il lui proposa La fée de Pécs comme titre. Macor accusa rapidement réception. Carlotta Bonini était impatiente de le lire et de le traduire en italien, assura l’éditeur.
La journée s’acheva paisiblement à Garouze. Dominique fit une petite promenade dans la campagne. Il se demanda si le paysage aurait inspiré Camus. Est-ce qu’il était habité par les dieux ? Sans doute.
Il trouva Noces suivi de L’Été dans la petite librairie du village. Il l’acheta pour le lire au soleil. Dominique voulait revivre. Camus pouvait l’aider.
L’écrivain se sentait bien. Il manquait seulement Laetitia. Il aurait voulu qu’elle soit là, à ses côtés. Son mari lui aurait dit combien il l’aimait.
La promenade fut courte. Il avait trouvé un banc bien exposé. Des enfants passèrent en riant. Ils avaient l’air heureux. On aurait dit le premier matin du monde, pensa Dominique. Un promeneur lui fit un signe de la main. Tout était en place, dans ce décor. Manquait seulement le peintre qui l’aurait immortalisé.
*
La lumière baissait. Il décida de rentrer. Chemin faisant, il se remémora un entretien avec le docteur Bronstein qui l’avait particulièrement marqué.
« Monsieur Valarcher, vous m’avez dit que Camille, votre mère détestait la langue allemande ?
– Haïssait serait plus juste. C’était la langue de la mort comme pour Paul Celan. En bonne chrétienne sans aucune ironie, elle avait pardonné à l’Allemagne, mais pas à la langue des bourreaux. »
Bronstein réfléchit un instant :
« Je comprends. Moi-même, je préfère m’exprimer en français depuis le génocide des Juifs. C’est terrible de rejeter ainsi sa langue dite maternelle. Vous ne parlez pas allemand, je crois ?
– Non. Je connais les œuvres de Franz Kafka, Todesfuge de Paul Celan en traduction française. Ce poème m’a hanté durant des années. J’y voyais le destin du premier mari de ma mère, assassiné à Auschwitz. Je ne suis jamais arrivé à apprendre l’allemand d’ailleurs. Je ne pouvais pas. »
Bronstein regarda quelques tableaux aux murs de son cabinet. Le psychiatre avait dit un jour à Dominique qu’il les avait retrouvés après la mort de son père et d’une partie de sa famille en déportation. Il avait été tenté de les détruire. Conscient que ç’aurait été un sacrilège, il ne l’avait pas fait. Dominique n’arrivait pas à oublier toutes ces conversations avec le thérapeute. Celui-ci, effectivement, ne l’avait pas guéri, mais lui avait beaucoup apporté. Samuel Bronstein était allé à Auschwitz sans sa femme qui ne se sentait pas capable d’affronter « l’innommable ».
Laetitia et Dominique n’avaient pas pu franchir la porte du camp. Aurait-il fallu renouveler cette tentative ? Lorsqu’il avait sollicité l’avis du docteur Bronstein, celui-ci avait répondu :
« Ne vous culpabilisez pas, monsieur Valarcher. Vous portez en vous, la souffrance de la jeune femme brune aux yeux bleus. Cette terrible épreuve vous a brisé lorsque vous étiez enfant. Il ne faut pas en rajouter. Pardonnez la trivialité de cette expression. Lorsque je m’y suis rendu, j’avais l’impression de sentir l’odeur de la mort, cette puanteur qui empoisonnait tout. Je sais, d’autres pèlerins – j’emploie cette expression avec précaution – en ont parlé… On prétend que, certains soirs, le vent venu de Pologne charrie la mort, son odeur, jusqu’en Allemagne, la mort et avec elle les hurlements des damnés. J’aimerais croire qu’il s’agit seulement d’une légende. »
Dominique avait les larmes aux yeux en se souvenant des confidences du psychiatre. Celui-ci avait toujours refusé d’être enregistré.
« Sans doute souhaitez-vous utiliser mes propos pour un de vos livres, monsieur Valarcher ? Eh bien, vous ferez appel à votre mémoire. La mémoire est labile. Elle transformera, mentira, censurera peut-être et ce sera très bien ainsi. Là réside la littérature telle que vous l’entendez. Telle que nous l’entendons. »
Nora con impazienza attendeva i risultati della selezione della conferenza di Nizza. Sarebbero dovuti arrivare presto. A volte pensava di avere buone possibilità. Altre volte era pessimista. Occorreva aspettare.
Inviò allo scrittore il testo del suo contributo Dominique Valarcher, l’identité brisée. Aveva rispettato scrupolosamente le norme. Qualche tempo dopo lui le rispose. Si congratulò calorosamente con lei. Aveva trovato brillante la sua analisi. Il suo francese era perfetto, come al solito.
