WORD COMPOSITION COMPARISON IN UZBEK, RUSSIAN AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
named after Ajiniyaz
First level student of Uzbek language
foreign language groups
Faculty of Turkish Languages
USANOVA QADEMAY MURATBAY QIZI
Phone: +99891 305 69 79
Email: qademayusanova@gmail.com
The nature of word forms in Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages is determined primarily by the fact that the Russian language is a flective language, the Uzbek and Karakalpak language is an agglutinative language.
Words in Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages are separated into grammatical sections based on certain character traits. Word categories are initially classified into independent words, auxiliary words, modal words, exclamations, and imitation words. From these, the feature of shapeshifting is characteristic only of independent words. Change of form is referred to as speciation in relation to nouns, as tussification in relation to verbs.
Russian words are divided into two parts as head shapes: base and completion. The place of completion in Russian words is extremely large, since the completion indicates which category of the word is and expresses the mutual grammatical relationship of the words. In general, in the Russian language, the endings come to denote rod, number, agreement, tense, person and other grammatical meanings. The completion, separated from the base of the word, does not represent a specific grammatical meaning in itself. The concrete grammatical meaning and function of the completion is determined in the sentence, context. Completion in Russian is an integral part of the word. The word cannot be fully formed without completion.
In Uzbek, the initial form of words does not have the same completion as in Russian. For this reason, the initial form is synonymous with the base of the word. Affixes that add to the base of the word and express grammatical meaning will not be as colorful in Uzbek as in Russian from form and meaning jiht. For example: uyda, qishloqda, maktabda, soat beshda, mart oyida – at home, in the village, at school, at Five O’clock, like in March.
In Russian, the completion will consist of only one morpheme and can simultaneously represent several grammatical meanings. For example: the –a completion of the книга word in the книга сестры compound indicates the jensky rod, the unit, the head agreement, the –ы completion of the сестры word indicates the jensky Rod, The Unit, The Crow agreement.
When dividing a word in Karakalpak into a base and a suffix, their base can be used as a singular word at all times . For example: ten’iz, ten’izge, ten’i zden – to the sea, to the sea, like from the sea.
The made word will consist of a STEM as well as a word-making morpheme. In Uzbek, Russian, and Karakalpak languages, word-making morphemes are also quite different from each other depending on their place in the word.
In Uzbek, the yasama word composition is mostly in the form of” base+word-making affix”. For example: like ish-chi, bog‘-bon, bog‘-dor-Chi-lik. The pre-base consonant of word-making morphemes is not unique to Uzbek, nor to Turkic languages in general. Only a few prefixes are found, such as be -, ba -, no -, ser – borrowed from Tajik. It is with morphemes that an adjective is made. For example: begʻam, badavlat, sermahsul, noma’lum – impeccable, wealthy, prolific, like the unknown.
Russian word-making Affixes are associated with the basis, and the basis cannot be used separately without them. For example: the base -ня in the words принять, занять, отнять – accept, borrow, take away cannot be a single word in itself. In Russian, word-making affixes can be used both before the base and after the base, and between the base. 1. Prefixes are used before the base: пере-вод, со-автор, у-ход – translation, co-author, care. 2. Suffixes are added after the base: like зл-ость, тка-ч, учи-тель – anger, weaver, teacher. 3. Among the compound bases, the interfixes –o -,- e -,- i – are used that attach them: рыболов, водопровод, пешеход – angler, water pipe, pedestrian.
Affixes that make a word in Karakalpak are easily distinguished from the base. Without the base word-word-making affixes, yak can also be used as a word: like aqil-li, aqil-siz, aqil-lasiw – smart, foolish, consult. In Karakalpak, word-making Affixes are added only after the base: a’dep-li-lik, taza-la, ten-im, kesh-ki – decency, cleansing, unum, evening. Karakalpak lacks interfixes and prefixes. Sometimes the biy -, na- morphemes entered from the Persian language are added in front of some base, serving to give them only the meaning of indivisibility: biymezgil, nama’lim, biyjuwap – not in time, unknown, unanswered.
In Uzbek, when different morphemes are added to the base of a word and a new word is made, the base usually does not change. For example: friend-friends, work-worker, month-like monthly. When verbs are toned or a new word is made, the phenomenon of falling, alternating vowel sounds occurs in Uzbek: ong-angla, yosh-yasha, son – sana – to understand, live, date.
In Russian, however, the phenomenon of sound exchange occurs at the base of a word with the addition of a word-making or word-changing morpheme to the composition of the word. For example:
1. Consonant sounds alternate: ходить – хожу, ухо – уши, друг – друзья – дружеский, писать – пишу – walking – walking, ear – ears, friend – friends – friendly, writing – writing.
2. Vowel sounds alternate when verbs are stressed or a new word is made: говорить – разговаривать рыть – рой, пыть – пей – talk – talk dig – swarm, pyt – drink.
3. In some cases, with a change in completion, a new sound appears in the core: любить – люблю – любишь, терпить – терплю – терпишь – .
4. When The Shape of some words is changed, the vowel sounds in the base fall: сон – сна, уголок – уголки, день – дни – sleep – sleep, corner – corners, day – days.
In Karakalpak, the base morpheme is considered to be the main lexical meaning of the word. For example: ko‘riw, ko‘rgish, ko‘rgizbe, ko‘rsetpe. In Karakalpak, the basis is always singular and has a lexical meaning. Therefore, it is not difficult to divide the word into a base and a suffix. For example: in the words basshi, basliq, basqariw, basla, the bas word can be used as a basis, singly.
In Karakalpak, the basis does not change when word-making or word-changing morphemes are added to the composition of the word. Only in some cases, that is, when a morpheme is added, the end of which begins with vowel sounds, such as p, k, q, they alternate to b, g, g‘ sounds. For example: aq-agʻim, aq-agʻariw, toʻk – toʻgin, kitap-kitabiy – white-flow, white-flow, spill-spill, book-reader.
It is also worth mentioning that each language relies on the statutes defined in the word composition of the morpheme. In Russian words, first, the pristavka (if there is one), the base, followed by the suffix and the suffix: без – пол – ез – ный – useless. In Uzbek, however, the base is initially followed by the word-making affix, the word-changing affix: like the oʻqi-tuv-chi-lik – teaching. In Karakalpak, however, a word is made by first adding a base, followed by a word-making affix, followed by a form-making affix: kitap-sha-larinʻizdi – your books . This in turn can cause some difficulties in the comparative study of Uzbek and Russian, Russian and Karakalpak languages.
REFERENCES:
1. Azizov O va boshqalar O‘zbek va rus tillarining qiyosiy grammatikasi Toshkent.1965.
2. Azizov O. Safaev A. Jamolxonov. O‘zbek va rus tillarining qiyosiy grammatikasi. Toshkent.1986.
3. Bekbergenov A. Rus haʻm qaraqalpaq tillerininʻ salıstırmalı grammatikası. Noʻkis. 1995.
Usmanova Kademay was born on October 9, 2003 in Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan. She successfully graduated from school No. 15 in Nukus. He participated in various events and Science Olympiads at the school and took the corresponding places. He can speak Uzbek, Russian, Karakalpak, Kazakh and Turkish fluently.
She is currently a 1st Stage Student of the Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz.
She also has a place in the international arena! In particular, he is a member of India’s All India Council for technical skill development, Argentina’s Juntos Por Letras, Egypt’s creation forum for Culture, Arts and peace, and India’s Iqra Foundation. Her scientific work has been published in Europe, USA, Belgium, India, Russia, Turkey, Italy, Poland, Germany, Belarus, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom.