In life, every person has someone they can lean on, someone they trust wholeheartedly, someone closest to their heart. For me, that person is my mother.
She is not just a mother — she is my guiding light, my kind soul, my confidante, and most importantly, my pillar of strength. The word “mother” is not an ordinary word — it symbolizes bravery, the highest form of patience and loyalty, and an endless source of love. The greatness, compassion, and profound meaning in the word “mother” can only be felt through the heart.
A mother’s heart holds pure and unconditional love, untouched by any circumstances. My mother is the most ideal person in my life. Every step she has taken in life has been for her children. She has endured every hardship with patience and strength. To this day, she has been ready to sacrifice anything for the happiness, health, and future of her four children.
This is not something ordinary — this is proof of the boundless greatness, courage, and nobility of a mother’s heart. My mother has always been my strength. Every time I fell, she held my hand. Every time I cried, she wiped away my tears. Every time I rejoiced, she was even happier than me.
My mother is not a confidante for just a day, but for a lifetime. She is the only person to whom I can tell my deepest secrets, who never judges me, and who accepts me just as I am. Her embrace is a sanctuary of peace, love, and kindness. Her every prayer is a light on my path, and every look in her eyes strengthens my heart.
If someone were to ask me who the most ideal person in my life is, I wouldn’t hesitate to say: “It’s my mother.” Because she is unmatched in love, limitless in sacrifice, and undefeatable in patience.
My mother not only gave me life, but also taught me how to live it. If I am someone today, it is because of her efforts, love, and prayers. She is my greatest treasure, my most trusted friend, and my most loving teacher — the one I will always rely on.
I, Boyqobilova Nargiz Alimardonovna, was born on September 8, 2001, in Oqarbuloq Mahalla, Oltinsoy District, Surkhandarya Region. I am 25 years old. Currently, I am the beloved first daughter of my parents and my parents-in-law, a cherished wife to my husband, and a proud mother of two sweet daughters.
I am a third-year student at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, majoring in Biology at Termez State University.
This is from an anonymous author speaking on behalf of the citizens of the United States. Please feel welcome to share anywhere and everywhere.
A Declaration of Independence
In the United States of America, July 4, 2025
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all human beings are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.—That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among humankind, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of this people; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former government. The history of the current president of the United States of America, Donald John Trump, is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws, instituted by Congress and most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden Congress to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has attacked groups and individuals repeatedly, for opposing with firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws securing the powers of the judiciary.
He has sought to make judges dependent on his will alone.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and to abduct, imprison and deport them without due process of law or any legal accountability.
He has kept among us armies against the will of the people.
He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;
For endangering our trade with all parts of the world:
For depriving us of the benefits of legal representation against the arbitrary actions of the federal government:
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free system of our laws, establishing therein an arbitrary government;
For endangering our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments:
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.
He has enticed our fellow citizens across the country to bear arms against their country, to become abductors and jailkeepers of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
We, therefore, the people of the United States of America, appealing to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these states, solemnly publish and declare, that these United States are, and of right ought to be free from the tyranny of this presidential administration; that they are absolved from all allegiance to Donald John Trump, and that all political connection between them and him is and ought to be totally dissolved. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.
This article explores how young people in Uzbekistan are accessing international opportunities through information and communication technologies (ICT). It analyzes key platforms, real-life experiences, and the pathways youth follow to showcase their knowledge and skills globally through global programs, grants, online courses, and international cooperation projects. The article also highlights the importance of digital literacy, language skills, and networking in the digital era.
Keywords:
Information technologies, international opportunities, Uzbek youth, online education, grants, digital literacy, networking, global collaboration.
In today’s digital age, the ability to use information technologies effectively is not only a tool for self-development but also a key to competing in the global arena. Young people now have access to the world’s best courses, scholarships, volunteer programs, and startup competitions via the internet. However, making the most of these opportunities requires not only technical knowledge, but also determination, goal-setting, and a strategic approach.
The number of young Uzbeks accessing international platforms through ICT is steadily increasing. For instance, there are youth who study on platforms such as Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy, completing courses offered by institutions like Google, Meta, and NASA. Uzbek youth are also gaining international recognition by participating in programs of organizations like One Young World , Junior Academy , and UNESCO . These achievements are the result of using technology wisely, learning English, and continuously working on self-improvement.
Social platforms such as Telegram , LinkedIn , and Facebook play a vital role in discovering grant and competition announcements, maintaining a strong personal profile, and building a professional network. Many young Uzbeks are now taking their startups to the international stage with the help of platforms like Devpost , Hackathon , and Google Developers .
