SPEECH SOUNDS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

X.U.Urokov1 1Samarkand state institute of foreign languages department of Uzbek language and literature trainee teacher Sharipov Ubaydullo2

2Samarkand state institute of foreign languages faculty of Foreign language and literature 2nd year student https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7509763

Annotation The article introduces the study of speech sounds, different kind of divisions and changes, features of vowels and consonants, Law of Grimm and Verner and important information related to speech sounds.

Keywords: phonetics , articulation , vowels , consonants , Proto-Germanic , Proto-Indo-European , monophthong , phoneme.

Children communicate with sounds from birth. Their “speech” begins with early, involuntary sounds, and develops into sophisticated sequences of movements – using the lips, tongue, and producing all of the sounds in words and sentences. Speech sounds is a powerful tool for communication. The use of speech sounds is important for early word learning and successful nonverbal and verbal communication with people all over the world.

The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. So, phonetics is the study of the way humans make, transmit, and receive speech sounds. The speech sounds are phonetic variants of the phonemes. For example, the German phoneme [K] occurs in its positionally conditioned variants in the following words: klein, Sack, Kunde, Ecke, Musik, Kiefer. As unit of phonetics , speech sounds have four aspects: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and functional (social).

According to V.A. Vassilyev, these four aspects cannot be separated from one another in the actual process of communication, but each of these four aspects can be singled out for purposes of linguistic analysis and thus becomes a separate object of investigation, which necessitates the division of phonetics as a science into several branches. Each of these branches of phonetics has its own methods of investigation and its own terminology. Phoneticians (linguists who study the articulatory and/or acoustic properties of speech sounds) have grouped the speech sounds into several categories. There are vowels and consonants, of course, but there are also lots of smaller distinctions within those categories.

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International scientific-online conference 43 When it comes to vowels, vowels don’t involve stopping the stream of air as it travels up from the lungs, but they do involve changing the shape and size of the space through which the air passes. The vocal cords must also be vibrating in order for a vowel sound to be produced. The German alphabet has five main vowels: a, e, i, o, u. In addition, there are so called “umlaute”: ä, ö, and ü.

Also, these vowels can be paired to form different sounds—just like in English: “boat” makes a different sound than “boot.” German vowels are classified according to the following six characteristics: according to articulation stability, duration, quality, lip position, tongue position (in the horizontal direction) and degree of elevation of the tongue (in the vertical direction).

1) Stability of articulation specifies the actual position of the articulating organ in the process of the articulation of a vowel. So according to this principle the English vowels are subdivided into: monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are vowels with stable articulation. The diphthongs are vowels with sliding articulation. there are 15 monophthongs in German: [aː], [a], [ɔ], [oː], [uː], [ʊ], [i:], [ɪ], [y:], [y], [e:], [ɛː], [ɛ], [øː], [œ] and 3 diphthongs :[aɛ], [ao] and [ɔø].

2) The German monophthongs are traditionally divided into two varieties according to their length. Monophtongs break down into 8 long vowels and 7 short ones. Long vowels: a/ä, e, o/ö and u/ü are pronounced as long vowels if they are followed by h or ß, or a single b, k, d, f, n, m, p, s, t or z. We pronounce i as a long vowel if it is followed by e. beten – to pray Sahne – cream Söhne – sons Fuß – foot Miete – rent Short vowels: a/ä, e, i, o/ö and u/ü are pronounced as short vowels if they are followed by ck, ch, tz or a double consonant. Rock – skirt Lachen – to laugh Mütze – cap ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference 44 Männer – men Mitte – middle

3) In German, quantity is associated with quality. Long vowels are closed and short ones are open. Two vowels [ a: ] and [ ɛ: ] are long and open.

4) According to the position of the lips , vowels are rounded and unrounded. Rounded vowels are those in the production of which the lips are more or less rounded and protruded. Unrounded vowels are those in the production of which the lips are spread and neutral. Rounded vowels are: [ o: ], [ɔ ] , [ u: ], [ ʊ ], [ y: ], [ y ], [ øː ], [ œ ]. Unrounded vowels are: [ a: ], [ a ], [ i: ], [ ɪ ], [ e: ], [ ɛː ], [ ɛ ].

