The Kara-Khanid State and Its Development

Student of Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy

Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso

Annotation

The Kara-Khanid State, which emerged in Central Asia between the 9th and 12th centuries, was one of the earliest Muslim Turkic states and played a significant role in political and cultural life. During their rule, Islam spread widely, mosques and madrasahs were constructed, and trade and crafts flourished. The works of Yusuf Khass Hajib, Qutadghu Bilig, and Mahmud al-Kashgari, Divanu Lughat al-Turk, belong to this period. Although the Kara-Khanids eventually weakened, they strengthened Islamic values in the region and greatly contributed to the cultural development of Turkic peoples.

Keywords: Qutadghu Bilig, Transoxiana, Central Asia, Muslim Turkic state, Islam, culture.

Introduction

Research in this field focuses on examining the role of Turkic states in the history of Central Asia, and the Kara-Khanid Khanate occupies an important place in this process. According to scholarly studies, during the period of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Karluks—composed of three major tribes—were among its subjects. In 756–757 they grew in strength and sought to seize the throne. The internal struggle that began in 789 prevented their success, causing them to separate from the Uyghurs and migrate toward the region of Jetisu, where they later established a new khaganate.

Sources published in Chinese and Uyghur languages describe in detail the historical and ethnic situation in Central Asia before the formation of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. According to these works, the political map of the region underwent repeated changes over several centuries: internal conflicts, wars, and invasions led some states to decline while others flourished.

Main Part

Historical Context and Migrations

Chinese scholars report that after the fall of the Turkic Khaganate, large migration processes took place in Central Asia for nearly two centuries. This intensified after the Uyghur Khaganate, founded in 744 in present-day Mongolia, collapsed in 840. Several factors contributed to the downfall of the Uyghur state: internal power struggles, widespread drought, disease, and harsh winters that devastated livestock. Discontented officials allied with the Kyrgyz, attacked the royal palace, and killed the khagan. Consequently, the Uyghur Khaganate disintegrated, and its population dispersed.

A large group of Uyghurs abandoned their homeland and moved westward, eventually settling in the pastures of Jetisu. When internal unrest broke out within the Uyghur Khaganate, the Karluks were among the first to withdraw from the confederation and migrate to Jetisu—present-day southeastern Kazakhstan. According to Chinese researchers, the Karluks belonged to the “Toqquz Oghuz” (Nine Oghuz) tribal union and constituted a significant portion of the population of the Uyghur state.

By the 9th century, the Karluks had gained considerable political influence and consisted of three principal tribes: Bulak (Muyolo), Sabak (Chjisi), and Mashli (Tashli. Some scholars, including Vey Liangtao, refer to them as one of the “eleven Uyghur” groups.

Islamization and Cultural Development

By the time the Kara-Khanid State was established and began consolidating political authority, most of the population of Transoxiana and surrounding territories had embraced Islam. During this period, Islam reached a high level of development and gradually became a distinct cultural system.

This religious transformation also influenced the Turkic tribes within the Kara-Khanid realm. Due to their close interactions with the settled population of Movarounnahr, the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples gradually adopted Islam. In Transoxiana and Khwarazm, pastoral tribes living near urban settlements accepted Islam nearly simultaneously with the settled population. Nomadic groups living along the Syr Darya and further north also converted between the 9th and 10th centuries.

According to historical sources, in 960 alone, approximately 200,000 Turkic households embraced Islam.

The rulers of the Kara-Khanid State recognized the significance of Islam and actively supported the development of Islamic culture. Satuk Kara Khan was the first Turkic ruler to convert to Islam, adopting the Muslim name Abd al-Karim Satuk Kara Khan. During his reign, numerous Turkic tribes—Karluk, Chigil, Yaghma, Khalaj, and others—converted to Islam. This process played a major role in unifying the state and shaping its political stability.

Conclusion

The Kara-Khanid State successfully united various Turkic tribes and established a strong central authority. They strengthened trade routes, enhanced economic stability, and paid great attention to cultural and scholarly development. Madrasahs, mosques, and cultural centers were built in cities such as Samarkand and Bukhara.

The Kara-Khanids actively promoted Islam, ensuring both religious and political unity within their territories. Therefore, this state represents an important stage in the consolidation of governance and the cultural advancement of Central Asia.