Furthermore, international cooperation is expanding in areas such as gender equality, inclusive education, and sustainable development — all supported by ICT tools. Interest in technology among young girls is growing, and they too are earning international recognition.
However, several challenges still exist on this journey — such as slow internet speed, language barriers, misinformation, and financial limitations. These problems can be overcome by using free online courses, joining local mentorship programs, actively monitoring grant platforms, and establishing connections with governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Conclusion
Information technologies are tools — how they are used depends on the youth themselves. In Uzbekistan, an increasing number of young people are using these tools for creativity, innovation, and global integration. This progress is accelerating development across the country. Every young person can define their own destiny and compete globally by leveraging technology.
This article has outlined how Uzbek youth are accessing global opportunities through ICT. Real experiences, platforms, and strategies have shown how they demonstrate their potential. In this process, digital literacy, language skills, and continuous learning play a crucial role. Therefore, every young person should use information technologies as a means to achieve their goals.
References
UNESCO. (2023). Digital Skills for Youth Empowerment .
Coursera.org is an online learning platform.
edX.org – Free Online Courses from Harvard, MIT, and more.
Abstract: This article examines the attention being paid to the education system, reforms currently underway in Uzbekistan’s preschool education, achievements reached through preschool services, and reforms in higher education aimed at accelerating intellectual development.
Keywords: Preschool education, social life, reform, foundation, education and upbringing, globalization, concept, professional competence, material‑technical base.
Today’s young generation, which will determine the future and prospects of our homeland, must be raised with dignity—this is tied to the continuous modernization of education and upbringing. Expanding access to preschool education, improving the quality of preschool services, ensuring favorable conditions for full participation in life, and integrating children into social life are among our most urgent tasks. In New Uzbekistan, comprehensive reforms are underway across all sectors. It is impossible not to emphasize the transformative changes in education—the foundation of society—driven first and foremost by preschool reforms, which play a critical role in preparing children for global realities and in shaping their entry into societal life.
Today, modern kindergartens that meet current standards are being built not only in major cities but also in remote rural areas. Over just five years, the number of preschools in our country has quadrupled. Until recently, preschool teachers—and in some districts even students—were sent to harvest cotton for four months. Thanks to recent reforms, those practices have been eliminated.
In the last five years, educators at preschools have received one‑and‑a‑half times salary increases; the number of educators honored with state awards and participants in national competitions has grown; paperwork has been significantly reduced; and bureaucratic red tape has declined—these changes have paved the way for remarkable improvements in preschool education.
Efforts have also been made to enhance the capacity of personnel in preschool institutions. Regular scientific‑practical seminars and training sessions have been held, introducing innovative ideas and technologies into educational processes and promoting the comprehensive professional development of educators.
Higher education reforms are also a major part of the current transformation in the education sector. In particular, the Concept for the Development of Higher Education in Uzbekistan until 2030 serves as a prelude to these reforms. The Concept aims to expand the enrollment capacity of universities, improve the quality of education, implement digital technologies and education platforms, and involve youth in scientific activities—all of which raise the education process to a new level of quality.
That said, even more important priorities remain before us, requiring our attention. These include further improving the preschool education system, expanding the network of preschool institutions, strengthening their material and technical base, ensuring qualified teaching personnel, and implementing modern educational programs and technologies to foster children’s intellectual, moral–aesthetic, and physical development. Our primary goal is to significantly elevate children’s readiness for school, because our future and destiny rest on the young children growing up in these institutions.
Our esteemed Leader’s words—“The future and prosperity of our country are tied to what kind of people our children grow up to be. Our main duty is to create the necessary conditions for youth to realize their potential”—carry great trust and responsibility for preschool educators. They call us all to patriotic service. Let us be mindful of the fate of our children, our nation’s future.
Conclusion: Reforms in preschool education today are as relevant and impactful as reforms in any other sector. Expanding these reforms broadly is a necessity of the times. Every teacher should approach his or her work with responsibility, informed by the conclusions drawn from these national initiatives.
References:
Resolution No. 802 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on approval of the State Standard for Preschool Education and Upbringing, December 22, 2020
Karimova Navbaxar Mahmudjanovna Born on March 25, 1984, in Gurlan district of Khorezm region, into a family of intellectuals.
