Modern Science and Its Role in Society
Scientific Supervisor Abdullajonova Shakhnoza Qudratovna
Kokand University, Andijan Branch, Department of Foreign Languages, English Teacher
Azamova Kumushoy Akramjon qizi

KUAF Elementary Education, Distance Learning, 2nd Year, Student 24.03

Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of modern science and its role in societal progress. It substantiates that scientific and technological
advancement is a key factor in enhancing economic competitiveness, fostering innovation-driven development, improving the quality of education, and ensuring social well-being across various sectors of human life. Particular attention is given to the impact of globalization and digitalization on scientific research, as well as to the contribution of modern science to addressing contemporary social challenges and shaping the knowledge-based economy.

Keywords: modern science, social development, scientific and technological progress, innovation- driven development, digitalization, globalization, knowledge-based economy.

Introduction
The 21st century is distinguished by the unparalleled importance of science and technology in the development of humanity. Modern science deeply permeates all spheres of societal life, emerging as
a key driving force in ensuring economic growth, social stability, quality of education, healthcare systems, and human well-being. The processes of globalization and digitalization accelerate the rapid
dissemination and practical application of scientific knowledge, shaping a new stage of societal development.

Science is no longer just a collection of theoretical knowledge but also serves as a practical tool aimed at solving societal problems. Innovative technologies, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, information-communication systems, and ecological research are the main directions of modern science, serving to enhance economic competitiveness, create new jobs, and ensure social equality. At the same time, the advancement of science also presents new responsibilities and challenges to society. The rational use of scientific achievements, adherence to ethical norms, and a deep understanding of the interdependence between science and society are of great importance. From this perspective, a scientifically grounded analysis of the role and impact of modern science in society is a relevant issue. The main objective of this research is to comprehensively analyze the impact of modern scientific development on societal progress, determine the socio-economic significance of scientific-technical advancement, and scientifically substantiate the interrelationships between science and society.

Research Methodology

This research process was conducted based on a systematic and comprehensive methodological approach. Qualitative and quantitative analysis elements were integrated to thoroughly study the role of modern science in society. Firstly, the method of scientific literature analysis was applied, studying local and international scientific sources, monographs, scientific articles, and reports of international organizations dedicated to issues of modern science, scientific-technical progress, and societal development. This analysis helped identify the main development directions and theoretical
approaches of science. Secondly, the comparative method was used to compare the impact of science and technology on societal development in different countries and regions. Using examples
of developed and developing countries, the impact of scientific potential on economic growth and social well-being was analyzed. Thirdly, analytical and generalizing methods were employed to
systematize the economic, social, and cultural aspects of scientific-technical progress in society and draw key conclusions. Additionally, the impact of globalization and digitalization processes on scientific activity was separately analyzed. Furthermore, using logical analysis and scientific forecasting methods, the future prospects of scientific development in society were evaluated. The chosen methodology allowed achieving the research objective and conducting an in-depth analysis of the interdependence between science and society.

Review of Literature Used
The literature used in this research illuminates the issue of the impact of modern science on societal development from various perspectives. Analysis of foreign and local sources shows that scientific- technical progress directly influences economic, social, and cultural spheres. UNESCO (2023) and OECD (2022) reports analyze the role of science in sustainable development within the context of globalization and digitalization, serving as a basis for identifying issues of globalization and science integration in this research.

Statistical data from the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (2024) enabled the assessment of the economic and social impact of science at the national level. Scholars such as Freeman and Louçã (2001), Ziman (2000), and Merton (1973) theoretically explain the interdependence between science and society and clarify the impact of scientific achievements on economic and social efficiency. The research by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) analyzes the “Triple Helix” model of university-industry-government collaboration, demonstrating the strategic role of science in innovative development. Additionally, R&D Magazine (2022) reports enabled the assessment of countries’ competitiveness by comparing global innovation indexes and scientific capacity indicators. Based on these sources, the research systematically identified the impact of science on economic growth, social stability, and cultural development.