References

1. Irpan To‘xtaev. Kara-Khanid Silver Coins Minted in the First Quarter of the 11th Century. Tashkent, 2015.

2. Vey Liangtao. Kalaxan Wangchao Shigao, p. 72.

3. Ibid., pp. 66–73.

4. Khojaev K.A. On the Terms “Jyushing Ugu”, “Jyushing Tele” and “Jyushing Xueyhe” in Chinese Sources. Oriental Studies, Tashkent, 2004, pp. 223–228.

5. Khojaev A. Data from Ancient Chinese Sources on the Ethnic History of Central Asia. Tashkent, 2017, pp. 239–252, 356.

6. Wikipedia.

7. Ablat Khodjaev, Dilrabo Turdieva. The History of the Kara-Khanid Khanate in the Research of Scholars of the People’s Republic of China. Tashkent, 2021.

Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso was born on May 22, 2006, in Denov district, Surxondaryo region. She is currently a second-year student at the Faculty of History, Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy.

Time / still moves / while standing still

Is political time, is archipelago
time. “Why should we have
half the islands on one time &
the other half on another when
they’re only fifteen minutes apart?”
So some adjusted the local IDL
with an eastern bulge while others
moved it westwards. On Taveuni

Island, in the Fiji archipelago, one
can stand across the actual Prime
Meridian, have one foot in today, the
other in yesterday. Then, without
moving an inch, have one foot in to-
morrow while still balancing in today.

wingding

Pigeons & buses
jostle for space

in the eye of
the hurricane.

alt-Zen

Seeking peace
from a piece
of pizza.


Intelligent Design

He considered poems to be
a form of get well cards, was
always upset that they never
came in addressed envelopes.

A note

Being an expat-
riate doesn’t

mean being an
ex-patriot. I

still cling to my
country of origin.

Fender Bender

A within-subjects study is investi-
gating whether using multidose
vials or old-school flash cards is

more efficacious. Both are some-
what pointless, & may be hazardous.
Even dead batteries can still produce

some electricity. It’s why, to overcome
its innate low speeds, a Pokémon of
Sassy nature welcomes Bitter berries.

ΠΑΙΔΙΚΗ ΣΟΦΙΑ (Ποίημα)

Σε κάποια μέρη μακρινά

Μια παιδική καρδιά σκιρτά

Ψάχνει ειρήνη για να βρει

Μέσα στου κόσμου τη βοή.

Παντού ακούει στεναγμούς

Βάσανα, λύπες και καημούς

Στέκεται μόνο κι απορεί

Όλα αυτά παρατηρεί.

-Τα πράγματα είναι απλά

Αν τα κοιτάς από ψηλά

Τ ’ασήμαντα μην τα ποθείς

Μέσα σου ειρήνη για να βρεις.

Άκου για λίγο την φωνή

Την άδολη, την παιδική

Μην ψάχνεις άσκοπες  στιγμές

Δόξες και μνείες φοβερές.

Ούτε το κέρδος να κοιτάς

Μονάχα να χαμογελάς

Σαν την αγάπη θα γευτείς

Μόνο αυτή θα επιζητείς.

Στο λέω εγώ –ένα παιδί

Που ξέρει λίγα απ’ τη ζωή

Μα ξέρει όμως πιο πολλά

Απ’ των Μεγάλων τα Δεινά.

ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟ ΒΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΗ Μάντυ (Διαμάντω) Πιστικού γεννήθηκε το 1974 στον Πειραιά. Λάτρης των Τεχνών και των Γραμμάτων, ξεκίνησε από πολύ μικρή να γράφει τα πρώτα της ποιήματα, στίχους και μουσικές συνθέσεις. Δίδαξε Αγγλικά επί σειρά ετών, δίνοντας έμφαση στα παιδιά με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες και την Τέχνη ως μέσο έκφρασης και διδασκαλίας. Διατέλεσε ως μέλος της TESOL Greece. Εργάζεται ως διοικητικό προσωπικό στο Εθνικό Κέντρο Αποκατάστασης. Αποφοίτησε  από το τμήμα  Ελληνικού Πολιτισμού στο Ελληνικό Ανοιχτό Πανεπιστήμιο έχοντας κερδίσει υποτροφίες αριστείας για όλα τα  έτη των σπουδών της. Είναι κάτοχος του μεταπτυχιακού ‘Λαϊκός πολιτισμός και Λογοτεχνία’ στο ΕΚΠΑ. Έργα της έχουν διακριθεί σε διάφορους λογοτεχνικούς διαγωνισμούς. Γράφει για να εκφράσει τα συναισθήματα και τις ανησυχίες τις για διάφορα θέματα ενώ παράλληλα ονειρεύεται και πασχίζει να συμβάλλει σε έναν καλύτερο κόσμο

WISDOM OF A CHILD

Ιn far-off places, out of sight,

A child’s heart stirs with gentle light.