From 1990 to 1998, she studied at School No. 1 in Gurlan district. From 1998 to 2001, she continued her education at Gymnasium No. 6 in Gurlan, graduating with excellent marks.
Between 2001 and 2003, she studied in the Nursing field at the Electro-Medical Technical School in the capital city, Tashkent, and successfully graduated with honors.
From 2020 to 2025, she completed her bachelor’s degree in the field of Preschool Education at Urgench State University.
Currently, she is working as an educator at Preschool Educational Institution No. 9, a multi-disciplinary specialized preschool institution under the National Agency for Social Protection under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, located in Gurlan district, Khorezm region.
She is fluent in both Russian and Turkish.
In 2023, she was awarded the badge of honor “Devoted Specialist of Her Profession”.
In 2024, she was awarded the badge of honor “Top Scientific Researcher of the Year”.
In 2025, she received the honorary badge “Excellence in Preschool and School Education”.
She is the author of the methodological guidebook “Inclusive Education in Preschool Institutions”. Her published books include: “Towards My Goals”, “For You, Dear Child”, and “Discoverer Children”.
She has published numerous articles in international newspapers and journals.
Her article “STEAM Technologies in Preschool Institutions” was published in Turkey in the book titled “Leading Women and Girls of Uzbekistan”.
The majority of the world’s population suffers from dental caries. This disease is highly prevalent and occurs in about 95% of the population. In dental caries, complex pathological processes are observed, involving both rapid and slow necrotic changes in the tooth tissues. As a result of these necrotic processes, cavities are formed.
Introduction:
Dental caries is the most widespread oral disease in the world, caused by the erosion of tooth enamel due to harmful bacterial infections. It occurs when acids produced by the consumption of sugary and acidic foods accumulate on the teeth, leading to pathomorphological changes.
In modern dentistry, effective methods have been developed to prevent caries and treat it at early stages. Studying caries, its prevention, and modern treatment methods play a crucial role in maintaining health.
The purpose of this article is to provide detailed information about the causes, development mechanisms, symptoms, treatment, and prevention methods of caries. Understanding caries and exploring ways to prevent it can contribute to improved dental health and well-being.
Causes
a) The onset of dental caries usually begins with the formation of bacterial plaque that accumulates in the mouth. This plaque mainly consists of bacteria, proteins found in saliva, and food debris.
b) Bacteria (such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, which are cariogenic) thrive in the fluctuating pH environment of the mouth. These bacteria metabolize sugars on the tooth surface and produce organic acids.
Effect of acids:
Acids introduced into the oral cavity (such as lactic acid) affect the mineral components of the tooth enamel, primarily calcium and phosphate, leading to demineralization. During the demineralization process, there is a reduction in the mineral content of the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth.
Mechanism of Caries Development
Changes in the enamel layer:
Initial stage: Caries initially begins with the loss of the enamel’s mineralization process, initiating demineralization. The structure and strength of the enamel deteriorate, leading to yellowing. Although demineralization occurs in the enamel, the tooth surface remains intact at this stage. The early stage of caries appears as “white spots.”
Changes in the dentin layer:
Middle stage: Demineralization progresses into the dentin layer, causing mineral loss and damage to the dentinal tubules. At this stage, the surface layer is destroyed, but the pulp (the inner part of the tooth) is not yet affected. Changes in the dentin appear as yellow or brown discoloration. Demineralization in the dentin weakens the tooth structure, making it more susceptible to damage.
Changes in the pulp layer:
Advanced stage: This is considered the final stage of caries, where inflammation and swelling occur in the pulp. When the pulp nerves are affected, the tooth becomes painful and sensitive. Infections in the pulp lead to inflammation (e.g., pulpitis), usually causing pain and swelling and requiring dental intervention for treatment.
Morphological changes of caries:
Morphological forms: Caries can appear in various forms—dot-shaped, linear, or polygonal. As caries progresses, both the structure and shape of the tooth change accordingly.
In the diagnosis of caries:
Radiographic images and microscopic examinations play an important role in identifying the morphology of the tooth. With the help of radiography, it is possible to determine the depth and extent of the carious lesions.
Histological Changes
Bacterial infection:
Bacteria play a major role in the development of caries. They metabolize glucose present in the oral cavity and produce acids, which lead to the demineralization of the tooth. Under microscopic examination, the structure of the damaged enamel is clearly visible, showing a high concentration of bacteria and evident demineralization processes.
Damage to tooth layers:
In the histological view of caries, processes of demineralization, mineral loss, and tissue changes in the dentin and pulp are clearly observed. Changes in the dentin layer are characterized by particle breakdown and surface weakening.