Dominique le suggerì di scrivere alla giuria una sorta di lettera di referenze, ma lei reputò che non fosse una buona idea: senza dubbio aveva ragione. Un’iniziativa del genere avrebbe potuto irritare i giurati. Lo scrittore era sicuro che la sua candidatura sarebbe stata accolta. Forse era troppo fiducioso.
Questa volta il manoscritto dei racconti era finito. Soddisfatto, lo inviò a Jean-François Macor. Suggerì come titolo La fata di Pécs. Macor rispose subito di averlo ricevuto. Carlotta Bonini era ansiosa di leggerlo e di tradurlo in italiano, gli assicurò l’editore.
La giornata si concluse tranquillamente a Garouze. Dominique fece una breve passeggiata in campagna. Si interrogò se il paesaggio avesse ispirato Camus. Era abitato dagli dèi? Senza dubbio.
Nella piccola libreria del villaggio trovò Noces e poi L’Été. Lo comprò per leggerlo all’aria aperta. Voleva vivere una nuova vita. Camus poteva aiutarlo.
Lo scrittore si sentiva bene. Mancava solo Laetitia. Avrebbe voluto che fosse lì, al suo fianco. Suo marito le avrebbe detto quanto l’amava.
La passeggiata fu breve. Aveva trovato una panchina ben esposta. Alcuni bambini passarono ridendo. Sembravano felici. Lo si sarebbe potuto definire il primo mattino del mondo, pensò Dominique. Un passante gli fece un cenno con la mano. Tutto era al proprio posto in quell’ambiente. Mancava solo il pittore che l’avrebbe immortalato.
*
La luce si stava affievolendo. Decise di rientrare. Durante il tragitto si ricordò di una conversazione con il dottor Bronstein che lo aveva particolarmente colpito.
«Signor Valarcher, mi ha detto che Camille, sua madre, detestava la lingua tedesca?».
«”Odiava” sarebbe più preciso. Era la lingua della morte, come per Paul Celan. Da buona cristiana senza ironia, aveva perdonato la Germania, ma non la lingua dei carnefici».
Bronstein rifletté per un attimo: «Capisco. Io stesso preferisco parlare in francese dopo il genocidio degli Ebrei. È terribile rifiutare la propria cosiddetta lingua madre. Lei non parla tedesco, suppongo?».
«No, non parlo tedesco. Conosco le opere di Franz Kafka, Todesfuge di Paul Celan in traduzione francese. Questa poesia mi ha perseguitato per anni. Vi ho visto il destino del primo marito di mia madre, ucciso ad Auschwitz. Tra l’altro, non sono mai riuscito a imparare il tedesco. Non ce la facevo».
Bronstein guardò alcuni dei quadri appesi alle pareti del suo ufficio. Una volta aveva raccontato a Dominique di averli trovati dopo che suo padre e parte della sua famiglia erano morti durante la deportazione. Era stato tentato di distruggerli. Consapevole che sarebbe stato un sacrilegio, non l’aveva fatto. Dominique non poteva dimenticare tutte quelle conversazioni con il terapeuta. Egli non lo aveva certo guarito, ma lo aveva aiutato molto. Samuel Bronstein era andato ad Auschwitz senza la moglie, che non si sentiva in grado di affrontare l’”indicibile”.
Laetitia e Dominique non erano riusciti a varcare il cancello del campo. Questo tentativo avrebbe dovuto essere ripetuto? Quando aveva chiesto consiglio al dottor Bronstein, questi aveva risposto: «Non si biasimi, signor Valarcher. Lei porta dentro di sé la sofferenza della giovane donna bruna dagli occhi azzurri. Questa terribile prova l’ha distrutto fin dall’infanzia. Non deve aggiungere altro. Perdoni la banalità dell’espressione. Quando sono andato lì, mi sembrava di sentire l’odore della morte, quel fetore che avvelenava tutto. Lo so, altri pellegrini – uso questa espressione con cautela – ne hanno parlato… Si dice che in certe sere il vento che spira dalla Polonia porti in Germania, l’odore della morte e con la morte le urla dei condannati. Vorrei credere che si trattasse solo di una leggenda».
Dominique aveva le lacrime agli occhi mentre ricordava le confidenze dello psichiatra, che aveva sempre rifiutato di essere registrato.
«Sicuramente vorrà usare le mie parole per uno dei suoi libri, signor Valarcher? Beh, dovrà usare la sua memoria. La memoria è labile. Si trasforma, mente, forse censura e va bene così. Qui sta la letteratura come la intendete voi e come la intendiamo noi».