5) According to the position of the tongue, German vowels are classified into front row vowels : [ i: ], [ ɪ ], [ y ], [ e: ], [ y ], [ e: ],[ ɛː ], [ ɛ ], [ øː ], [œ ], [ a ] ,which are pronounced with the tongue pushed forward and back row vowels : [ u: ], [ ʊ ], [ o: ], [ ɔ ], [ a: ], which are pronounced with the back tongue pushed backwards.

6) Depending on the degree of tongue elevation, a distinction is made between low [ a; ], [ a ], medium [ e: ], [ɛː ], [ ɛ ], [ øː ], [ œ ], [ o: ], [ ɔ ] and high tongue elevation vowels [ i: ], [ ɪ ], [ y:], [ y ], [ u: ] , [ ʊ ]. The vowel system of the ancient Germanic languages consisted of short and long vowels.

Differentiation of short and long vowels is one of the important features of the German language group. Short and long vowels changed differently, long vowels became closer to diphthongs, while short vowels changed to open vowels. A diphthong is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Additionally, Ancient Indo-European [o ] sound Front Central Back Unrounded rounded short long short long short long short long Close iː yː uː Closemid ɪ eː ʏ øː (ə) ʊ oː Openmid ɛ (ɛː) Œ (ɐ) ɔ Open A aː

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International scientific-online conference 45 changed to open [a] in Germanic languages, long vowel [a:] changed to [o:] in Ancient Indo-European languages. The vowel system in ancient Germanic languages is composed of short and long vowel sounds. The distinction between short and long vowels is one of the important characteristics of the Germanic group of languages. short and vowels vowels changed differently, while long vowels approached diphthongs, while short vowels switched to open vowels.

The sound of ancient Indian-European [o] changed to open [a] in Germanic languages, and the long vowel [A:] in ancient Indo-European languages changed to [o:]. Independent vowel changes

Change s Illustra ted Examples PI E P G Non-germanic Germanic Old Modern o a : A o: L noch , Ir nochd , R ночь Gt nahts , O Icel natt, OHG naht Sw natt , G Nacht R могу ; мочь Gt magan, OE maßan, mæß Sw mä , NE may L mater , R мать Icel moðir , OE mödor Sw moder , NE mother O Ind bhrata , L frater , R брат Gt brop̈ar, O Icel Broðir, OE broðor Sw broder , NE brother Mutation of vowels Change Illustrated Examples NonGermanic Germanic Old Modern

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International scientific-online conference 46 PIE – Proto-Indo-European O Icel – Old Icelandic PG – Proto-Germanic Sw – Swedish L – Latin R – Russian Gt – Gothic OE – Old English O – object NE – New English OHG – Old high german After these changes , the vowel system contained the following sounds: It is believed that in addition to these monophongs Proto Germanic had a set of dipthongs made up of more open nuclei and closer glides : [ ei ] , [ ai ] , [ eu ] , [ au ] and also [ iu ] ; nowadays , however, many scholars interpret them as sequences of two independent monopthongs .

A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The history of the Germanic group begins with the appearance of what is known as the Proto-Germanic (PG) language. Proto-Germanic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European PIE G i e e u u o L ventus , R ветер Gt winds , O Icel , Vindr , OE wind Sw wind , NE wind L edit , R есть L edere , L есть OHG iz̪it , OE itep , O Icel eta , OE etan G ißt , NE eats , G essen NE eat Lith sunus , R сын Icel sunr , OE sunu Sw son, NE son Celt hurnan O Icel , OE horn NE horn , Sw horn Short vowels I E A O u Long vowels i: e: a: o: u:

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International scientific-online conference 47 languages. It is supposed to have split from related Indo-European tongues sometime between the 15th and 10th с B.C. The would-be Germanic tribes belonged to the western division of the Indo-European speech community. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branches during the fifth century BC to fifth century AD: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects and remained in continued contact with North Germanic.

The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Migration Period in the fourth century. Vowels underwent different kind of alternations: qualitative and quantitative , dependent and independent. Qualitative changes affect the quality of the sound , e.g.: [ o >a ] or [ p > f ]; quantitative changes make long sounds short or short sounds long , e.g. : [ i > i: ] , [ ll > l ] ; dependent changes ( also positional or combinative ) are restricted to certain positions or phonetic conditions , for instance, a sound or in a certain type of a syllable; independent changes – also spontaneous or regular – take place irrespective of phonetic conditions , i.e. they affect a certain sound in all positions.

