‘Mesopotamia’

the histories I had to unlearn

     *

nothing in the way of thunder at sea

     *

scapulars worn on both sides

     *

he wondered if she kept the picture of him

shaking hands with an octopus

     *

encyclicals of yellow falling leaves

     *

somehow he missed seeing the preserved right index finger of Saint Teresa

     *

counting jimmy-legs in the waiting room

     *

sad sagging man-boobs of the subway shooter

     *

he’s philosophically aligned with the quotes on herbal tea bags

     *

a folded dishrag above his dogmatically clean sink

     *

auditing the billowing clouds

     *

even in a place of no escape

there are analog leaks of light

     *

the boy in the last row

says he always stares at the sun

     *

an hour after the eclipse

the whole moon to myself

     *

it’s like an urgent announcement I can’t quite hear

     *

Tashkent University of Humanitarian
Sciences 2nd-year student
Sobirova Iroda Аbdulaziz qizi

Innovative Directions for Entrepreneurship Development: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Strategies

Abstract
The article reveals the essence and significance of innovative entrepreneurship as a key factor in economic development. It analyzes the main innovative directions for the development of entrepreneurship, including digitalization, technological, and social innovations. Based on the mechanisms of state support for the innovative activity of small and medium-sized businesses and world experience (for example, Japan), proposals and recommendations have been developed.
Keywords: Innovative Entrepreneurship, Digital Economy, Product Innovation, Technological Innovation, Social Innovation, Venture Capital, Technoparks.

Introduction
In the transition to an innovative path of economic development, entrepreneurship, especially small business, plays a crucial role. Success in modern market conditions is not limited to effective management of existing resources, but also requires the search for new ideas and their implementation in practice (innovative activity) (Source 1.1). The objective of the article is to scientifically and theoretically substantiate the innovative directions for entrepreneurship development and to propose effective strategies for their implementation.

Essence and Types of Innovative Entrepreneurship
One of the main tasks of entrepreneurship is creativity and the pursuit of creating new products (services) (Source 1.1). Innovative entrepreneurship is the initiative that introduces new products to the market, implements new production technologies, or brings in new forms of business organization.

There are three main types of innovative entrepreneurship, aimed at different goals (Source 2.3):
Product Innovations: Renewal of the company’s sales potential, expansion of market share, and creation of new jobs.
Technology Innovations: Saving energy and raw materials, increasing labor productivity, and renewing production capacity.
Social Innovations: Improving the social environment of the enterprise, mobilizing employees towards a common goal, and enhancing the organization’s reputation.

Priority Innovative Directions for Entrepreneurship Development
The main directions for the development of modern entrepreneurship include:

Digital Technologies and Digitalization
In the context of the digital economy, creating a favorable business environment for the development of innovative entrepreneurship is highly relevant. This includes the application of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud technologies, Big Data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) into business processes. Digitalization also enables the development of remote work forms, which serves to increase work efficiency (Sources 1.5, 1.6).

Innovative Development of Education and Human Resources Potential
Modern approaches to preparing for entrepreneurial activity, especially the use of business simulation programs (training for the future), are important. This helps young people gain interest and practical skills for starting their own business. The government’s intention to integrate entrepreneurship holistically into the entire education system also indicates the priority of this direction (Sources 1.3, 2.5).

Institutional Support and Infrastructure
The role of the state in regulating and stimulating the development of innovative entrepreneurial activity is significant. Key directions include:
Developing the venture capital market.
Establishing technoparks, innovation centers, and clusters (Sources 2.1, 2.4).
Improving the system of tax incentives for entrepreneurs engaged in innovative activities (Source 1.5).

Conclusion and Recommendations
The innovative development of entrepreneurship is a prerequisite for ensuring the country’s economic progress. This process should primarily be aimed at the commercialization of new ideas and increasing the innovative activity of small businesses.