It seeks for peace, a place to be,

Inside this world’s uncertainty.

It hears the sighs from every land,

The suffering hard to understand.

It stands alone, with wondering eyes,

Watching the sorrows as they rise.

“Things can be simple, can’t you see,

When viewed with calm serenity?

Don’t chase the things that fade away—

Find peace within your heart today.”

“Listen a moment to the sound

Of innocence that’s all around.

Don’t search for vain and hollow praise,

Or glory lost in fleeting days.”

“Don’t look for profit, gold, or gain;

Just smile beyond the world’s disdain.

Taste love, and once you feel it grow,

That’s all you’ll ever need to know.”

“I tell you this—though I’m a child,

Still learning in a world so wild—

I know some truths, though small I seem,

More than the grown-ups dare to dream.”

SHORT BIO

Mandy (Diamanto) Pistikou was born in 1974 in Piraeus. A lover of Arts and Letters, she began writing her first poems, lyrics, and musical compositions at a very young age. She taught English for several years, with an emphasis on children with learning difficulties and on using Art as a means of expression and teaching. She has served as a member of TESOL Greece. She currently works as administrative staff at the National Rehabilitation Center. She graduated from the Hellenic Open University with a degree in Hellenic Culture, having been awarded excellence scholarships for every year of her studies. She holds an MA in “Folk Culture and Literature” from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Her works have been distinguished in various literary competitions. She writes in order to express her emotions and concerns on various issues, while at the same time dreaming of and striving to contribute to a better world.

CONSTITUTION – A GUARANTEE OF A FREE AND PROSPEROUS LIFE

Jumanazarova Zuhra
Kattakurgan State Pedagogical Institute
Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature, Group 24/12
Tel: +998 50 040 6125
Email: jumanazarovaz896@gmail.com

Abstract: The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan ensures human rights and freedoms. At the same time, the Constitution is the law of any state, which is the legal basis for regulating all aspects of public life. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan determines the guarantees and direction of comprehensive structures and public works implemented in the form of a constitution.
Keywords: Republic of Uzbekistan, Constitution, free life, Supreme Council, Revised Constitution, Social state, Human dignity, People’s power, welfare

Introduction
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan is an important foundation for establishing democratic principles in the country, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensuring the sustainable development of public administration and social life. It determines the path of independent development of Uzbekistan and forms a legal guarantee for the processes of reforms, creative work and modernization. In addition, we can say that in accordance with Article 20 of our Constitution in the new edition, “All contradictions and uncertainties in the legislation that arise in the relations between a person and state bodies shall be interpreted in favor of the person”

Main part
After the collapse of the USSR, the leadership of Uzbekistan began to fully take its independence into its own hands. President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov proposed to the Supreme Council of the Republic to prepare a draft law on the State Independence of the Republic in a very short period of time and submit it for discussion at an extraordinary session of the Supreme Council. After that, on August 26, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted a decision to prepare a draft law “On the State Independence of Uzbekistan”. On August 31, 1991, the extraordinary historical VI session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan was held.

At this session, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. Karimov made a speech and in his speech analyzed the socio-political events that have occurred in the former Union in recent years, the consequences of the attempted coup, and comprehensively substantiated their direct relevance to the fate of Uzbekistan and the history of our people. He also declared the state independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan and proposed to strengthen it with a law on independence. After Islam Karimov became the first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan boldly began to strengthen its state independence. First of all, state symbols were determined. After gaining independence, such urgent tasks as building a national legal state, establishing a democratic society, and forming market relations required the development of the Constitution of independent Uzbekistan.

When developing the draft Constitution, the world experience of constitutional development was studied, and the achievements achieved in the world in the field of human rights, democracy, and legislation were taken into account. In order to celebrate the adoption of the Constitution of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan, the day of the adoption of the Constitution, December 8, was declared a national holiday – the Day of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan [2]. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan was developed independently, based on the will and wise opinions of our creative people, as well as taking into account the most advanced experience of constitutional development accumulated in the world, as well as the characteristics of our national statehood.

Our Constitution places special emphasis on the priority of the interests of the people and human rights. In particular, according to Article 7, “The people are the only source of state power,” that is, all decisions and reforms in the country must be carried out in the interests of the people. This norm strengthens the legal basis of democracy in Uzbekistan. Also, Article 20 of the new Constitution enshrines the principle that “All conflicts arising in relations between a person and state bodies shall be interpreted in favor of the person.” This ensuring the primacy of the rights of citizens and further strengthening the state’s responsibility to the people. These principles serve as the main guarantee of justice, freedom and prosperity in our country. In the process of studying the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, it is worth mentioning the main principles that reveal its essence.