In the later Proto Germanic and in separate Germanic languages the vowels displayed a tendency to positional assimilative changes: the pronunciation of a vowel was modified under the influence of the following or preceding consonant; sometimes a vowel was approximated more closely to the following vowel. The resulting sounds were phonetically conditioned allophones which could eventually coincide with another phoneme or develop into a new phoneme. Moreover, a phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language.

The earliest instances of progressive assimilation were common Germanic mutations; they occurred in Late Proto Germanic before its disintegration or a short time after. In certain phonetic conditions, namely before the nasal [n] and before [i] or [j] in the next syllable the short [e] , [i] and [u] remained or became close ( i.e . appeared as [i] and [u] ) , whil in the absence of these conditions the more open allophones were used: [e] and [o] , respectively .

Lately , these phonetic conditions became irrelevant and allophones were phonologized. In contrast, a consonant is basically any sound that isn’t a vowel. This is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. The German consonants can be classified according to the following four

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International scientific-online conference 48 characteristics: 1) according to the involvement of the vocal cords; 2) according to the type of articulation; 3) according to the place of articulation and 4) according to the involvement of the nasal cavity. 1) According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants arise when the vocal cords produce a voice tone that combines with a noise.

Voiced consonants are [b], [d], [g], [v], [z], [ʒ], [j], [m], [n], [I], [r], [R] , [ŋ]. Among them, other consonants (sonants) are to be distinguished. With the sonorant [m], [n], [ŋ], [I], [r], [R], the voice tone dominates over the noise. Voiceless noise sounds are [p], [t], [k], [f], [s], [ ʃ ], [x], [ꞔ ], [h], [pf ], [ts], [tʃ]. These are pure noises. 2) According to the manner of articulation, the consonants are divided into six groups; a) Explosive sounds: [p], [t], [ k], [b], [d], [g]. Between the articulating organ and the place of articulation a seal is formed which is blown open by the air flow. b)Engeries (fricatives): [f], [s], [x], [ʃ], [ꞔ ], [h], [v], [z], [ʒ],[j]. A narrowness between the articulating organ and the point of articulation opposes the air flow as an obstacle. c) Clasped (affricates): [pf], [ts], [tʃ].

Occlusive-constrictive consonants or affricates are noise consonant sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction. d) Shutter opening sounds (nasals): [m], [n], [ŋ]. At one point in the speech apparatus a blockage is created, but at another point an opening through which the air escapes. e) Laterals: [I]. A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. f) Trembling sounds (vibrants) : [ r ], [R]. An articulating organ approaches the point of articulation and is set vibrating.

3) According to the place of articulation, the German consonants are classified into: 1. Lip sounds (labials): [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [pf]. The lip sounds break down into: ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference 49 a) two lip sounds (bilabials): [p], [b], [m] b) tooth lip sound (dentilabial): [f], [v], [pf]. 2. Tongue sounds (lingual): [t], [d], [n], [I], [r], [s], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ts], [tʃ],[ꞔ ], [j], [k], [g], [ŋ]; where the following subgroups are to be distinguished: a) Front tongue sounds (Linguodentale): [s], [z], [ts]; linguoalveolar: [t], [d], [n], [I], [r]; postalveolar: [ ŋ], [ ʒ], [ tʃ ] b) middle tongue sounds (linguopalatale): [ꞔ ], [j]; c) back tongue sounds (linguovelare): [k], [g], [ŋ]; 3. Back palatine sounds (uvulars): [x], [R];

4. Throat sound (laryngeal consonant): [h]. Place of articulation Force of Articulation forelingual labio- glottal dental interdental alveolar palatoalveolar Strong (fortis) voiceless f θ s ʃ h Weak (lenis) sometimes voiced V ð z ʒ – 4) According to the involvement of the nasal cavity, the consonants are divided into pure and nasal. Pure consonants arise when the soft palate is raised and closes off the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. The airflow can only escape through the oral cavity. The soft palate is lowered when the nasal sounds are articulated. The airflow passes through the nasal cavity. In German there are three nasal consonants [m], [n] and [ŋ].