Practical Recommendations
Expanding Innovative Infrastructure: It is advisable to increase the number of innovation centers in the regions and support local industrial enterprises involved in technological innovations (Source 2.6).
Stimulating Demand for Innovations: Ensuring a comprehensive system for the creation of new types of products and innovative technologies from the idea stage to the final consumer.
Implementing Foreign Experience: Deeply studying and implementing the experience of developed countries, such as Japan, in developing regional innovative entrepreneurship (technopolises, research centers) (Source 2.7).

List of References (Bibliography)
Textbooks, Monographs, and Publications
Schumpeter, J. A. (2007). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Moscow: Eksmo. (For the theoretical foundations of innovative entrepreneurship).
Freeman, C. (2011). The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Moscow: Infra-M. (To cover the impact of technological innovation on the economy).
Porter, M. E. (2011). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Moscow: Alpina Publisher. (For analyzing competition and innovative advantage).
Scientific Articles and Journals
Kadirov, A. Z. (2020). The role of innovations in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. Iqtisodiyot va innovatsion texnologiyalar (Economics and Innovative Technologies), (1), 240–255. (To include local experience).
Nabiev, N. N. (2021). Directions for the development of innovative entrepreneurial activity in the conditions of the digital economy. Moliya va bank ishi (Finance and Banking), (3), 78–85. (To cover the digitalization direction).
Saidov, M. A. (2019). Mechanisms for increasing the innovative activity of business entities. Bozor, pul va kredit (Market, Money, and Credit), (6), 55–63.
Statistical Compilations, Reports, and Internet Sources
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-60 of January 28, 2022, “On the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022–2026”. National Database of Legislation. (To substantiate state strategic directions).
OECD. (2021). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2021. Paris: OECD Publishing. (For international experience and statistical data).
World Bank. (2020). Digital Economy for Development (DE4D) Project Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. (To analyze the impact of digital technologies).
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2023). Global Innovation Index 2023 Report. Geneva: WIPO. (To include global innovation ranking data).

Ars poetica in Shots

A poem begins where the mouth hesitates. 

When words betray you,

and tears are not enough. It’s the corner of the world that listens back,

no need to shout or make yourself be understood. 

It’s the music of the heart and the rhythm of the mind.

The way it takes the feelings deeply rooted and how it shows a sliver of yourself. What if you don’t?

What if you think poetry doesn’t listen back, isn’t born on the page,

not enough to save you, 

not there, not real.

What better way to bottle everything up, and never write.

Poetry is a gift few save, some find and none forget.

Peculiar Features of the Phonetic System of the Uzbek Language
Kattakurgan State Pedagogical Institute
Faculty of Philology and Social Sciences
Department of Uzbek Language and Literature, Group 25_04
Student: Abulqosimova Bahora

Abstract:
This scientific article analyzes the peculiar features of the phonetic system of the Uzbek language. The study investigates the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their changes in phonetic processes, and their roles in word formation. Additionally, phonetic phenomena such as stress, intonation, and assimilation are highlighted as factors influencing semantic distinctions in the language. The article also examines phonetic changes that have occurred throughout the historical development of the Uzbek language and their reflections in dialectal variations. The research findings hold theoretical and practical significance for ongoing studies in the fields of phonetics and phonology.

Keywords:
Phonetics, phonology, vowel sounds, consonant sounds, stress, intonation, assimilation, pronunciation, phonetic system.
Introduction:
Language is the most important social phenomenon of humanity and serves as the primary tool of communication among people. The formation and development of any language are primarily manifested through its phonetic system, as speech sounds constitute the fundamental material of language structure. Phonetic units are directly related to all levels of language — lexical, grammatical, and morphological — and play a crucial role in accurately conveying meaning.

The Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic language family and possesses a phonetic system characterized by complex phenomena and unique features formed over its historical development. The pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their changes in phonetic processes, and their functions in word formation are key criteria defining the national characteristics of the language. In particular, features such as vowel length, consonant voicing and devoicing, as well as processes like assimilation, dissimilation, stress, and intonation, have a unique realization in Uzbek.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the peculiarities of the Uzbek phonetic system, the role of vowels and consonants in phonetic processes, and the differences found in dialectal variations. Furthermore, it examines how phonetic phenomena affect meaning distinctions and phonetic changes over the course of historical development, based on scientific sources. The research results are theoretically and practically significant for modern studies in phonetics and phonology.

