CAUSES AND TREATMENTS OF PNEUMONIA IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Abstract: This article provides information on the causes, symptoms, prevention strategies, and treatment methods of pneumonia, a disease commonly observed in children, especially during the winter season. Pneumonia is a significant respiratory infection that affects millions of children worldwide, leading to substantial illness and mortality. Understanding the various aspects of pneumonia can help take active measures to reduce its impact on children’s health.
Keywords: Pneumonia, Respiratory tract infection, TORCH infection, CBC, ESR, CRP, Treatment, Prevention.
Introduction: Every year, pneumonia is diagnosed in 17 million people worldwide. The mortality rate due to lung disease is very high, accounting for 8-9%. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process in lung tissue. In most cases, the disease is caused by infectious agents. The modes of infection transmission vary, often being spread through airborne droplets.
Main Section: Causes of Pneumonia:
Infectious (bacterial) – caused by bacteria like pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci, etc.
Viral – caused by various viruses such as RSV and adenovirus.
Fungal – caused by molds, yeast fungi, and pneumocysts.
Mixed – in some cases, the lungs may be infected by multiple pathogens simultaneously.
Additionally, parasites can also cause pneumonia. Pneumonia tends to be more severe in children than in adults due to their underdeveloped immune system and mucociliary clearance.
Symptoms in Children:
Fever: 38-39°C or higher.
Cough: Dry or with phlegm.
Breathing difficulties: Rapid or labored breathing (fast deep breaths, shortness of breath).
Chest pain: Worsens during breathing or coughing.
Pale or bluish skin: Cyanosis due to low oxygen levels.
Loss of appetite: Refusal to eat, vomiting, or weakness.
Fatigue and weakness: Child becomes easily tired and inactive.
Abdominal pain or diarrhea.
Risk Factors During Pregnancy:
TORCH infections: Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, CMV, Herpes simplex virus.
Influenza and respiratory infections.
Bacterial infections: Streptococcus group B, chlamydia, gonorrhea.
Maternal fever during pregnancy (hyperthermia).
Maternal chronic diseases: Diabetes, tuberculosis.
Passive smoking.
Vitamin and nutritional deficiencies.
Diagnostic Methods:
Complete blood count (CBC).
ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
CRP (C-reactive protein).
Blood gas analysis.
Bacteriological analysis.
Immunological tests.
Treatment Methods: Bacterial Pneumonia:
Antibiotics such as penicillin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporins.
Viral Pneumonia:
Antiviral drugs (e.g., Oseltamivir).
Symptomatic treatment (antipyretics like paracetamol and ibuprofen).
Fungal Pneumonia:
Antifungal medications (e.g., Fluconazole).
Supportive Care:
Oxygen therapy.
Hydration and nutrition support.
Chest physiotherapy.
Prevention Measures:
Vaccination against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae.
Healthy lifestyle practices.
Breastfeeding.
Maintaining hygiene and avoiding passive smoking.
Conclusion: Pneumonia is a serious health threat, especially for young children. Early diagnosis, proper treatment, and preventive strategies like vaccination and hygiene practices are crucial in reducing its impact. Strengthening healthcare services and raising awareness among parents can further aid in preventing childhood pneumonia.
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