All other consonants are pure (oral). German consonants can be represented in the following tables:

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International scientific-online conference 50 Place of articulatio n Type of articulation Lip sounds Tongue sounds Back palatin e sounds Throa t sound Two lip sound s tooth lip soun d Front tongue sound s middle tongue sound s back tongue sound s explosive sounds P b t d t d k g Engeries F v s z ʃ ʒ ꞔ x R h clasped (affricates) Pf ts tʃ shutter opening sounds Nasals M n ŋ Laterals l trembling sounds (vibrants) r R The first fundamental change in the consonant system of Germanic languages dates back to times far removed from today.

Jakob Ludwig Grimm (1785-1863), a German philologist and a folklorist (generally known together with his brother Wilhelm for their Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1812-22) studied and systematized these correlations in his Deutsche Grammatik (1819-37). His conclusions are formulated Grimm’s law (the First Consonant shift). The essence of Grimm’s law is that the quality of some sounds (namely plosives) changed in all Germanic languages while the place of their formation remained unchanged. Thus, voiced aspirated plosives (stops) lost their aspiration and changed into pure voiced plosives, voiced plosives became voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives turned into voiceless fricatives.

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International scientific-online conference 51 The first law of displacement of consonants, which was called “Act” by Grimm, consisted of three stages. 1. The resonant explosive in Indo-European languages (b, d, g) corresponded to the non-resonant explosive (p, t, k) in Germanic languages. 2. The non-resonant explosive (p, t, k) in Indo-European languages was suitable for the non-resonant sliding (f , th, h) in Germanic languages. 3. The resonant explosive sound of breath (bh, dh, gh) in Indo-European languages was consistent with the resonant explosive (b, d, g) in Germanic languages.

Examples of consonant shifts Shift in Germanic Sanskrit Greek Latin English PIE PG P > f t > θ k > x päd tanu ꞔ atam pod tanaos hekaton ped tenius centum foot thin hundred b > p d > t g > k – daꞔ a ajras – deka agros lübricus decem ager slippery ten acre bh > b dh > d gh > g bhrätä vidhavä hansas Phrätёr ёitheos khёn fräter vidua (h)änser brother widow goose Another important series of consonant changes in Proto Germanic was discovered in the late 19 th century by a Danish scholar, Carl Verner. They are known as Verner’s Law (Second Germanic consonant shift).

Verner’s Law explains some correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s Law and were for a long time regarded as exceptions. Verner’s law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives[ f], [þ], [s], [h], [hʷ], following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives [β],[ ð],[ z],[ ɣ],[ ɣʷ]. The law was formulated by Karl Verner, and first published in 1877.

Verner’s law explains why some verbs in Old English changed their root consonant in the past tense and in the Participle II – originally, these grammatical forms had the stress on the second syllable. Hence the basic forms of such verbs as snidan (cut) and weordan ( become) were sni dan — sndd – snidon – sniden; weordan – weard – wurdon – worden. According to Verner’s

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International scientific-online conference 52 Law, all the early Proto Germanic voiceless fricatives [ f, θ, x] which arose under Grimm’s Law and also [s] inherited from Proto-Indian-European, became voiced between vowel if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless. The voicing occurred in early Proto Germanic at the time when the stress was not yet fixed on the root-morpheme.

The process of voicing can be shown as a step in a succession of consonant changes in prehistorical reconstructed forms ; consider , e.g. the changes of the second consonant in the word “father” Proto-IndianEuropean Early Proto-Germanic Late ProtoGermanic Pa’ter > fa’ θar > fa’ ðar > >‘faðar Carl Verner made the following additions to the first law of consonant shift: transition of t to < [th], it also transitioned to [t] in Old English. Latin Old English Frater Brothor Mater Mothor Verner clarified that if the vowel in the syllable is stressed, the voiceless sliding [f], [θ], [x], [s] changed to > [v], [θ], [u], [z] based on the law of consonant shift in the first act.

Finally, speech sounds are a language universal that plays a huge role in communication. It is characterized by different parameters and has a number of functions. One of the many features of speech sounds are highlighted is that it helps individuals learn. Other than that, individuals who learn in their native language learn better because of the ease of understanding and less language barrier. Therefore, the importance of sound of speech is undeniable.