Overall, the literature used not only strengthened the theoretical basis of the research but also enabled a comprehensive analysis of the role and importance of modern science in society. With the
help of these sources, scientific results were compared in international and local contexts, ensuring the scientific validity of the research.

Analysis and Results
The research results show that modern science significantly impacts various aspects of societal development.

1. Economic Impact: According to the analysis results, scientific-technical achievements increase production efficiency and reduce costs in enterprises. The implementation of artificial intelligence and
   digital technologies serves to create new jobs and stimulate innovative development. Comparative analysis shows that in developed countries, the impact of scientific development on economic growth is significantly higher (20–30% difference) compared to developing countries.
2. Social Impact: Scientific achievements in biotechnology and healthcare help improve the population’s standard of living and health indicators. The implementation of pedagogical and
   educational technologies contributes to improving the quality of education.
3. Cultural and Ethical Impact: Scientific achievements influence the development of ethical values and cultural norms in society. The processes of globalization and digitalization ensure the rapid
   dissemination and practical application of scientific knowledge, which strengthens the scientific capacity of society. The analysis shows that the interdependence between science and society is complex and multifaceted. Science not only ensures economic efficiency and social stability but also contributes to cultural and ethical development. At the same time, the irrational use of scientific
   achievements or non-compliance with ethical norms can exacerbate social problems.

Conclusion
The research results show that modern science plays a crucial role in all spheres of societal development. Scientific-technical achievements increase economic efficiency, create new jobs, and
contribute to the development of education and healthcare systems. At the same time, science also influences the formation of cultural values, ethical norms, and ecological responsibility in society. The
research determined that:

· The interdependence between science and society is complex and multifaceted, holding strategic importance for sustainable development.
· The rational use of scientific achievements and their practical application in accordance with societal needs are key factors in ensuring future competitiveness and prosperity.

Overall, modern science is the main driving force of societal progress, and its development holds decisive importance in ensuring socio-economic stability, cultural advancement, and human well-being.

Conclusion
The research results show that modern science plays a crucial role in all spheres of societal development. Scientific-technical achievements increase economic efficiency, create new jobs, and
contribute to the development of education and healthcare systems. At the same time, science also influences the formation of cultural values, ethical norms, and ecological responsibility in society. The
research determined that:

· The interdependence between science and society is complex and multifaceted, holding strategic importance for sustainable development.
· The rational use of scientific achievements and their practical application in accordance with societal needs are key factors in ensuring future competitiveness and prosperity.

Overall, modern science is the main driving force of societal progress, and its development holds decisive importance in ensuring socio-economic stability, cultural advancement, and human well-
being.

References

1. Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development. – Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2023.
2. State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Statistical Yearbook of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: SSC Publications, 2024.
3. The Impact of Science and Technology on Society. – Paris: OECD Publishing, 2022.
4. Freeman, C., & Louçã, F. As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
5. Ziman, J. Real Science: What It Is, and What It Means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
6. Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and “Mode 2” to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 2000, pp. 109–123.
7. R&D Magazine. Global Innovation Index. New York: R&D World Publications, 2022.
8. Merton, R. K. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

“My Mother Tongue – The Pride of the Nation”

Mother tongue is the most beautiful melody that comes from the heart of a people, the most sacred word. Every person first understands the world through their mother tongue, begins to speak with their mother’s lullaby, and feels life through this language. Therefore, mother tongue is an invaluable heritage for every nation, the most sacred wealth left by ancestors.

The Uzbek language is a language that embodies ancient history, rich culture, and high spirituality. Each of its expressions conveys the spirit, love, honor and dignity of our people. When a person hears words like “Love,” “Homeland,” “Mother,” “Friendship,” feelings of pride and honor awaken in their soul. Through these words, we understand our identity and our roots.

Alisher Navoi said, “A people who know their language will be a people, a people who do not know their language will not be a people.” There is deep meaning in these words. Because a nation without a language is like a tree whose roots have been cut. We must justify the trust of our ancestors by preserving, loving and cherishing our language.