Literature Review:
Several prominent scholars have made significant contributions to the study of the Uzbek phonetic system.
A. Mahmudov explored the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their articulatory changes in speech processes, and described them using experimental methods. He relied on phonetic observations to establish norms of literary pronunciation. His work laid the scientific foundation for determining pronunciation standards and demonstrated the practical importance of phonetics.

Ayyub G‘ulomov specialized in theoretical linguistics and studied word formation and morphology in the Uzbek language. Although his work did not focus directly on phonetics and phonology, it emphasized language structure, word formation, and speech organization. His theoretical methodology is considered valuable in phonetic research.

Abdulhamid Nurmonov focused on the phonological system of the Uzbek language, the functions of phonemes, and positional and combinatorial features of language units.
M. Mirtojiev investigated the structure of the vowel system in Uzbek, their labialization, height, and historical development. He also compared phonetic differences in Karluk, Kipchak, and Oghuz dialects.

S. Otamirzayeva discussed the impact of phonetic phenomena on the teaching process, highlighting the role of stress, intonation, and assimilation in speech.
M. Yusupova conducted an in-depth analysis of consonants, including voicing and devoicing relationships, and outlined rules and patterns of phonetic changes.
A. Hojiyev developed theoretical foundations of phonology, paying special attention to the meaning-distinguishing function of phonemes.
Sh. Rahmatullayev specialized in historical phonetics, analyzing phonetic changes in ancient written sources.

The works of these scholars have enriched the theoretical and practical understanding of the Uzbek phonetic system and contributed significantly to the development of phonetics as a discipline.

Analysis and Results:
The Uzbek phonetic system shares common features with Turkic languages while exhibiting unique national characteristics. Research shows that the articulatory features of vowels and consonants, their changes during speech, and phonetic rules have evolved throughout the language’s historical development.
Analysis of the vowel system demonstrates classification based on labialization, front-back position, and tongue height. Historical developments include certain phonetic changes, such as the shortening of long vowels in Old Turkic. In dialectal speech, vowel position shifts give rise to phonetic variants.

Stress and intonation play a crucial role in proper comprehension. Phonetic rules are key in establishing standards of literary pronunciation. Scientific studies in phonetics have shown that speech sounds possess not only physical and physiological characteristics but also semantic properties.
Overall, studies on Uzbek phonetics provide a systematic understanding of phonemes, their role in distinguishing meaning, and factors influencing historical development. This strengthens the theoretical foundation of phonetics and contributes to the formation of literary language norms.

Conclusion:
The phonetic system of the Uzbek language represents a fundamental layer of the language’s internal structure. The system of speech sounds, their articulatory and acoustic properties, and the role of phonetic processes are central to the field of phonetics. Sounds are not only the material basis of speech but also serve as meaning-distinguishing elements that connect language units. Therefore, scientific study of the phonetic system is essential for shaping literary norms, improving pronunciation culture, and enhancing overall speech culture in Uzbek.

In the Uzbek sound system, vowels and consonants function in harmony. Vowels are classified by labialization, front-back position, and tongue height, while consonants are categorized by voicing-devoicing, plosive-fricative, and sonorant characteristics. Phonetic processes — such as assimilation, dissimilation, stress, intonation, and elision — ensure natural adaptation of speech sounds and play a vital role in conveying the meaning of words and sentences.
Research in phonetics confirms that the Uzbek phonetic system is continuously developing and evolving. Historical sound changes, dialectal variations, and pronunciation peculiarities reflect the richness and national spirit of the language. A thorough understanding of phonetic theory expands linguistic knowledge and provides a scientific foundation for teaching Uzbek, reinforcing literary standards, and developing speech culture.