List of used literatures: 1. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка, учебно-практическое пособие, Челябинск, 2016. 2. Z.B.Toshev. Nemis tili fonetikasi. Toshkent, “Fan”, 2009. 3. К.Н.Намозов, Н.Г.Содиқова. Немис тили амалий фонетикаси, Самарқанд, 2009. 4. Z. X. Masodiqova, Sh. S. Hatamqulova. Nemis va o‘zbek tillarida unli va ayrim undosh tovush haqida. Молодой ученый. 2017.

Now they talk too!

That is, in English. Wherever and whenever the problems of the blind are discussed, the main topic is the lack of Braille books and textbooks. It aims to help (blind) children master the English language thoroughly. The following are the specific achievements of the manual: ensures mastery; the publication of the dictionary in Braille helps the reader to read and write words by hand, and to
understand easily by listening to the audio CD attached to the book.

Publishing textbooks for the visually impaired still remains a problem. Another challenge is whether the textbooks are being printed based on their ability. Are they interested?

According to statistics, there are 39 million blind people in the world. Another 200 million people are partially blind. Advanced technologies offer new opportunities for them.

In December 2020, in Uzbekistan, students of boarding schools underwent a special medical examination within the framework of the
“Kongil Kozi” project. The author of the project is the deputy chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National Mass Media Support and Development Public Fund Saida Mirziyoyeva.
Within the framework of the project, textbooks in Braille were published, a computer center specialized in the needs of blind and visually impaired children was created, the technical base of all
boarding schools was developed, and other small projects have been implemented.

We need to create textbooks for the blind to thoroughly study foreign languages using new methods. As a solution to the existing problem, we are working on the development of elementary intermediate English textbooks. It consists of two parts, a dictionary book and
a conversation book. In addition, there is a disk version of the book and a program version. We named the book “Ilm bu -nur”. It
uses one of the methods that are becoming popular all over the world, the “minimonics” method.

The dictionary contains 800 words. It is created based on their physiological condition, and they can learn to speak quickly and easily from this book. Another convenience is that it is given in Braille, English, and Uzbek languages. There is also a disk and software option. and they are currently being worked on. The
minimonic method is a method that encourages the child to think and think freely, and the difference from other methods is that it allows the child to learn a lot in a short time. It also helps to identify taste.

According to psychologists, a child understands 75% of things by sight, this statistic is definitely for healthy children. However, in this textbook, we want to introduce the art of drawing with dots. The
method of understanding pictures by feeling we need to deepen it. Depending on the age of the blind child, we can convey the necessary knowledge to him through levels using this method. Our goal is to simplify language learning among blind people, to help them get international and national certificates, and to provide
them with a job in the future.

Sadoqat Beg’amova, an author in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

THE VILLAGE WHERE I WAS BORN

I was born in the village of Sarapayon, Khanka District, Khorezm Region. They say that the name of the village where I was born is Sarapayon, which is a Persian-Turkish term consisting of "sar-ob-yon". The meaning is "sar" - head, "ob" - water, "yon" - space - the head side of water. Some scientists explain that this term consists of two compounds "sara" - "poyon" and the meaning is "sara" - good, "poyon" - border (territory). Also, in toponomic dictionaries, sahr (a) yi poyon - lower desert, a village built in the remote desert also comes in the meaning.

  All three of these indicate that the term is very old. Three canals actually flow through the village, which means the head of this water. These are Shavat, Kulobod, and Khanka canals. It is no exaggeration to say that they cross the middle of the village and are the blood vessels of Sarapoyon lands.

Today, the total land area of the village is 4269 sq.km. Its population is 21,070 people (2012 data). Representatives of different nationalities live harmoniously in Sarapoyon. There are 21,018 Uzbeks, 13 Karakalpaks, 1 Tatars and Ukrainians, and 1 Belarusian.
Sarapoyon consists of 4 neighborhoods: Istiklal, Pakhtagul, Gulistan, Karamozi.

1. Istiklal neighborhood has united 7 peoples. Sarrosh-1, Sarrosh-2, Upper Jingon-1, Upper Jingon-2, Lower Jingon-1, Lower Jingon-2 and Kurpos.
2. Pakhtagul neighborhood has united 5 peoples. Guyinchi, Oram, Tosh, Kemir, Experiment eats.

