Annotation: Due to the rapid growth of digital technologies, the way people receive information, communicate, and form political and social opinions is undergoing significant changes. This article also provides recommendations on the proper use of social media during the digital transformation of society.

Keywords: social media, digital society, information security, youth awareness, fake news, virtual communication, digital culture, internet psychology, media literacy, online environment.

In the 21st century, where digital technologies are rapidly advancing, social media has become an integral part of human life. It serves not only as a means of communication but also as a source of information, education, business development, participation in political processes, and personal branding. Today, a large portion of the world’s population spends a considerable amount of time on social networks, and this significantly affects various layers of society.

Social media has become a primary platform for fast information exchange and global interaction. Through these platforms, people share their thoughts, stay updated on news, and form communities and groups. Among young people especially, social media has deeply penetrated everyday life and plays an important role in shaping identity and worldview. Additionally, social media is widely used in business and marketing. It offers great opportunities for small and medium enterprises to advertise, connect directly with consumers, and enter the market quickly.

Social media provides instant access to news and events. People follow global developments, scientific discoveries, and economic changes primarily through these platforms. Many educational platforms, blogs, video lessons, and online courses spread through social networks, providing students, learners, and professionals with opportunities to improve their skills. Social media also contributes to the development of open dialogue, diversity of opinions, and a culture of free discussion within society. Various social initiatives, environmental campaigns, and charity activities reach large audiences through social media, and they play a role in uniting people.

However, due to its open structure, misinformation spreads quickly on social media. This may negatively influence public opinion and lead to incorrect social decisions. The excessive attractiveness of virtual life can cause young people to waste time unproductively, experience psychological pressure, or develop complexes due to comparing themselves with others. Personal information shared by users can be exploited by fraudsters. Constant dependence on likes and comments may also lead to psychological addiction.

Checking information sources, relying on trustworthy platforms, and avoiding the spread of fake news are essential rules of digital culture. At the same time, parents and educators must focus on developing correct social media usage skills among young people.

In conclusion, social media plays an important role in the development of modern society. It simplifies education, business, communication, and information exchange. However, improper use can lead to negative consequences. The main task of society is to use social media effectively and safely, promote media culture among the youth, and improve information literacy. Only then can social media become a powerful tool that contributes to social progress.

Rakhmataliyeva Navruza Umidjon qizi was born on March 21, 2005, in Pop district of Namangan region. She completed her studies at School No. 32 in her district and is currently a 3rd-year student at Namangan State Pedagogical Institute.

Since childhood, Navruza has been passionate about literature and poetry. In addition, she is a five-time Champion of Uzbekistan in rhythmic gymnastics. She has actively participated in events organized by the Youth Affairs Agency, as well as in Zakovat intellectual competitions, and has earned several certificates.

The Mud Battle and Its Consequences

Student of Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy

Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso

Abstract

This article provides information about the Mud Battle (Loy Jangi). It primarily discusses the sides involved in the battle, the sequence of events, and the circumstances that led to the defeat of Amir Temur and Amir Husayn. According to historical sources, Ilyos Khoja, realizing that he could not win in a fair fight, used a yada stone with the assistance of shamans to summon a powerful rainstorm that transformed the battlefield into a swamp.

As a result, the forces of Temur and Husayn became trapped in deep mud; their weapons, clothing, and horses grew heavy with moisture, greatly limiting mobility. Although the Mongol victory resulted from this stratagem, Temur’s strategic miscalculations—particularly his inability to coordinate with Husayn—also contributed to the defeat. Historically, this battle is regarded as the only defeat of Amir Temur, occurring during the early stage of his military career. He later overcame this setback by defeating Ilyos Khoja and strengthening his power. The Mud Battle serves as an important example demonstrating the influence of natural conditions and military tactics in the warfare of Central Asia.

Keywords: Movarounnahr, Jete, Amir Husayn, Chinoz, Ilyos Khoja, Tashkent, right wing

Introduction

In the mid-14th century, Movarounnahr lacked a unified central authority and the region had fragmented into small feudal domains. The renowned historian of the Timurid era, Khofizi Abru, vividly describes this situation in his Zubdat at-Tavorikh: various amirs controlled different territories, and constant internal conflicts created instability across the region.