This article focuses on explaining the importance of early detection and diagnosis of diseases in women’s health. It aims to provide useful information for medical professionals and the general public by covering common gynecological diseases today, their causes, types, treatment methods, and similar information.
The health of the female reproductive organs is crucial throughout life, encompassing reproduction, hormonal balance, attractiveness, and other female-specific processes. Disruptions in these processes can lead to various gynecological diseases.
Main Part
The primary gynecological diseases in women are linked to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the female body. Although these diseases mainly affect the reproductive system, they also influence the entire body. The pathology of vital organs is of great significance.
Uterine Fibroids (Myoma)
Currently, uterine fibroids are diagnosed in 30-35% of women. Myoma is a benign tumor that develops in the muscle layer (myometrium) of the uterus. There are three types of myomas:
Intramural Myoma: Develops within the uterine muscle layer, causing noticeable uterine enlargement, menstrual irregularities, severe pain, and pressure on the bladder and rectum.
Subserous Myoma: Forms on the outer wall of the uterus within the serous membrane, growing outward into the pelvic cavity. These tumors are often asymptomatic, but may cause constipation and frequent urination.
Submucosal Myoma: Forms under the inner lining of the uterus and is rare but severe, leading to abnormal menstrual cycles, excessive bleeding, lower abdominal and lower back pain.
Symptoms of Myoma:
Not all myomas cause noticeable symptoms, especially subserous ones. However, in some cases, clinical signs include:
Menstrual changes (lasting more than 8 days, heavy bleeding, blood clots)
Severe pain between menstrual cycles
Lower back and abdominal pain
Increased abdominal size
Pain during intercourse
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is a chronic gynecological disease where the endometrial tissue (inner uterine lining) invades the myometrium (uterine muscle layer). This condition is often referred to as internal endometriosis due to its similarities with endometriosis. It causes thickening and enlargement of the uterus. Research suggests that adenomyosis is diagnosed in 70% of women of reproductive age, particularly those aged 35-50.
Causes of Adenomyosis:
Although the exact causes are not fully understood, several factors contribute to its development:
Autoimmune factors (where the immune system attacks its own tissues)
Symptoms of Adenomyosis:
Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
Pain during intercourse
General discomfort in the pelvic area
Endometriotic Cysts (Endometriosis)
Endometriotic cysts, or “chocolate cysts,” are another chronic gynecological condition. In this disease, the endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, attaching to other organs, leading to inflammation and severe pain. The menstrual blood in affected women often takes on a dark, chocolate-like color.
Causes of Endometriosis:
Genetic predisposition
Hormonal imbalance
Acquired factors (surgeries, immune dysfunctions)
In some cases, it can lead to infertility
Treatment Methods
Treatment options for the above-mentioned diseases include:
Surgical intervention: Removal of fibroids, cysts, or affected tissues
Chemotherapy: Used in severe cases
Diagnostic methods: MRI, ultrasound
Conclusion
To prevent these gynecological diseases, women should undergo regular medical check-ups and seek gynecological advice. Maintaining a balanced diet, ensuring hormonal stability, and engaging in physical activity can significantly contribute to overall reproductive health.
The Effectiveness of Economic and Legal Approaches in Addressing Environmental Issues
Faculty of Ecology and Law First-Year Law Student Adaboyev Maqsad
Abstract:
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of economic and legal approaches in addressing environmental issues. It examines the causes of environmental problems and their negative impacts on society and the economy. The discussion includes economic measures such as environmental taxes, financial incentives, and the implementation of “green” technologies. Additionally, it analyzes the expansion of environmental legislation, the development of new legal documents, and mechanisms aligned with international standards. To effectively tackle environmental challenges, coordination among the government, scientific communities, and civil society is essential. Therefore, addressing environmental problems requires the development of legislation suited to the modern world, paving the way for sustainable progress.
Keywords: environmental issues, economic and legal approaches, green energy, legal documents, international standards.
Introduction
In today’s global economic and social development, environmental problems have become one of the most pressing challenges that require urgent solutions. Increasing pollution, the rapid depletion of energy resources, and climate change are among the most significant threats to humanity’s future. This article aims to highlight the causes and consequences of environmental issues and assess the effectiveness of economic and legal approaches in solving these problems.
Currently, environmental threats have become critical concerns for many countries, directly linking the stability and competitiveness of economies to their ecological characteristics. The planet is facing an ecological crisis caused by rapid scientific and technological advancements. While these developments meet various human needs, they also deteriorate the conditions necessary for human existence. The continuous growth of civilization has led to biodiversity loss, depletion of energy resources, and increased pollution.