3. Gulistan neighborhood occupied the largest area of the village. 9 nations are united here. These are: Eshanlar, Menhat, Karakummat, Kulobod, Blue-1, Blue-2, Experiment, Mouse, Khojalar.
4. There are 3 Yangyop, Intizom and Okyop communities in Karamozi neighborhood.

During the entire history of the village, it has been bringing up many proud and memorable people. During the Second World War, hundreds of brave soldiers of this village fought for their people and homeland. How many people died in the battle and are missing. Among these brave men, my grandfather's uncles from our family took part, and both Egamovs, who were only 19 years old, did not return from the war. Not only those who died in the war, but also the hardworking people of our village gave their all to the war, gave their labor, harvest, life...

I love my village, I wouldn't trade it anywhere.

Saparbaeva Aziza Asror’s daughter was born on May 13, 2003 in Khanka district. In 2021, she graduated from school No. 5 in Khanka district with a gold medal. In September 2021, she was accepted as a student at the Faculty of History of UrSU on the basis of the state budget. Currently, she is a gifted student of the 2nd stage of the university. She is a participant of several international and national conferences. She is the winner and laureate of a number of international and republican contests and festivals. About 10 of her scientific articles and theses have been published in republican journals and she is a member of about 10 international organizations.

This article is about a true friend of the Uzbek people, translator and poet Alexander Feinberg. His life experiences, works and translations are given in a concise manner to witness the true purpose of the poet’s poems and his charm.

Alexander Arkadevich Feinberg was born on November 2, 1939 in Tashkent.

He was born after moving from Novosibirsk. After that for the rest of his life he lived and created works in Tashkent. For several years, he led the workshop of young writers in Tashkent.

He was also considered a member of the Writers’ Union of Uzbekistan.

He was an extremely prolific creator. He has written 15 poetry books. Based on “Writers Scripts” feature films and more than twenty animated films are shot based on his work.

He translated epics and ghazals, poems of modern Uzbek poets such as Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Omon Matjon into Russian, and through this he allowed the people to enjoy the rare gems of our literature and served the development of friendship and cultural relations between peoples.

Therefore, all literature in our country, regardless of the language and nationality of the writer, deserves respectfully mention. The great Uzbek literature of the 20th century representative, Hero of Uzbekistan, famous poet Abdulla Oripov about him:

“As for the work of Alexander Feinberg, all the high words are one hundredth of the truth does not reflect part of it, because he was, in fact, a unique poet and translator. In Russian none of the writers who speak so much to our sunny country can sing a sincere song”

We can know from the writer’s attention that Alexander Feinberg has a unique place in the world of creativity and has deeply penetrated the hearts of the Uzbek people is a human being. The artistic world of the poet’s work is characterized by a harmonious combination of past and present, West and East, nationality and mutuality.

After continuously enriching his literary knowledge and vocabulary, he began to translate the works of Uzbek poets and achieved great success in the field of artistic translation. In this creative process, according to Zhukovsky, the works of the poets are being translated.

He strove to be a worthy “rival” rather than a “slave,” as he said in the poem “Rebellion of Souls” by the national poet of Uzbekistan Erkin Vahidov, in Tashkent.

Translations of works of Uzbek poets named “Oqqushlar galasi “were published. The collection is the double peak of Feinberg’s translation activity.

The poet’s poems have penetrated so deeply into the hearts of the Uzbek people that the mystery and attractiveness of the image, the brightness and clarity of feelings accompany the reader and make his thoughts wander for a long time. It takes you far away and fills you with deep thoughts.

To sum up, Alexander Feinberg has a strong affection for Uzbekistan. His love is incomparable, as is his loyalty, in introducing our literature to the world. Thanks to the great services he provided to our people, he became a great poet. His works nourish our spirituality, calm our souls, and bring peace to our hearts. So, do not honor such a person, his works do it for him. It is impossible not to read his work with love.

Shakhina Shukhratova is a student of Uzbekistan State World Languages University in Tashkent.