•An important principle of the Constitution of Uzbekistan is state sovereignty.
•Another principle of our Constitution is people’s power.
•The next principle is the division of state power into three independent branches. The division of power in the system of state power of Uzbekistan into legislative, executive and judicial branches has been legalized.

According to Article 21 of the Constitution, a single citizenship is established throughout the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan, regardless of their nationality and ethnicity, constitute the people of Uzbekistan [Article 21 of the Constitution]. The adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan has become of great importance in the life of our country. It is a fundamental principle of the rule of law in our country. Became the basis for legal reforms for the development of the country.

Hundreds of laws, codes, national programs have been developed, passed public discussions, adopted, and are being implemented in all aspects of our lives. According to the law adopted on April 11, 2007, the norm that the President is the head of the executive power – the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers was removed from Article 89 of the Constitution. In addition, Article 89 stipulates that “the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the head of state and ensures the coordinated activity and cooperation of state authorities.”[2]

The new Constitution perfectly embodies the principle of self-determination, which the people have long dreamed of. Therefore, it is based on and strengthens the principle of people’s power. The expression people’s power means that all power belongs to the people in practice and in law. People’s power

Conclusion
The guarantee of freedom of entrepreneurship in the Constitution, the creation of a healthy competitive environment, the protection of the property rights and other legitimate interests of the individual indicate that the principle of the “social state” is being fully implemented in Uzbekistan. This increases the trust of our people in the state and serves as an important factor in building a prosperous life. The principles set forth in our “Basic Dictionary” — the primacy of human dignity, justice, the rule of law and loyalty to the interests of the people — form the foundation of the country’s development.

The implementation of the criteria reflected in the Constitution ensures the stability of the development of society and leads to a free and prosperous life. Therefore, adhering to each of the norms and principles set forth in our Constitution, further improving the legal framework of reforms, and ensuring their effectiveness is one of the most important tasks on the path to the prosperity of our country. In this sense, the Constitution is the confidence of our people in tomorrow and the guarantee of a prosperous future.

List of used literature
⦁ Q. Usmanov, “History of Uzbekistan, second edition”. Tashkent-2016. B-357-363.
⦁ The Updated Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. – Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” publishing house, 2023. -20-21-89-148-articles
⦁ The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. “Library of the Constitution”. 2015 – 2024 – ⦁ www.conctitution.uz
⦁ “History of Uzbekistan”. Tashkent-1998 B-64.-66.
⦁ The Constitution Library channel, useful information and manuals section, .https://constitution.uz/oz/list/articlesKarimov I.A. “Uzbekistan on the Threshold of Independence”. — Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” Publishing House, 2011.
⦁ I. Karimov, “Uzbekistan on the Threshold of Independence”. – Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” Publishing House, 2011.

Owl and Theory of Fall

Late spring’s midday. Quickly the owl flew
Out of the hole of the tree. Like every day.
Sat on the branch of a nearby rain tree.

Wary glance by wifely eye- truly Stretching.
By these few days she realizes someone
Fallen in love with her.

Interrupted intimacy- fleet lyrics all the leaves
Of the nearby Mahogany tree begin to fall
It keeps standing bare bodily like Adam-
Eaten forbidden fruit.

In shameless posture what is it thinking?
Does it have any senses- or any thoughts?
Should I ask Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose?

The trees have life – what needs to prove it!
Directly we sense a tree grows, buds, and
Bears fruit – even dies.

Who knows, maybe the word ‘life’ is more
Theoretical and analytical; Maybe they have
Sensation – language and love too.

Not a single leaf left- is this how leaves fall?
In a rustle. Together. As if the tree says- falls,
They fly too. Even cross the border in groups.

However, this is leaf falling – not uprooting.
Uprooted is the tree that wants to exist
Even after it expires!

Creates secret cells in its septic body to have
A safe factory of producing senseless owls
To run an arbitrary anarchy of crows-vultures.

The owl looks bored at my indifference.
Went back to its hole. Perhaps moodily.
Smoothly. Since not a single stone fell.
No one threw- no naughty boy.

The mahogany leaves surround me at all.
But, captured my thoughts by a group of
Owl men who are emerging from the hole
Of the tree evicted recently.