For instance, in 1950, the world produced around 2 million tons of plastic annually, which has now risen to 419 million tons. Research indicates that plastic decomposition can take up to 400 years, and unfortunately, 95% of plastic products are not recycled, posing a severe threat to both marine and terrestrial wildlife. Approximately 100 million animals suffer from plastic pollution, mistaking it for food and ingesting it unintentionally. Additionally, around 4 million tons of plastic waste are dumped into the oceans annually, breaking down into microplastics that harm aquatic life.
Another critical issue is air pollution, which results from the emission of harmful substances due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Power plants, industrial facilities, and vehicles are the primary sources of these emissions.
Air pollution can lead to severe health problems, including respiratory infections, strokes, and lung cancer. In 2019, air pollution caused an estimated 6.7 million premature deaths worldwide. In Uzbekistan’s capital, Tashkent, air pollution results in approximately 3,042 premature deaths annually, with economic damages estimated at $488.4 million. About 83% of the city’s population lives in areas with high levels of air pollution.
Furthermore, the global demand for energy resources has surged dramatically. The world consumes around 100 million barrels of oil daily, with the United States, China, and India being the largest consumers. In 2023, global natural gas consumption reached 3.9 trillion cubic meters, while coal accounted for 27% of global energy production. This trend threatens resource depletion and severe environmental, economic, and social crises if left unchecked.
Economic Approaches to Environmental Issues
Economic strategies play a vital role in addressing environmental challenges. For example, to tackle plastic pollution, I propose introducing financial incentives based on the volume of plastic waste collected or recycled. This approach not only reduces plastic waste but also encourages recycling. Countries like Germany and Scandinavian nations offer deposit schemes for plastic and glass containers, encouraging people to return them for refunds.
Additionally, providing subsidies and tax breaks to companies that adopt eco-friendly alternatives to plastic can significantly reduce environmental damage. Supporting innovations in sustainable materials and technologies can create new opportunities for environmental conservation.
In terms of air pollution, promoting renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower is essential. Renewable energy not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also creates job opportunities in green industries. Investing in clean technologies, such as filtration systems for industrial emissions, can further mitigate environmental damage.
Legal Approaches to Environmental Issues
Legal frameworks are critical in regulating activities that impact the environment. Governments should implement strict laws to limit the production and use of single-use plastics and establish penalties for non-compliance. Additionally, designating specific days as “Environmental Protection Days” can raise public awareness and encourage community involvement in conservation efforts.
On an international level, agreements like the Paris Agreement hold countries accountable for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. The “Polluter Pays Principle” requires companies responsible for environmental damage to bear the financial costs of mitigation and restoration. This principle promotes corporate responsibility and environmental sustainability.
Legal mechanisms should also focus on protecting biodiversity, preserving natural habitats, and regulating waste management practices. Strengthening environmental governance and ensuring public participation in decision-making processes are vital for effective environmental protection.
Conclusion
Environmental problems are complex, resulting from both natural and human activities such as industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices. These issues pose serious threats to biodiversity, climate stability, and human well-being. Therefore, addressing environmental challenges requires a comprehensive approach that combines economic, legal, and social strategies.
Economic approaches, such as environmental taxes, financial incentives, and green investments, encourage sustainable practices by influencing market behavior. Legal measures, including strict environmental laws, international agreements, and enforcement mechanisms, ensure accountability and promote environmental justice. The integration of these approaches can create a strong foundation for sustainable development and effective environmental protection.
Recommendations
To effectively address environmental issues, the following recommendations are proposed:
Strengthen Environmental Laws: Governments should continuously update and enforce environmental legislation to reflect current challenges and ensure strict compliance by industries and individuals.
Promote Sustainable Economic Policies: Implementing green taxes, subsidies for renewable energy, and supporting eco-friendly businesses will help reduce environmental degradation while fostering economic growth.
Enhance International Cooperation: Since environmental issues often transcend national borders, countries should actively participate in international agreements and collaborate on global sustainability initiatives.
Invest in Environmental Education: Raising public awareness about environmental protection and sustainability through education programs can inspire responsible behavior and community involvement.
Encourage Research and Innovation: Supporting scientific research and technological innovation in environmental conservation can lead to new solutions for mitigating climate change, reducing pollution, and preserving natural resources.
Improve Waste Management Systems: Developing efficient waste management infrastructure, including recycling programs and sustainable waste disposal methods, will minimize environmental pollution.
By implementing these recommendations, it is possible to create a sustainable future that balances economic growth with environmental preservation.