Demineralization and Remineralization Processes
Demineralization:
The demineralization process plays a crucial role in the progression of caries. Acids produced by bacteria dissolve the minerals in the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth. Initially, demineralization occurs only in the enamel, but over time, it can also affect the dentin and pulp.
pH level and tooth demineralization:
As the pH level in the mouth decreases (e.g., after consuming sugary foods), acids are produced that accelerate demineralization. If the pH drops below 5.5, enamel begins to demineralize, leading to yellowing or discoloration of the tooth.
Remineralization:
As the opposite of demineralization, the remineralization process allows for the repair of tooth structure. Minerals such as calcium, phosphate, and fluoride present in the oral cavity support remineralization. However, this process is only effective if the demineralization is in its early stages.
Treatment of Caries
The treatment of caries includes a series of medical procedures aimed at stopping its progression and restoring the tooth. Treatment methods vary depending on the stage of caries development. The main goal of treatment is to ensure complete restoration of the tooth and prevent further disease. Below are the main methods and approaches used to treat caries at different stages.
1. Treatment of Early-Stage Caries
Preventive treatment:
At the early stage of caries (when tooth discoloration or white spots are present), it is essential to stop demineralization and support the remineralization process. The main treatment methods at this stage include:
Use of fluoride:
Fluoride helps stimulate the remineralization process. It assists in forming new mineral layers on the surface of the tooth, which strengthens the tooth and prevents the progression of caries.
Remineralization agents:
Treatment with preparations containing calcium, phosphate, and other minerals can also be effective. These agents help restore the outer layers of the teeth.
Improved oral hygiene:
Regular brushing, flossing, and the use of mouth rinses reduce bacterial plaque accumulation and help prevent caries.
2. Treatment of Moderate-Stage Caries
Tooth filling:
If caries has progressed to the moderate stage, affecting the dentin layer, the filling method is used. The damaged part of the tooth is removed, and the cavity is filled with a dental filling. Fillings can be made from various materials, including amalgam (silver), composite, or ceramic.
Composite materials:
These materials match the color of natural teeth, offering an aesthetically pleasing and durable solution. Composite fillings help restore the damaged part of the tooth and return it to its original shape.
Ceramic fillings:
In some cases, when a large portion of the tooth needs treatment, full restoration is done using ceramic materials. These materials provide a natural tooth-like appearance and high durability.
3. Treatment of Advanced-Stage Caries
Endodontic treatment (root canal therapy):
If caries has reached the pulp (the inner part of the tooth) and an infection has developed, root canal therapy is required. The goal of this procedure is to eliminate the inflammation in the pulp and remove the infection.
Cleaning the canal and removing damaged tissue:
The pulp must be cleaned, and the infected tissues removed. Once the canal is cleaned, it is filled with special materials.
Tooth restoration:
After root canal treatment, the tooth is usually restored using crowns or other restorative materials to ensure full functionality and structure.
Application of a crown or onlay:
If the tooth is severely damaged, a crown may be placed to strengthen it. A crown protects the tooth externally and restores its normal shape and function.
4. New Treatment Methods
Laser therapy:
Laser technology can also be used in dental treatment. With the help of a laser, the damaged part of the tooth can be removed accurately and effectively. This process is less painful and promotes faster healing.
Ozone therapy:
Ozone gas can be used in the treatment of caries. Ozone neutralizes bacteria and helps restore the mineral content of the tooth.
Conclusion
The development mechanism of caries begins with the demineralization process caused by bacteria converting sugar into acids, which alters the structure of the tooth. In the prevention and treatment of caries, oral hygiene, proper nutrition, the use of fluoride, and regular dental check-ups play an important role. Proper maintenance and early detection of dental issues are effective in eliminating pathological changes.
This article highlights important aspects of caries morphology in detail. The morphology of caries—its impact on and changes within the tooth structure—is essential for fully understanding the progression of the disease. Morphological changes in caries occur in several layers of the tooth: enamel, dentin, and pulp.
Studying the morphology of caries helps in understanding the changes within these layers. Over time, these changes significantly affect the structure, function, and appearance of the tooth. Understanding caries morphology is vital for developing effective strategies for its prevention and treatment.
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Ahmadova Sarvinoz was born in Altinkol district, Andijan region. She is a student of the Faculty of Dentistry at the Andijan Branch of Kokand University in Andijan region.