References:
Mahmudov A. Issues of Uzbek Literary Phonetics. – Tashkent: Fan, 2007.
Mirtojiev M. The Vowel System in the Uzbek Language and Its Development. – Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 1991.
Otamirzayeva S., Yusupova M. Phonetics, Orthography, Orthoepy, and Orthography. – Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2010.
Hojiyev A. Explanatory Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. – Tashkent: Fan, 2002.
Rahmatullayev Sh. Historical Phonetics of the Uzbek Language. – Tashkent: Universitet, 1995.
Yoldoshev I., et al. Fundamentals of Linguistics. – Tashkent: Fan, 2014.
Zokirova H., Nabiyeva D. Phonetics of the Uzbek Language. – Andijan: ASU Press, 2016.

Subtropics

Love is quiet

Quiet

Be strong heart

I’ve cried tears

that have

tasted like the rain

Woven into my tissues

are wildflowers

What are woven

into yours?

I spoke to  

the person in the cell

I went to bed with storms in my head

I called it a mistake then

And much later, a lesson

a choice

It’s summer

I feel the heat

beneath my skin 

under my eyelids

I feed my father’s cancer

tomato sandwiches 

Dark

Dark

Dark

Here they come

The waves

Fear in my heart

for every word not said

every meal not prepared

when I saw blood

on the bandage

that covered your eye

Oh, mother

will you ever forgive me

for not listening to you?

Daily I write you poems

inside my head

that turn into

hymns, psalms

the Chopin melody turns into a river

the piano into a cold leaf

Dark

Dark

Dark

Here the waves come

I am left waiting for a miracle

in the dark

a spinster

with spinster thoughts

with spinster wants, needs and desires

even these fantasies

have tested me. 

Overnight I turned into a museum

What is this weakness inside of me?

Yes, I realise I am weak

I realise

I have my limitations

Self, ego

The road is a miracle

It’s dark

I can’t seem to find my way

The older men are nice

They are kind

The men who are

as old as my father

have intellectual discussions with me

The women ignore me

Their laughter tastes like English mustard

That’s all

Decay

That’s all

that’s left of me.

I wait

for the chops

to defrost

on the countertop

growing older

colder, more afraid

in this

a time of questioning

I read my future

Counting my past’s sorrows

Anxiety’s pre-history

Mad with erosion in my soul

I think I understand 

your shy tenderness now

The beast 

and roots and the powers

of wilderness in you

Poetry is experience

Vertigo taught me that

I think of all my teachers

while the meat turns into metaphor.

The doorway

I make toast

with peanut butter

for you

it’s important

there are many

things that are important

these days

the light

in this room

for one thing

for another

the fact that you’re

awake

that I’m in the kitchen

making you

a late breakfast

Digging

Digging

Digging

While they dig

Yes, while those cancer cells dig, chip

anchoring away

I eat the sun

It drips down my chin

While the dog barks

Yes, while the dog barks

You’re quiet

So, so quiet

Into the loathed

strangeness of cancer

They curl then dance, curl

and dance away into mitochondria

Into the strangeness

of tissues and organs

the groaning of the body

its atoms

all of its dimensions

Into the holistic awareness

of those cells

Daddy, I hope

these berries heal you

Take this

and accept this mug

of green tea

this offering,

this machine

My love is like

ginger and honey, these bees’ rage

will nourish you

The ginger

will behave

like ointment, honey a salve

a balm

I keep meeting

your gaze in maps

Drinking in the fear

and anguish in your eyes

You see, it matches my own.

It matches my own

The doorway becomes

a passage, nobody sees my tears.

And you, dad,

becomes a new creation

While the machine performs a scan

on you

I am frozen

You’re a sphere

A flat grassland

The back of my hand

Neverland

One day you’re never

Coming back to me

You won’t be walking

through the front door

The grief and longing here

how sweet you are

how faithful

Never leave daddy

Never leave me, my beloved

Strange bones

What strange love this is

A daughter’s love

To optimism and hope

For its appearance in my life

This is me remembering you

And for the memories

All the memories

That you will leave behind.