Today, the Uzbek language, as the state language, is taking its place in all spheres of our country’s life. This is a source of pride and honor for us. As the younger generation, we must enrich our language further, and justify the trust of our ancestors by loving and cherishing it.

Language is a bridge. It connects the past and the future, the dreams of our forefathers with our noble goals. Therefore, whoever preserves their language actually preserves the history, honor, and pride of their people.

Let us also speak our mother tongue with love in every word, with pride in every sentence. Because “My mother tongue – the pride of the nation” is not just a slogan, but an eternal truth that lives in our hearts.

Termiz State University 

Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, 

Mathematics Department,

 1st year student – Safarqulova Iroda

SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN SCIENTIFIC STYLE

Erkinov Dilmurod Adham o‘g‘li

Master’s student, Namangan State Pedagogical Institute

Introduction

The development of society, science, and technology significantly expands the functional potential of language. Language serves not only as a means of communication but also as an essential tool for expressing scientific thinking. In particular, the necessity to present ideas clearly, consistently, and logically in scientific activity has led to the formation of the scientific style. The scientific style differs from other functional styles of language in its objectivity, logical coherence, precision, and generalization. These features are most clearly manifested in sentence structure.In scientific discourse, every idea is based on specific evidence, concepts, or theoretical foundations. Therefore, logical consistency and grammatical accuracy prevail over emotionality, imagery, or subjective attitudes. This imposes specific requirements on syntactic structure.

Sentences used in scientific texts are usually complex and are interconnected through logical relations such as cause–effect, explanation, comparison, condition, and conclusion. As a result, a chain of ideas is formed within the text, facilitating the reader’s comprehension of scientific information.The issue of sentence structure in scientific style is closely related to syntax as a branch of linguistics.

Syntactic means ensure the logical organization of information, the clear expression of relationships between concepts, and the integrity of overall meaning in scientific texts. In particular, the standard word order of sentence elements, frequent use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses, prevalence of nominalized forms, and use of passive voice verbs are considered key features of scientific syntax.

In addition, sentences in scientific style often have a generalized character. That is, they are oriented not toward a specific person but toward phenomena and laws. Therefore, personal references are limited, predicates are mostly used in the present tense, and ideas are presented objectively. These features ensure the objectivity of scientific discourse.

Such characteristics of sentence construction reflect the mechanism of expressing scientific thinking through language.This article analyzes the syntactic features of sentence construction typical of the scientific style, examines word order, the use of complex sentences, and logical cohesive devices through examples.

Typical sentence models used in scientific texts are also discussed, revealing their role in delivering information clearly and consistently. Studying these issues is important for developing scientific writing skills, improving scientific speech culture, and enriching syntactic research in linguistics.

Literature Review

The issue of scientific style and its syntactic features has been widely studied in linguistics, primarily at the intersection of functional stylistics and syntax. Research on grammatical, lexical, and stylistic features of scientific discourse provides a significant theoretical basis for understanding the structure of scientific texts.

In Uzbek linguistics, the classification of functional styles and the distinctive features of scientific style have been examined by scholars such as N. Mahmudov, A. Nurmonov, Sh. Rahmatullayev, and H. Doniyorov. These studies identify precision, logical coherence, conciseness, and objectivity as the main characteristics of scientific style.

Scholars emphasize that the selection of linguistic units in scientific discourse serves to convey content clearly and objectively, which is especially evident in sentence construction.From a syntactic perspective, the structure of scientific texts has been extensively discussed in the works of A. G‘ulomov, M. Asqarova, and B. O‘rinboyev.

They analyze word order, the use of compound and complex sentences, and the role of subordinate constructions in expressing logical relations. In particular, they note that complex sentences are more frequently used than simple ones in scientific discourse, especially to express cause–effect, condition, and explanatory relations.

Scientific style syntax has also been widely studied in Russian and international linguistics. Scholars such as V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina, and I. R. Galperin analyze scientific discourse as a functional style and identify syntactic means that ensure objectivity and logical coherence. According to them, scientific texts are oriented toward phenomena rather than individuals, which leads to the frequent use of impersonal constructions, passive voice forms, nominalizations, and terminological expressions.