Taking advantage of this turmoil, the Khan of Moghulistan, Tug‘luq Temur, invaded Movarounnahr in 1360 and swiftly conquered it. The governor of Kesh fled to Khorasan, while Amir Temur, seeking to protect his homeland from plunder, pledged allegiance to Tug‘luq Temur. The khan accepted him favorably and appointed him governor of Kesh and its neighboring territories.

Over the following decade, Amir Temur gradually strengthened his political influence through personal bravery and diplomatic skill. He maintained peaceful relations with influential leaders such as Amir Husayn, the rulers of Moghulistan, and even the governor of Herat.

Main Part

The Mud Battle (Loy Jangi)

According to Nizamiddin Shami’s Zafarnama, the battle took place on 16 June 1365 (Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi dates it to 22 May 1365). The united armies of Amir Temur and Amir Husayn marched against Ilyos Khoja, the Khan of Jete. Although Temur and Husayn had numerical superiority, Ilyos Khoja resorted to an extraordinary stratagem.

Beginning of the Battle

Temur and Husayn deployed their forces along the Chirchiq River between Tashkent and Chinoz. Their army was arranged with strong commanders leading each flank and center. Ilyos Khoja approached from the direction of Konibodom with a large force.

Realizing he would not prevail in open combat, Ilyos Khoja turned to the yadachi—shamans skilled in weather manipulation. With the yada stone, believed in ancient Mongol and Turkic tradition to summon rain or storms, they called forth a torrential downpour. This caused the battlefield to turn rapidly into deep mud.

Shami writes:

“The field became so muddy that neither horsemen nor infantry could move. Their clothes and weapons became soaked and unbearably heavy.”

Outcome of the Battle

The unified army of Temur and Husayn became separated due to the mud. Confusion spread; many soldiers lost mobility, and horses sank into the mire. Ilyos Khoja’s troops, protected from the rain with felt coverings, reorganized themselves and launched a powerful counterattack.

More than 10,000 soldiers were lost, forcing Temur and Husayn to retreat toward Kesh (Shahrisabz). Although Temur displayed great bravery and even managed to break several enemy lines, the conditions of nature and the lack of coordination with Husayn resulted in defeat.

Historical Significance

Shami characterizes the battle as a “difficult trial” for Temur. Yazdi similarly emphasizes that the event served as an early lesson that shaped Temur’s later military brilliance. The battle also marked one of the first serious rifts between Temur and Husayn, contributing to their eventual political separation.

After this victory, Ilyos Khoja captured Khujand and Jizzakh and advanced toward Samarkand. Although there was no large army in the city, the people defended Samarkand fiercely. This uprising later became known as the Sarbador Movement, a prominent event in Central Asian resistance history.

Conclusion

The Mud Battle highlights both the influence of natural forces (rain and mud) and strategic decisions (Temur’s conflict with his ally Husayn) on the outcome of medieval wars. Despite this defeat, Temur learned from the experience, eventually overcoming Ilyos Khoja and establishing a strong empire. Historical sources such as Nizamiddin Shami’s and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi’s Zafarnama provide important insights into this event. The battle of 1365, fought near Tashkent, remains significant not only for its military aspects but also for its political and social implications, influencing regional power dynamics and governance.

References

Omonullo Bo‘riev. Temuriylar davri yozma manbalarida Markaziy Osiyo. Tashkent, 1997.

Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 1994.

Nizamiddin Shami. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 1996.

Dadaboyev H. Amir Temurning harbiy mahorati. Tashkent, 1996.

History of Moghulistan — Academic publications of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

“Jangi Loy” — Encyclopedic sources and historical accounts.

Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso was born on May 22, 2006, in Denov district, Surxondaryo region. She is currently a second-year student at the Faculty of History, Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy.

National Values — The Heart of the Nation

Every nation has a heart. As long as that heart beats, the nation lives, awakens, and endures.

For the people of Uzbekistan, that heart is our national values.

Values unite the people, bring them back to their roots, and awaken pride and love in their hearts.

In today’s rapidly changing world, preserving and remaining faithful to national values means safeguarding spiritual independence.

National values embody a people’s history, language, religion, customs, beliefs, and way of life.

Main Part

National values are the spiritual roots of a nation.

Just as a tree cannot survive without roots, a person cannot live without values.