The tree is evicted – not really uprooted.
Sprouted roots in the lingering darkness
Still sigh throughout the entire country.

Brief Biography: Shikdar Mohammed Kibriah from Bangladesh, is a globally published, awarded and translated world-renowned poet, versatile writer, translator, editor, peace ambassador and philosopher. He is the president of the Poetry and Literature World Vision. His published books so far 21 on poetry, prose and story. He is the editor of encyclopedic anthology volumes World Contemporary Poets. He is published in world reputed anthologies, magazines, newspapers, journals, channels, tv’s and radio, and translated in 55 languages of the world. He is featured and awarded as a Global Poet, Elite Diamond Writer, Golden Eagle, White Eagle, Golden Heart, World best personality etc.

DON’T GROW UP

Though I have so often wished to make that turn,

if I could, spin the car round, not let each second

take me further from what I didn’t see in time,

the years have taught me not to regret the one that got away,

the one I didn’t choose, the view the trees wouldn’t let me see.

I’ve learnt to see through the assumption the opposite to what I’ve got would have been worth having,

like girls I let slip I shouldn’t have.

I’ve lived enough not to stare too long in the rear-view mirror,

images of longing, too tardy reflection.

I’m too grown up to suspect an alternative could be better,

a happiness parallel to the lot one’s born with exists.

Only, one time, a day or two ago, or maybe decades past, when an extra clearing in the wood gave me a second chance,

and, in an unexpected burst of sunlight, the others agreed to stop,

I walked enraptured, in the warm evening,

amidst the heather in undulating terrain

with a mix of colours I could mumble and jumble

to my heart’s content, and can, even now.

I might learn the simple tale that wistful dreams,

the stab in the heart that I should have tried harder,

and taken that turning into what looked like a splash of paradise,

can, if I never quite grow up, lead somewhere.

LIFE

On finishing a poem, its latest churlish redrafting,

clicking off the page, closing the file,

I recall, from an eternity ago, a time when,

I suppose, I turned the page over, closed the book,

laid down my pencil,

paused, looked up.

It has a feel. A taste. A smell.

A presence.

I recall what a time and place felt like.

It was in Italy. I was a teenager.

Grandmother

and aunts littered the place.

An uncle or two.That moment comes back.

Its curious plastic-like perfume.

A dead second or so is reanimated.

I feel most alive when I kick over my charred remains,

and observe a flicker, or two.

RAMBLING

Land stretching out below to one side,

the sun warms me as I snake by fences

and along curves of trodden earth.

I turn round to watch him and his dogs

striding along the footpath, outpacing me,

the dips in the fields cancelling him out,

only for him to reappear as I keep looking back.

I saw some minutes ago a man

loitering by a clump of trees, waiting,

I hadn’t spotted till I was close.

Trees and bushes, fields and country paths

can be scary places. 

No longer alone as you had thought,

you find yourself in a large, large space with nowhere to hide.

Alan Hardy has for many years run an English language school for foreign students (in UK). He’s been published in such magazines as Ink Sweat & Tears, Envoi, Iota, Poetry Salzburg, The Interpreter’s House, Littoral, Orbis, South, Pulsar, Lothlorien, 100subtexts, Fixator, Chewers, Feversofthemind, Suburban Witchcraft and others. Poetry pamphlets Wasted Leaves (1996) and I Went with Her (2007). Though he has just recently started submitting again (after a little pause), he has always kept writing (and reading) poems.

Mathematics is one of the most important subjects in the world. It plays a key role in our daily life and helps us understand how things work. Math is not only about numbers and formulas. It is also about logic, problem-solving, and clear thinking.

Another important role of math is developing the human mind. It teaches us how to think logically and make correct decisions. Math trains patience and accuracy. When students solve math problems, they learn how to analyze situations and find solutions. These skills are useful not only in school but also in real life.

Many people think math is difficult or boring. However, math becomes interesting when it is understood properly. With practice and good teaching, anyone can improve their math skills. Math is a universal language that connects people from different cultures and countries.

In conclusion, mathematics is an essential part of human life. It supports daily activities, education, science, and technology. Learning math helps people become smarter, more confident, and better prepared for the future.

My name is Sharifov Sirojiddin Shavkatovich, a passionate and ambitious teacher born on July 16 1989, in Shakhrisabz district, Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan!I have been working as a math teacher for ages and l can say that l already could help over 1000 students enter their dream university.With a deep interest in leadership, public speaking, and writing, I continue to work hard toward achieving academic excellence and inspiring others in my community.