Recent studies within text linguistics focus on text syntax, discourse analysis, and communicative-pragmatic approaches. In these studies, scientific discourse is analyzed not only at the sentence level but also at the text level, considering theme–rheme relations, information flow, and cohesive devices. As a result, sentence construction in scientific style is interpreted in close connection with textual coherence.

Research Methodology

This article employs diachronic analysis, comparative analysis, semantic analysis, and stylistic analysis methods.

Analysis and Results

The analysis of sentence construction in scientific style focuses on syntactic models typical of scientific texts, word order, and the use of logical cohesive devices. The results indicate that sentence structure in scientific discourse significantly differs from other functional styles and primarily serves to convey information clearly, consistently, and objectively.

Features of Simple Sentences

In scientific texts, simple sentences mainly serve to define concepts, clarify notions, and express general conclusions. Such sentences are concise, grammatically complete, and free from emotional elements. The following models are frequently used:

Definitional sentences: A phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Classificatory sentences: Sentences are divided into simple and complex sentences according to their structure.

Generalizing sentences: Scientific discourse is based on precision and logical coherence. In these sentences, the subject is typically expressed by a noun or nominalized form, while the predicate appears in the present tense, ensuring generality and permanence of scientific statements.

Dominance of Complex Sentences

The analysis shows that complex sentences are more frequent than simple ones in scientific style due to the need to express logical relations such as cause–effect, condition, explanation, and comparison.

Common models include: Cause–effect: Language units are interconnected as a system because each element is a component of the overall structure.

Conditional:If sentence elements are arranged correctly, clarity of thought is ensured.

Explanatory constructions:Scientific style is a form of language used to express scientific information.

These structures ensure coherence and enable step-by-step development of ideas.

Word Order

Scientific style follows standard grammatical word order. Inversion is rare, as it may cause ambiguity. Observations show that:the subject usually appears at the beginning of the sentence;modifiers precede the head noun;the predicate typically occurs at the end.

Example:The syntactic structure of a scientific text ensures logical coherence.This model functions as a standard syntactic pattern in scientific discourse.

Passive Voice and Impersonal Constructions

Scientific style tends to focus on processes and phenomena rather than individuals. Therefore, the following are widely used:passive voice forms; impersonal sentences; nominalized constructions.

Examples:This phenomenon has been widely studied in linguistics.The following methods were used in the study.These constructions enhance objectivity.

Logical Connectors

Sentences in scientific texts are connected by specific cohesive devices such as therefore, thus, as a result, first, second, in particular, that is. These elements facilitate logical flow and reader comprehension.

General Findings

The analysis leads to the following conclusions:

Sentence construction in scientific style strictly follows logical coherence. Complex sentences serve as the main syntactic tool of scientific discourse. Standard word order predominates, with minimal inversion.

Passive and impersonal constructions ensure objectivity. Logical connectors contribute to textual cohesion.

Overall, sentence construction in scientific style reflects the close relationship between language and logical thinking, serving as an effective mechanism for precise and systematic transmission of scientific information.

(Young Central Asian woman with long dark hair in a ponytail, small earrings and a long white necklace, and a deep purple coat over a collared white top)

METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF MULTIMEDIA TOOLS IN LITERATURE LESSONS

Abduhamidova Nihola

Namangan State Pedagogical Institute

Master’s Student, Uzbek Language and Literature

Abstract

This article examines the methodological and organizational foundations for the effective integration of multimedia tools in literature education. It highlights the pedagogical potential of multimedia technologies in developing students’ literary and aesthetic worldview, fostering critical thinking, and increasing learning motivation. Based on theoretical analysis and practical teaching experience, the study offers methodological recommendations for literature teachers on the purposeful use of modern digital resources in classroom instruction.