THE PERSONALITY OF GAFUR GULAM IS AN INDELIBLE IMAGE OF UZBEK

Ibrahimov Saidakbar
Tashkent State University of Law
Faculty of Criminal Justice
3rd-grade student

Today, we are informed about the work and life of the national poet of Uzbekistan, a great representative of our literature, academician Gafur Ghulam through school textbooks, various books, or mass media. However, it will be useful if we briefly dwell on the work of this artist and learn the necessary conclusions from it.

People’s poet of the Republic of Uzbekistan Gafur Ghulam was born on May 10, 1309, in the Korgontegi neighborhood of Azim Tashkent in a family of hard workers. His father Ghulam Mirza Arif knew the Russian language, read poetry, and wrote poetry himself. Gafur Ghulam was nine years old and his father died when he was fifteen. In these periods of his youth, our writer studied first in the old school, and then in Russian-Tuzem schools. After completing teacher preparation courses, he teaches in schools. Gafur Ghulam even works as a teacher in an orphanage and for some time as a director of such schools. At that time, the writer established relations with the publishers of various newspapers. He works in the newspapers “Kambagal Dehgan”, “Kyzil Uzbekiston”, and “Sharq Haqikatii”. The first literary activity of the poet began in 1923. He expresses his life
in the poem “Felix’s Children” written this year. The poet’s first poetry collection was published in 1931 under the name “Dynamo”, and in 1932 the second collection was published under the name “Living Songs”.

As everyone knows, world and Uzbek literature has many great representatives of prose and poetry. That is, most creators have their creative achievements in the same direction of literature, and some creators feel free in poetry, and others in prose or drama, and enhance their creativity. When we hear the names of Abdulla Qahhor and Abdulla Qadiri, we think of masters of the epic (prose) genre, when we think of the names of Abdulla Oripov, Usman Nasir, Hamid Olimjon, Muhammad Yusuf, we think of artists who have come to the public’s attention with their poems. Because someone was an
unwitting fan of one of their works, and someone was a fan of their poems. However, if we dwell on the name of Gafur Ghulam, we can think that the ideas mentioned above are somewhat inconsistent with his works. Because the creator skillfully waved his pen in both prose and poetry genres and left great examples of creativity in both directions, and each of them is worthy of admiration. In particular, anyone who is interested in Gafur Ghulam’s work is familiar with the artist’s work “Shum Bola” or “You are not an Orphan”. The author’s short stories and stories “Netay”, “Yodgor”, “Resurrected Corpse”, and “Shum bola” written in the 30s of the 20th century made a great contribution to the development of our national literature.

In many works of Gafur Ghulom, the true heroism of the people, humanity, and Uzbek nationalism are shown. Gafur Ghulam dedicated many of his works to the personality of children. The work “Shum Bola” is one of the successful works of the writer. In the play, the hero talks about his tragic life. The boy ran away from his house to his aunt’s house because of his mother’s punishment while taking the products out of the house. However, the boy is not lucky here either: he accidentally kills his uncle’s quail and leaves this house. Thus, he begins to be darbadar and trouble. The writer focuses on describing the worries and inner experiences of this child. Depicting external events, things and everything surrounding the little hero in the play serves to express human feelings deeply.

The events and scenes of the Second World War left an indelible mark on Gafur Ghulam’s heart. If he went back to his childhood in the years of the First World War and could not fully feel all the horrors and complications of the war, the artist considered the new war and those who provoked it to be his personal, bitter enemy. In these years, the poet’s literal works such as “You are not an Orphan”, “Gold Medal”, “Observation”, “Time”, “Missing”, “There Will be a Holiday on our street”, “I am a Jew” classical poems were born. In many of the writer’s poems, there is the image of an oriental sage – a father:
“You are not an orphan” (1942), “Grief” (1942), “One is a student, one is a master” (1950), “You are young people” (1947), “Spring Songs” (1948) and others.

The poet received the State Prize in 1946 for the collection “I Come from the East”, a collection of poems written during the war years. Gafur Ghulam was awarded the title of academician together with his creative friend Oybek for his great contribution to the development of Uzbek science and culture (1943).

