Shukurova Sevinch
Student, Uzbekistan World Language University
sevinchbahodirovna2005@gmail.com
THE CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE SENTENCES AND ITS TYPES
Abstract: Although the sentence is a fundamental unit of syntax, there is no universal definition for it. This article examines the theory of syntactic units, mainly describing the classification of composite sentences like complex and compound types.
Keywords: subject-predicate units, syntax, syntactical unit, independent clauses, semi-composite sentence.
Introduction
Syntax is a part of grammar, which deals with ways of combining words into phases in a language (Biber 2002;460), i.e. combinations of individual lexemes arranged according to certain principles, which determine the length and meaning of the phrase through a proper choice of morphological partners. The most important phrase is a sentence – a relatively complete and independent communicative unit, which usually realizes a speaker’s communicative intentions and contains one or more subject-predicate units, present or implied.
Sentences fall into simple and composite depending on the number of Subject-predicate units in them. A sentence with one Subject-Predicate unit is called a simple sentence, while a sentence with two or more Subject-Predicate units is called a composite sentence. The word “composite” is used by H.Poutsma1 as a common term for both the compound and complex sentence and it may be accepted by those schools that adhere to trichomotic classification of sentences into simple, compound and complex. This classification established in the English prescriptive grammar of the mid-19th century and accepted and developed by the authors of the classical scientific grammar remains the prevalent scheme of the structural classification of sentences in the grammars of all types in the modern period. A very important syntactic unit, containing a subject and a predicate.
A clause in a composite sentence is similar in its structure to a simple sentence though it acts as a part of a bigger syntactical unit. There are two main ways of linking clauses in a composite sentence: coordination and subordination.
Coordination is a way of linking grammatical elements making them equal in rank.
Subordination is a way of linking grammatical elements makes one of them dependent upon the other (or they are mutually dependent). (Kobrina 2006;421)
There are three types of composite sentences in Modern English:
1.The compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses with no dependent one.
2.The complex sentence contains one or more independent clauses. The latter usually tells something about the main clause and is used as a part of speech or as a part of sentence.
3.The semi-composite sentence combines the two previous types. The compound-complex sentences are those which have at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause in its structure: Blair found herself smiling at him and she took the letter he held out to her.
In terms of compound sentence, it actually consists of two or more clauses of equal rank, which form one syntactical whole in meaning and intonation. Clauses in a compound sentence are joined by means of coordination, so they are called coordinate. There are two ways of linking clauses in a compound sentence: syndetic and asyndetic. When clauses are joined with a help of a connector, such as and, but, or, etc., the linking is called syndetic:
The cloud parted and the increase of light made her look up.o
He wants her to live in the towns, but she only cares for woods.
Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later?
I heard a noise so I got out of bed and turned the light on.
When clauses are joined without a connector, by means of a comma or semicolon, etc. – asyndetic:
Man wants to love mankind; woman wants to love one man.
The church lay up by the railway, the farm was down by the water meadows.
Rickie had warned her; now she began to warn him.
Her attention was drawn to the other messy areas in the bedroom; to the left was a closet with louvered doors open and clothing spilling out
Syndetic coordination is realized by a number of connectors – conjuctions, such as and, but, or, nor, etc., or by conjuctive adverbs, such as moreover, besides, however, yet, still, otherwise, therefore, etc. In speaking coordinate clauses are separated by pauses, while in writing they may be marked off by a comma, a semicolon, a colon or occasionally a dash.
Lets move on the other type of composite sentence – complex sentence, which consist of an independent clause ( also called a main or principal clause) and at least one dependent ( or subordinate) clause:
All good things come to those (2) that wait.
Dependent clauses can be joined to the main clause asyndetically, i.e. without linking elements (She says she loves me), or syndetically, i.e. by means of subordinators.
The class of subordinators includes subordinating conjuctions (as if, because, although, unless, whether, since, etc.) and connectives, i.e. conjuctive pronouns ( who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whatever) and conjunctive adverbs (how, when, where, why). Subordinating conjuctions have the sole function of joining clauses together, whereas connectives not only join clauses together, but also have a syntactic function of their own within the clauses they introduce:
I didn’t know whether they had rented that house. (a conjunction)
I didn’t know who had rented that house (a connective, serving as a subject to had rented)
The components of some conjunctions are spaced apart, with one component found in the main clause and the other, in the subordinate clause: no sooner … than, barely … when, the … the. Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses. Since 1965 or so, the term “complementiser” has been used in one of the major theories of syntax not just for subordinating conjunctions introducing complement clauses but for all subordinating conjunctions.
The semi-composite sentence is to be defined as a sentence with more than one predicate lines which are expressed in fusion. The semi-composite sentence displays an intermediary syntactic character between the composite sentence and the simple sentence.
Semi composite sentences can be of two types:
' - Semi-compound (e.g. He looked at me and went away.)
- Semi-complex (e.g. The man stood silent.)
One of the representatives of structural linguists Ch. Fries considers two kinds of composite sentences: sequence and included sentence. Example:
1.The government has set up an agency called Future builders.
2. It has a certain amount of funds to make loans to social enterprises.
These two sentences are connected with each other. The first sentence is a situation sentence and the second one is a sequence sentence since it develops the idea of the situation sentence. The most significant difference between these function words as signals of “inclusion” and the forms given above as signals of sequence lies in the fact that these function words of inclusion at the beginning of a sentence look forward to a coming sentence unit, while the signals of sequence look backward to the preceding sentence unit.
Conclusion it is difficult to find an opinion which is shared by the majority of linguists. We must clearly understand that the composite sentence as such is part and parcel of the general syntactic system of language, and its use is an inalienable feature of any normal expression of human thought in intercourse.
References :
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