Keywords: literature education, multimedia technologies, interactive lessons, teaching methodology, instructional effectiveness, digital learning tools

Introduction

In recent years, the rapid digital transformation of education has necessitated the adoption of innovative teaching strategies. Within the context of literature education, the effective use of multimedia tools plays a crucial role in developing students’ artistic thinking, aesthetic sensitivity, and interpretive skills. Traditional teacher-centered methods are increasingly being supplemented by digital technologies that enhance lesson interactivity and student engagement (Ahmedova, 2020).

Modern educational practice emphasizes transforming learners from passive recipients of information into active participants in the learning process. Multimedia technologies—such as audio, video, images, animations, and interactive texts—create a multisensory learning environment that supports deeper comprehension and long-term retention. These tools enable students to visualize historical and cultural contexts, analyze literary texts more effectively, and establish emotional connections with literary works (Karimova, 2019).

For instance, presenting scenes from Abdullah Qodiriy’s Bygone Days through film adaptations, historical maps, or visual illustrations allows learners to better understand the social and cultural realities of the depicted period. Audio recordings of literary texts, digital books, infographics, and interactive quizzes further accommodate diverse learning styles and promote learner-centered instruction.

Methodological Approaches to Using Multimedia in Literature Lessons

The effective integration of multimedia tools in literature classes requires systematic methodological planning at all stages of the lesson. The following instructional framework is recommended:

Preparation Phase: Introducing background information through short videos, presentations, or infographics related to the author, historical period, or literary movement.

Presentation Phase: Combining text reading with multimedia resources such as documentaries, author interviews, thematic video clips, or visual illustrations.

Consolidation Phase: Reinforcing learning through interactive activities, including online quizzes, digital storytelling, group discussions, or collaborative multimedia tasks.

Assessment Phase: Evaluating learning outcomes using online tests, multimedia project presentations, peer assessment, and reflective digital portfolios.

This structured approach supports differentiated instruction and enhances students’ analytical, interpretive, and creative abilities.

Pedagogical and Theoretical Foundations

Audiovisual and Multimodal Pedagogy

Audiovisual education emphasizes the combined use of visual and auditory stimuli to improve comprehension and memory retention. Multimodal instruction enables learners to process information through multiple channels, increasing engagement and understanding.

Active and Constructivist Learning

Research demonstrates that active learning strategies—where students discuss, analyze, and interact with content—significantly improve academic performance compared to traditional lecture-based methods. Constructivist learning theory suggests that multimedia tools facilitate active knowledge construction, particularly through collaborative projects and digital storytelling.

Cognitive Load and Multimedia Design

According to Cognitive Load Theory, well-designed multimedia materials that integrate relevant visuals, narration, and text can enhance learning without overloading students’ working memory. Effective multimedia instruction minimizes extraneous information and presents content in a clear, sequential manner.

Evidence of Multimedia Effectiveness

Empirical studies across educational disciplines confirm that multimedia-based instruction improves learner motivation, comprehension, and academic performance. In literature education specifically, the use of films, animations, presentations, and audio recordings has been shown to increase students’ interest in literary texts and deepen their understanding of themes, characters, and stylistic features (Mamarasulova, 2021).

Activities such as dramatizing literary scenes, listening to poetry performances, or creating student-produced videos encourage creativity and critical thinking. These practices shift learners from passive consumers of content to active creators, which is essential for effective literature instruction.

Best-Practice Methodological Strategies

Alignment of Tools and Objectives: Multimedia tools should be selected according to lesson goals—for example, digital storytelling for narrative analysis, interactive quizzes for formative assessment, and infographics for collaborative interpretation.

Scaffolding and Media Literacy: Students should be guided in both technical skills and critical analysis of multimedia content to support deeper literary understanding.

Differentiation and Accessibility: Subtitles, adjustable pacing, and multiple content formats should be used to accommodate diverse learning needs and promote inclusive education.

Assessment and Evaluation: Clear rubrics should be developed to assess literary interpretation, multimedia literacy, creativity, and collaboration.