The values of the Uzbek people have endured through centuries and never disappeared.

In every era and generation, they have acquired new meanings and served as a mirror of our nation’s spirit.

From ancient times, our people have lived by the belief:

“The homeland is sacred, parents are dear, and the guest is a blessing.”

Traditions such as weddings, holidays, hashar (community work), Navruz, and Ramadan all teach kindness, compassion, and respect for one another.

These customs reflect our people’s moral world, dignity, and love.

National values are not just historical heritage — they are a living part of our everyday lives.

For example, greeting our parents every morning, beginning a meal with bismillah, and treating guests with honor — these simple acts represent the living expression of our culture, formed over centuries.

In the era of globalization, some young people are influenced by foreign cultures and tend to forget their own values.

However, modernity must never contradict national identity.

True progress is achieved by relying on one’s national values while striving for innovation.

As President Shavkat Mirziyoyev stated:

“National values are the soul of the people, and preserving them is our sacred duty.”

Indeed, our people’s hospitality, patience, tolerance, respect for women, and trust in youth all express our national pride.

National values are also vividly reflected in folk art:

love in our fairy tales, bravery in our epics, and life lessons in our proverbs.

Sayings such as “He who is one with his people will be honored by them” and “Serve your people as you would honor your father” have long called our nation to unity.

Today, national values play a vital role in the education of youth.

Because today’s youth are tomorrow’s leaders, scholars, teachers, and farmers — the future of the country.

If they know and cherish their national values, they will never fall under alien influences.

They will be proud of their land, language, and flag, and see service to their motherland as their sacred duty.

Therefore, every educational institution and family should plant the seeds of values in young hearts.

National values unite and strengthen a nation — they are the spiritual chain that binds generations together.

By preserving and harmonizing our values with modern life, we can elevate our nation to new heights.

Each value carries within it our people’s historical memory, dreams, and honor.

The heart of a nation beats within its values.

If that heart stops, the nation loses its identity.

Therefore, we — the youth — must love, protect, and pass down our national values in their purest form to future generations.

National values are not only the memory of the past — they are the pride of today and the foundation of tomorrow.

As long as they live, our nation’s heart will continue to beat — strong, proud, and eternal.

Ruzimbayeva Quvonchoy Jamoladdin qizi was born February 8, 2007, in Urgench District, Khorezm Region, Respublic of Uzbekistan. The participant of the regional subject Olympiad in the 2023-2024 academic year.Currently, a student of Urgench State University.

In Rus Khomutoff’s Kaos Karma, meaning shimmers just out of sight, on the edge of a colorful, nebulous atmosphere. 

The book contains a collection of under 20 poems, each presented entirely in bold capital letters. Each word thus carries equal weight and all come together to create a sonic and imagistic impression. 

Certain themes and phrases recur throughout the book. We see words like “chaos” (or “kaos”), “ghostflesh,” “technoromance,” “love,” and “sacrifice” in multiple poems. This pulls out motifs of the collection: spirituality and the odd/paranormal, imagination and dreaming, emotions and the quest for human connection. 

The title, Kaos Karma subverts the concept of logical cause and effect and consequences of one’s actions. Instead of tracing one’s present circumstances or future destiny to one’s own choices, human experience seems much less linear.

Yet, chaos does not imply a nihilistic void, empty of all reason or meaning. The mathematical concept of chaos theory involves self-organizing natural systems whose development seems random but which may well be tied to initial conditions we do not fully understand. 

In a similar vein, Rus Khomutoff’s Kaos Karma is built around motifs that permeate its atmosphere. These suggest layers of feelings and impressions that approach meanings while intriguing and tantalizing the senses. 

Worth a read. 

Rus Khomutoff’s Kaos Karma will be published soon from C22 Press. https://c22press.wordpress.com/open-editions/

Book may be ordered here.

The Tenant

He’s left his
Basement apartment

To pick up

A small package

From Amazon

On the porch

Of the main house

And he grabs 

The package and

Right after that

A dude who’s

Standing in the sidewalk

Asks him

If he’s John’s tenant

And he tells the dude

Yes

And the guy says

Cool and 

As he reenters 

His apartment

He realizes 

That that’s probably 

The first time

That someone’s asked him

If he’s stealing 

An Amazon package

Off someone’s porch.