ΠΑΙΔΙΚΗ ΣΟΦΙΑ (Ποίημα)

Σε κάποια μέρη μακρινά

Μια παιδική καρδιά σκιρτά

Ψάχνει ειρήνη για να βρει

Μέσα στου κόσμου τη βοή.

Παντού ακούει στεναγμούς

Βάσανα, λύπες και καημούς

Στέκεται μόνο κι απορεί

Όλα αυτά παρατηρεί.

-Τα πράγματα είναι απλά

Αν τα κοιτάς από ψηλά

Τ ’ασήμαντα μην τα ποθείς

Μέσα σου ειρήνη για να βρεις.

Άκου για λίγο την φωνή

Την άδολη, την παιδική

Μην ψάχνεις άσκοπες  στιγμές

Δόξες και μνείες φοβερές.

Ούτε το κέρδος να κοιτάς

Μονάχα να χαμογελάς

Σαν την αγάπη θα γευτείς

Μόνο αυτή θα επιζητείς.

Στο λέω εγώ –ένα παιδί

Που ξέρει λίγα απ’ τη ζωή

Μα ξέρει όμως πιο πολλά

Απ’ των Μεγάλων τα Δεινά.

ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟ ΒΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΗ Μάντυ (Διαμάντω) Πιστικού γεννήθηκε το 1974 στον Πειραιά. Λάτρης των Τεχνών και των Γραμμάτων, ξεκίνησε από πολύ μικρή να γράφει τα πρώτα της ποιήματα, στίχους και μουσικές συνθέσεις. Δίδαξε Αγγλικά επί σειρά ετών, δίνοντας έμφαση στα παιδιά με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες και την Τέχνη ως μέσο έκφρασης και διδασκαλίας. Διατέλεσε ως μέλος της TESOL Greece. Εργάζεται ως διοικητικό προσωπικό στο Εθνικό Κέντρο Αποκατάστασης. Αποφοίτησε  από το τμήμα  Ελληνικού Πολιτισμού στο Ελληνικό Ανοιχτό Πανεπιστήμιο έχοντας κερδίσει υποτροφίες αριστείας για όλα τα  έτη των σπουδών της. Είναι κάτοχος του μεταπτυχιακού ‘Λαϊκός πολιτισμός και Λογοτεχνία’ στο ΕΚΠΑ. Έργα της έχουν διακριθεί σε διάφορους λογοτεχνικούς διαγωνισμούς. Γράφει για να εκφράσει τα συναισθήματα και τις ανησυχίες τις για διάφορα θέματα ενώ παράλληλα ονειρεύεται και πασχίζει να συμβάλλει σε έναν καλύτερο κόσμο

WISDOM OF A CHILD

Ιn far-off places, out of sight,

A child’s heart stirs with gentle light.

It seeks for peace, a place to be,

Inside this world’s uncertainty.

It hears the sighs from every land,

The suffering hard to understand.

It stands alone, with wondering eyes,

Watching the sorrows as they rise.

“Things can be simple, can’t you see,

When viewed with calm serenity?

Don’t chase the things that fade away—

Find peace within your heart today.”

“Listen a moment to the sound

Of innocence that’s all around.

Don’t search for vain and hollow praise,

Or glory lost in fleeting days.”

“Don’t look for profit, gold, or gain;

Just smile beyond the world’s disdain.

Taste love, and once you feel it grow,

That’s all you’ll ever need to know.”

“I tell you this—though I’m a child,

Still learning in a world so wild—

I know some truths, though small I seem,

More than the grown-ups dare to dream.”

SHORT BIO

Mandy (Diamanto) Pistikou was born in 1974 in Piraeus. A lover of Arts and Letters, she began writing her first poems, lyrics, and musical compositions at a very young age. She taught English for several years, with an emphasis on children with learning difficulties and on using Art as a means of expression and teaching. She has served as a member of TESOL Greece. She currently works as administrative staff at the National Rehabilitation Center. She graduated from the Hellenic Open University with a degree in Hellenic Culture, having been awarded excellence scholarships for every year of her studies. She holds an MA in “Folk Culture and Literature” from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Her works have been distinguished in various literary competitions. She writes in order to express her emotions and concerns on various issues, while at the same time dreaming of and striving to contribute to a better world.