Conclusion

The integration of multimedia tools into literature teaching creates a dynamic and student-centered learning environment that effectively combines traditional and modern pedagogical approaches. When used purposefully and methodologically, multimedia technologies enhance instructional quality, support diverse learners, and foster deeper literary comprehension.

To achieve these outcomes, literature teachers must develop both subject-matter expertise and digital pedagogical competence. Multimedia tools should function as enriching instructional resources aligned with educational objectives rather than as replacements for fundamental teaching methods. Thoughtful and systematic use of multimedia ensures meaningful, engaging, and effective literature education in the digital age.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR USING PROJECT-BASED TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING LITERATURE

Mamatova Mahbuba Abdulboqi qizi Master’s Degree Student (2nd Year) Namangan State Pedagogical Institute.

Abstract

This article provides a theoretical and methodological analysis of the pedagogical conditions for using project-based technology in the process of teaching literature. The didactic potential of project-based learning in developing students’ independent thinking, creative abilities, and literary–aesthetic competence is examined. Particular attention is paid to the organizational, methodological, and psychological factors necessary for the effective implementation of project activities in literature classes. The study substantiates the alignment of project-based technology with the competency-based approach and contemporary educational requirements.

Keywords: project-based learning, literature education, pedagogical conditions, creative competence, independent learning, interdisciplinary integration.

Introduction

In modern education, increasing students’ learning autonomy and transforming them into active participants in the educational process has become a priority. In literature education, special emphasis is placed on developing students’ aesthetic perception, literary thinking, and communicative competence. In this context, project-based technology emerges as an effective innovative pedagogical approach that enhances the quality and effectiveness of literature instruction.

Project-based learning enables students to integrate theoretical knowledge with practical activities through independent inquiry and creative tasks. This approach contributes to the development of critical thinking skills and encourages learners to express their personal interpretations of literary works.

● Didactic Potential of Project-Based Technology in Literature EducationProject-based technology is oriented toward solving problem-based tasks and fostering active cognitive engagement. In literature classes, project activities promote in-depth analysis of literary texts, exploration of character systems, interpretation of authorial ideas, and the formulation of individual viewpoints.

Through project work, students engage in presentations, creative writing, dramatizations, and research-oriented tasks. As a result, their literary knowledge becomes systematized, and their independent learning competence is significantly enhanced.

●Pedagogical Conditions for Implementing Project-Based Technology Project activities should be designed in accordance with clearly articulated educational goals. In literature teaching, project objectives must focus on developing students’ literary thinking and reinforcing theoretical knowledge through practical application.

●Consideration of Students’ Individual CharacteristicsThe selection of project topics should take into account students’ age, cognitive abilities, and interests. This approach increases motivation and ensures active participation in project activities.

●Creation of a Motivational Learning Environment

The effective use of project-based learning requires a supportive and motivating educational environment. Problem-based questions, real-life contexts, and creative tasks play a crucial role in stimulating learners’ interest.

●Teacher’s Role as Facilitator and Advisor

Within project-based learning, the teacher acts not as a controller but as a facilitator and consultant who guides students throughout the learning process. This role fosters learners’ independence and responsibility.

●Integration of Individual and Collaborative Activities

Project-based activities should combine individual and group work to develop cooperation, communication skills, and a sense of responsibility among students.

●Ensuring Interdisciplinary Integration

Project-based technology allows literature education to be integrated with history, art, and linguistics. Such interdisciplinary connections contribute to the formation of holistic knowledge and broaden students’ perspectives

.●Systematic Assessment and Reflection

Clear assessment criteria and reflective practices are essential components of project-based learning. Evaluation of project outcomes and self-assessment activities help students analyze their learning experiences and improve future performance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the use of project-based technology in teaching literature plays a significant role in fostering students’ creative and critical thinking skills. The effectiveness of this approach largely depends on the proper organization of pedagogical conditions. Project-based learning enhances the quality of literature education and aligns it with contemporary educational standards and competency-based requirements.

References:

Polat, E. S. Project-Based Learning and Its Didactic Potential in Education. Moscow: Academy, 2019.