Gafur Ghulam also used his pen effectively in the years after the war and created high artistic works; published several excellent articles on journalism and literary studies. His work appeared as a unique chronicle of the people’s life in this period. If Gafur Ghulam rose to the level of a philosopher-poet with his poetic works during this period, he also showed that he was a skilled writer who knew the people’s life and spirit well with his stories such as “Shum Bola” and “My Thief Boy”. Gafur Ghulam’s selected works, collections, and works in ten volumes have been published several times. His articles written as a scholar of classic and modern literature, his journalistic speeches on various aspects of life, feuilletons, and funny stories are warmly welcomed by the people, the poet is highly praised everywhere. would be honored. Gafur Ghulam was awarded the title of “People’s Poet of Uzbekistan” in 1963.

At the end of our speech, we should quote a verse from the author’s pen: Be as hardworking as the world, sooner or later,

With this, the poet emphasizes that movement means aliveness, that both the universe and the earth are always in motion, and he encourages our fans to move and live. In conclusion, we can say that during his life, the writer left an indelible mark in history with his life, his will, and his legacy equal to gold. Today, finding such works, even writing them, is a difficult task.

References:

1. Uzbek writers. Sabir Mirvaliyev – “Fan” publishing house – 1993
2. Naim Karimov, publishing house named after Gafur Ghulam, Tashkent-2003.
3. The spiritual and educational significance of Gafur Ghulam’s work. Scientific
conference. Tashkent-2003.
4. www.ziyo.net
5. www.ziyouz.com library

My Love...

Your love is a pattern in my heart,
I found happiness in your presence.
"Love" - said my lady who put it to the tune,
Days without your words - that's enough!

I couldn't believe the separation
Your name is hidden in my sleepy thoughts.
From your heart - when it comes to my heart,
I couldn't find the courage to look.

Dear looks in this broken heart,
Sweet dreams are now a passion.
Without you, how hard it is to live!
The heart tells you, - nothing else!


✍
Makhzuna HABIBOVA
Student of Gulistan State University

Kindness begets kindness

Kindness is a quality that is often underestimated and undervalued in today’s fast-paced world. With the constant hustle and bustle, people tend to prioritize their own needs and interests, often leaving behind acts of kindness towards others. However, what we fail to realize is that kindness has a ripple effect – it begets kindness. In simpler terms, when one person is kind to another, it leads to a chain reaction, ultimately spreading kindness to those around them. This small act of kindness has the potential to make a significant impact and bring about positive change in our society.

First and foremost, kindness is contagious. When we witness someone being kind to us or others, it automatically puts us in a positive mood and encourages us to do the same for others. Research has shown that when individuals are exposed to kindness, they are more likely to exhibit kind behavior themselves. It’s like a domino effect, where one act of kindness leads to another, and the cycle continues. This is how kindness begets kindness.

Moreover, kindness has the power to alleviate negativity and promote a sense of unity and togetherness. In today’s world, where division and hatred are rampant, small acts of kindness can go a long way in bridging the gaps and bringing people together. Even the smallest acts of kindness, such as a smile, a helping hand, or a kind word, can make a significant impact on someone’s day. When we show kindness towards others, it fosters a sense of community and reminds us that we are all in this together.

Additionally, kindness is not just limited to actions but also words. The words we choose to use can either hurt or heal, and by choosing to be kind with our words, we can spread positivity and uplift those around us. A simple compliment or a few words of encouragement can do wonders for someone’s self-esteem and confidence. When we speak kindly, we create a safe and comfortable environment for others, making them more likely to pass on the same kindness to others.

Furthermore, kindness has a profound impact on our mental and emotional well-being. Numerous studies have shown that acts of kindness trigger the release of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that makes us feel good. It boosts our mood, increases our self-esteem, and reduces stress and anxiety. By being kind to others, we not only spread joy and positivity, but we also improve our own mental and emotional state, creating a positive cycle of well-being.

Lastly, kindness has the power to create a lasting impression on others. A small act of kindness can leave a long-lasting impact on someone’s life, and in turn, inspire them to spread kindness to others. It has the potential to create a positive ripple effect that can extend beyond our own communities and reach people we may never even meet.

In conclusion, kindness truly begets kindness. It has the power to create a positive cycle of compassion, empathy, and unity, ultimately making our world a better and happier place to live in. As individuals, we must strive to be kind to one another and make it a part of our daily lives. No act of kindness is too small, and it can make a significant difference. So, let us all be kind to each other, for kindness truly has the power to change the world.