THE ROLE OF THE WORD IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Qulliyeva Feruza Qosimovna
Student of Termez State University

The first period of reform was marked by the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the main body after Uzbekistan achieved its independence. The Constitution is not only a legal document, but also the main foundation of society and its main weapon in the official Square. It should not be viewed only as a set of laws, since the Constitution is a bold step directly related to the life of every citizen, in the way of progressing the country and managing it with Justice. In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language “Constitution Latin constitutio-designation, decision, appointment, legalization. The Basic Law of the state, which has a high legal force, is the basis of all current laws,” explained.
As we read the Constitution, we can come across many foreign intrusive words.

The use of these words is not just a coincidence. A legal document requires, first of all, to show accuracy, to be simple and equally understandable to all. In this sense, the words of appropriation contribute to the representation of terminological accuracy in the Constitution, as well as the enrichment of the lexical layer of the Uzbek language. We read the Constitution, we can come across many foreign intrusive words. The use of these words is not just a coincidence. A legal document requires, first of all, to show accuracy, to be simple and equally understandable to all. In this sense, the words of appropriation contribute to the representation of terminological accuracy in the Constitution, as well as the enrichment of the lexical layer of the Uzbek language. The use of borrowed words ensures that the law complies with international standards and accurately and clearly conveys its legal content.
We can divide words of assimilation into two parts according to their use in our language:

Active mastering-words that are actively used today, the content of which is understandable to all, have become the main terms of the legal language.

For example: democracy – (Greek “demos “ – people,” kratos “ – power) the freedom and equality of citizens is enshrined in the Constitution and laws, the forms of people’s power are established in practice and a specific political system; people’s power; Republic – (Latin for” common work“,” people’s work”) the form of government in which the Supreme state power belongs to the Authority (President or parliament); President – (Latin “prae” – ahead, “sedere” – to sit, to lead) a form of government in which the Supreme state power belongs to a body of power (President or parliament)elected for a certain period; a state with such a form of Government; article – (Arabic “subject”, “basis”) an independent branch of official document, complex, law and the like, separated by a number or letter; Parliament – (Latin “parlare” – to talk, talk) a higher representative and legislative body, which is drawn up in

Inactive introspections are words that are little used in everyday speech, difficult to understand, characteristic mainly of formal-legal texts.

For example: ratification – (Latin “ratificatio “ – approval, approval) approval of an international treaty or convention by a body of Supreme state power, to be legally enforced in the same countries; monopoly – (Greek” monos-singular, “poleo” – sell)
an enterprise or association that is the sole owner of the production and sale of a product or service; a state of secluded dominance in the market; a speaker – (English “speaker“) is the chairman of Parliament or chairman of the chamber in the parliaments of a number of countries (including Uzbekistan); a denunciation – (French” denocer” – declare, inform) that a state.

These words, which are found in the Constitution, are not the sum of phrasal terms. These words, recognized and actively used in the international arena during today’s globalization, have had time to become a mirror that shows the political level of each country. These words, which are found in the Constitution, are not the sum of phrasal terms. These words, recognized and actively used in the international arena during today’s globalization, have had time to become a mirror that shows the political level of each country. We cannot deny foreign inflected terms, because certain acquisition terms are so complete with their legal content that its complete replacement with a national language alternative can lead to a transformation of the content and purpose being expressed and misunderstandings.

For this reason, the application of the words of appropriation in our Constitution is determined by the need to accurately and clearly reflect deeply thought out and legal concepts.
In conclusion, the place and level of appropriation words used in the Constitution are very important. While active appropriations have been absorbed into the life of society, serving to increase the legal literacy of the population, while at the same time enriching the language layer, inactive appropriation words are an integral, unified and necessary part of legal text and speech, through which they ensure the accuracy and consistency of the content in the laws of the Constitution.