Azizkhojayeva, N. N. Pedagogical Technologies and Teaching Excellence. Tashkent: TDPU, 2018.

Ishmuhamedov, R. J. Modern Educational Technologies. Tashkent, 2017.

Karimov, S. Methods of Teaching Literature. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2020.

Effective Approaches to Teaching Classical Epics in General Secondary Schools

Shermamatova Kamola Azizbek qizi

Namangan State Pedagogical Institute

Master’s student (2nd stage), Uzbek Language and Literature

Tel: +998932367802

Abstract

This article provides a scientific and methodological analysis of ways to improve the process of teaching classical epics in general secondary schools. The educational, moral, and aesthetic significance of classical epics is examined, and effective pedagogical approaches—particularly competency-based and interactive methods—are highlighted. The research findings demonstrate that teaching epics in accordance with modern educational requirements contributes to the development of students’ literary thinking and independent reasoning skills.

Keywords: classical epic, literature education, effective approach, interactive methods, competency.

Main Text

In the process of teaching literature in general secondary schools, classical epics occupy a special place as artistic sources of great spiritual, educational, and aesthetic value. Epics embody the centuries-old historical experience of the people, national worldview, moral norms, and aesthetic ideals. Therefore, studying them contributes not only to the development of students’ literary knowledge but also to the formation of their moral maturity.

However, school practice shows that teaching classical epics is often accompanied by various difficulties. In particular, the complexity of archaic language elements, the abundance of figurative devices, and the extensive plot structure make it challenging for students to fully comprehend the text. As a result, in some cases, epics are studied only at the level of retelling the plot or memorization, while their ideological and artistic essence is not sufficiently revealed.

Modern educational concepts emphasize placing the learner at the center of the educational process and shaping them as an active participant. In this context, competency-based approaches, interactive methods, and integrative educational technologies play a crucial role. Especially in teaching classical epics, these approaches foster students’ independent thinking, analytical skills, and aesthetic appreciation.

The purpose of this article is to scientifically analyze effective approaches to teaching classical epics in general secondary schools, identify their advantages in the educational process, and develop practical recommendations. The research findings hold significant theoretical and practical value for literature teachers and methodologists.

A comprehensive methodological approach was employed in the study. Initially, scientific and pedagogical sources related to the topic, research on literature teaching methodology, state educational standards, and curricula were analyzed. This theoretical analysis made it possible to identify existing approaches to teaching classical epics and assess their effectiveness.

Within the framework of the empirical study, literature lessons conducted in general secondary schools were observed, and the practices of experienced teachers were examined. The use of interactive methods such as clustering, discussion, conceptual mapping, role-playing, and creative writing tasks during lessons was analyzed. The impact of these methods on students’ comprehension and analysis of texts was studied comparatively.

The competency-based approach was selected as the methodological foundation of the research. This approach aims to develop students’ ability to apply knowledge in real-life situations and serves as an effective tool for mastering the moral ideas embedded in classical epics. Observation, comparison, generalization, and analytical conclusion methods were used throughout the research process.

The research results indicate that the application of effective approaches in teaching classical epics significantly increases students’ activity during lessons. In classes organized on the basis of interactive methods, students demonstrated deeper comprehension of the text and actively engaged in character analysis. In particular, tasks aimed at identifying the characteristics of epic heroes—such as “Character Description” and “Evaluation of a Hero’s Decision”—contributed to the development of analytical thinking skills.

Through group work, students acquired skills in listening to others’ opinions, providing evidence, and drawing conclusions. Lessons conducted using a competency-based approach showed that students were able to evaluate the actions of epic characters, draw moral conclusions, and relate them to contemporary life. For example, concepts such as justice, loyalty, and patience depicted in epics were analyzed in comparison with modern life situations.

Comparative analysis revealed that in lessons dominated by traditional explanatory methods, student engagement was relatively low, whereas lessons incorporating interactive approaches demonstrated higher effectiveness in question-and-answer sessions, discussions, and creative writing tasks. This had a positive impact on knowledge retention and long-term memory.