Taylor Dibbert is a poet in Washington, DC. He’s author of, most recently, “On the Rocks.”

Being and Non-being

Is existence corporeal or incorporeal?

Does existence precede

Or succeed essence?

Existentialist Sartre says –

” Existence precedes essence “.

Then,the existence of my departed soul

Reasonably irrelevant.

If truth is temporal,and relative

Then,in the context of life and existence

Why would it be relevant?

“Sensory experience is the basis

Of knowledge that finds truth”

As said the Empiricists Berkeley

And others.

Hearing this my passe wife cried

As she is inevitably irrelevant now!

Similarly irrelevant spiritual values

And moral categories – humanity,

Nobility and honesty,

The forms of truth, goodness and beauty.

But life and the world practically exist

In the overall standard of truth,

Goodness, and beauty,where

Youth and past-youth emerge

As the shape of aesthetic feelings

In the context of generosity.

It is only a variation in the feeling;

A particular feeling of existentialism

In the same essence, my lover

In fact, remains truly existent.

Therefore, even in this old age,

I love my wife.

Brief Biography: Shikdar Mohammed Kibriah from Bangladesh, is a globally published, awarded and translated world-renowned poet, versatile writer, translator, editor, peace ambassador and philosopher. He is the president of the Poetry and Literature World Vision. His published books so far 21 on poetry, prose and story. He is the editor of encyclopedic anthology volumes World Contemporary Poets. He is published in world reputed anthologies, magazines, newspapers, journals, channels, TV and radio, and translated in 55 languages of the world. He is featured and awarded as a Global Poet, Elite Diamond Writer, Golden Eagle, White Eagle, Golden Heart, World best personality etc.

Peace Is a Quiet Flame
*******************

Peace is not the silence of empty streets,
nor the pause between two wars.

It is the breath of a child
who dreams without fear,
the hand of a mother
that opens the door without trembling.

Peace is the river
that carries no blood,
only reflections of sky
and the laughter of trees.

It is the courage of voices
that rise against injustice,
not with weapons,
but with the steady rhythm of truth.

Peace is fragile,
like glass held in the sun,
yet it is stronger
than the walls we build
and the borders we draw.

It begins in the smallest gesture—
a smile offered to a stranger,
a word of kindness
that travels farther than bullets.

Peace is not a destination,
but a way of walking,
a way of remembering
that every soul
is a mirror of our own.
********************************Samar Aldeek – France /Syrie

Peace Is a Quiet Flame

السلام شعلة هادئة

Peace is not the silence of empty streets,
nor the pause between two wars.

السلام ليس صمتَ الشوارع الخالية،

ولا الفراغَ بين حربين.

It is the breath of a child
who dreams without fear,
the hand of a mother
that opens the door without trembling.

إنه أنفاسُ طفلٍ

يحلم بلا خوف،

ويدُ أمٍّ

تفتحُ البابَ بلا ارتجاف.

Peace is the river
that carries no blood,
only reflections of sky
and the laughter of trees.

السلام هو النهرُ

الذي لا يحملُ دمًا،

بل انعكاسَ السماء

وضحكاتِ الأشجار.

It is the courage of voices
that rise against injustice,
not with weapons,
but with the steady rhythm of truth.

هو شجاعةُ الأصوات

حين تنهضُ ضدَّ الظلم،

لا بالسلاح،

بل بإيقاعِ الحقِّ الثابت.

Peace is fragile,
like glass held in the sun,
yet it is stronger
than the walls we build
and the borders we draw.

السلام هشٌّ

كزجاجٍ في قبضةِ الشمس،

ومع ذلك أقوى

من الجدرانِ التي نبنيها

والحدودِ التي نرسمها.

It begins in the smallest gesture—
a smile offered to a stranger,
a word of kindness
that travels farther than bullets.

يبدأ في أبسطِ إيماءة—

ابتسامةٍ تُهدى لغريب،

وكلمةِ لطفٍ

تسافرُ أبعدَ من الرصاص.

Peace is not a destination,
but a way of walking,
a way of remembering
that every soul
is a mirror of our own.

السلام ليسَ غايةً،

بل طريقةَ سيرٍ،

وطريقةَ تذكّرٍ

أن كلَّ روحٍ

مرآةٌ لذاتِنا.