The findings confirm the necessity of updating teaching approaches for classical epics in general secondary schools. Modern pedagogical technologies and competency-based approaches make it possible to present the complex artistic structure of epics in an accessible and engaging way. Interactive methods enhance students’ independent thinking and their ability to justify personal viewpoints. Thus, teaching epics becomes not only a means of imparting knowledge but also an effective tool for holistic personal development.

At the same time, these approaches require teachers to possess high methodological competence, apply creative lesson planning, and use modern technologies wisely. The study shows that implementing effective approaches in teaching classical epics fosters respect for and interest in national literary heritage among students. This expands the educational potential of literature as a subject and contributes to improving the quality of education.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the process of teaching classical epics in general secondary schools needs to be reconsidered in accordance with modern educational requirements. The research findings demonstrate that education based on interactive and competency-based approaches ensures students’ deep and conscious mastery of classical epic content.

Effective teaching of classical epics develops students’ literary thinking, moral worldview, and independent thinking competencies. Therefore, the widespread implementation of modern pedagogical methods in teaching epics and the enhancement of teachers’ methodological skills remain essential tasks. The conclusions of this article contribute to improving literature education in general secondary schools and to effectively transmitting classical literary heritage to the younger generation, while also serving as a theoretical foundation for future research.

The Idea Of An English Name 

I began to find the idea of an English name absurd since I started reading Africanist novels and autobiographies – books steeped in the idea of what it means to be African, of feeling rooted in one’s own skin, and of refusing to be apologetic to have been born a black man. Many people consider me as the strange one, and I do not blame them. Sometimes I also accept the fact that I’m strange. In many ways. I do not like to follow the crowd, and that is a very strange thing in this modern world. I’ve been doing some research on what it means to be an old soul, and all the things I’ve learned about being an old soul is not farfetched in my own personal life. Interesting that one could be something without having the language to express it. After I wrote a very strange poem which was accepted and published by Dominique Literary Magazine in the United States I began to study what those words actually mean – Old Wise Soul – which is also the title of my poem. It was one of those poems that came unexpectedly, like a revelation, and I thought it was a silly poem after writing it. It’s about reincarnation and the feeling of ancestral presence, the strong knowledge that you are never alone, that your ancestors are always present with you, in you. The poem was not only accepted, I was asked to record my voice reciting it. That too, was also published. I then began to think about how I was the silly one, not knowing the weight of what I had written. To cure my silliness, I began to research what it means to be an old soul.

But today I want to talk about the “Dominion” I added to my names. A few years ago I decided I wouldn’t pick up another English name because my first name is considered English, though originally a Hebrew name, but Dominion is no ordinary name. It’s my personal revelation. I started using it as a middle name when I was about to sit for my SSCE. They kept asking for a middle name, then one day, like revelation, I got the name “Dominion”. I fought with the word or name. I wanted no English name but here I was receiving an English name for myself. The name persisted, strongly so. With everything in me, I couldn’t fight it off. That was how I became Isaac Dominion Aju. In the WAEC form I spelled in Isaac Dominion Aju.

Still, I wasn’t convinced.
After secondary school I stopped using Dominion. I went with Isaac Aju. Dominion sat in my WAEC certificate, unused in real life. But the name came back many months after my story was published for the first time. On a quiet evening in mid 2025 I sent out a story for the first time as Isaac Dominion Aju. I had to rule out the strict idea of not having another English name. I’m still Africanist in worldview, still surprised when African editors send beautiful mails of acceptance. Maybe having or not having an English name isn’t the problem here. Maybe the main point is to know who you are, to occupy your space in the world, to be a citizen of the world while not denying your roots.

Isaac Dominion Aju was nominated for the Best Of The Net and Pushcart Prize in 2025. He currently lives in Nigeria where he works as a fashion designer, specializing in men’s attire. He has appeared in various international journals including Poetry X Hunger, Cajun Mutt Press and All Your Poems Anthology. He was the first Nigerian poet to appear on Flapper Press Poetry Cafe.