MODAL VERBS. THE PECULIARITIES OF MODAL VERBS. EXPRESSIONS WITH MODAL VERBS.

Abduhalilova Sevdora Xayrulla qizi

Philology and Language Teaching English Language Major 25-26 group student  

abduhalilovasevdora500@gmail.com

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive guide to modal auxiliary verbs, exploring their unique role in expressing ability, possibility, permission, and obligation in English. It explains the distinctive ways modal verbs like “can,” “could,” “may,” and “might” function to convey permission and ability, while verbs such as “must,” “have to,” “should,” and “ought to” express necessity and obligation. Common challenges, including past tense forms and question structures, are addressed with clear examples. Practical exercises help readers, from English learners to native speakers, master proper modal verb usage in both spoken and written communication.

Keywords: Modal verbs, English grammar, Auxiliary verbs.

Literature review

Modal verbs in English have been the focus of extensive research due to their intricate semantic, pragmatic, and structural characteristics. Hinkel (1995) observes that non-native speakers often use modal verbs in ways influenced by their first-language pragmatics, which leads to differences in usage compared to native speakers. In my opinion, this highlights how cultural and linguistic backgrounds shape language learning, emphasizing the need for tailored educational approaches that address such variations.

Similarly, Boyd and Thorne (2008) argue that the meaning of modal verbs is influenced by both semantics and the illocutionary force of speech acts, underscoring that effective communication requires more than mere grammatical accuracy. I find this perspective insightful, as it suggests that modals contribute subtly yet significantly to conversational intent, an essential concept for language learners to understand.

Further, Depraetere (2017) explores how contextual factors impact modal interpretation within the semantics-pragmatics interface. This complexity, in my view, underlines the importance of teaching students to consider context when using modals, rather than focusing solely on rigid grammatical rules.

Historically, the usage of modal verbs has evolved. Millar (2009), analyzing the TIME Magazine Corpus, observed a decline in traditional modal usage from the 1960s to the 1990s, with an increase in semi-modals influenced by shifts in stylistic preferences. This trend, in my opinion, mirrors broader social changes that favor informality in communication. Biber (2004) further supports this view by noting genre-specific shifts and a rise in semi-modals in modern corpora, which demonstrates the adaptability of language in response to changing communication norms.

Diver (2015) also examines historical patterns, revealing a shift in distinctions between past and non-past modal forms over time. In my opinion, these findings emphasize the fluidity of language, reminding us that grammatical constructs are not static but evolve alongside cultural shifts.

From a pedagogical perspective, Iranmanesh and Motallebikia (2015) compared task-based language teaching (TBLT) with traditional methods, discovering that TBLT enhanced learners’ understanding of specific modals, particularly can. This approach, in my opinion, aligns with modern learners’ needs, as context-based teaching tends to be more effective than rote memorization. Similarly, Kennedy (2002) utilizes the British National Corpus to advocate for contextualized strategies in teaching modals, which I believe help students grasp practical usage in real-life contexts

Cross-linguistic studies also enrich our understanding of modality. Wurmbrand (2000) challenges traditional syntactic interpretations by arguing that both epistemic and root modals could be considered raising verbs. Personally, I find Wurmbrand’s view refreshing, as it encourages a re-evaluation of conventional classifications. Kehayov and Torn-Leesik (2009), through their study of Balto-Finnic modals, illustrate the diversity of modality across languages, highlighting how other linguistic systems can provide valuable insights into English modal studies.

Additionally, Guéron (1970), in her work explores how modals interact with tense to convey complex temporal relationships. This perspective, in my opinion, is essential for understanding how modals reflect not only certainty or obligation but also specific time frames within a conversation. Guéron’s approach underscores the temporal depth of modal verbs, revealing them as versatile tools for indicating when events may or should occur.

In conclusion, the literature demonstrates that modal verbs in English serve complex semantic and pragmatic functions, have evolved significantly over time, and are best taught through contextualized approaches. The insights from cross-linguistic research further underscore the global relevance of modality. Future studies could continue exploring how specific contexts influence modal usage, particularly in specialized and evolving language environments. For educators and learners, these findings emphasize the importance of understanding modals as both grammatically and culturally dynamic elements, enhancing the richness of language learning and communication.

Methodology

This corpus analysis is complemented by an in-depth literature review, synthesizing key research on modality’s role in cross-linguistic contexts, semantic interpretation, and evolving communicative norms. Observations were made on how modality varies between formal and informal settings and across regional dialects, with specific focus on common challenges faced by language learners, such as distinctions in formality and the use of modal verbs to express obligation, permission, and possibility. This combined methodology aims to provide a holistic understanding of the evolving function of modals in English and to highlight effective teaching approaches that contextualize modal usage for learners.

Discussion

The complex nature of modal auxiliary verbs brings us to a point where theory and practice meet. Our analysis shows that modal verbs do more than serve as grammar tools. They build vital bridges between what we intend to say and how we express it in English.

Modal verbs show remarkable flexibility in different situations. These language elements adapt to many communication needs but keep their basic grammar roles intact. This adaptability stands out in professional settings where choosing between formal and informal modal expressions can make a big difference in how well we communicate.

Modern English shows some interesting patterns in how modal verbs have changed. Here are the main developments we see today:

People ask for permission more casually

Traditional modal differences are mixing together

More people accept different ways of expression

Digital communication uses simpler patterns

Different regions have different priorities

Learning about modal verbs needs more than just memorizing rules and patterns. Context plays a big role in picking the right modal expressions. This matters even more in cross-cultural communication where modal verb choices can change how people understand messages.

Traditional boundaries between some modal categories have become more flexible. Take ‘can’ and ‘may’ for example – their formal differences are changing when people ask for permission. Language keeps changing this way, but knowing the traditional rules still matters for formal communication.

Modal verbs and their alternatives tell an interesting story. Modal auxiliaries remain basic to English expression, but other ways of saying things work better now in some situations. This change doesn’t make modal verbs less important. Instead, it gives speakers and writers more options.

People who use modal verbs strategically in professional settings communicate better. Knowing how to switch between different levels of formality through modal verbs has become a key skill in today’s workplace communication.

Modal verbs keep changing but still play their essential role in English grammar. They adapt to new communication needs, which shows how language stays dynamic, even in basic grammar.

Conclusion

Modal verbs are key building blocks of English grammar that help us express ability, possibility, permission, and obligation. These unique elements have special grammatical patterns and play a vital role in our daily communication. These versatile auxiliaries work well in both formal and informal settings and help us direct different social and professional situations.

When we use modal verbs correctly, our communication becomes more precise and clear. Our analysis of common mistakes and real-world uses shows how becoming skilled at these auxiliaries helps us express ourselves better in written and spoken English. Native speakers and language learners find these tools invaluable because they work in many different situations.

Modern language keeps changing, but modal verbs keep their basic grammatical roles. These verbs remain crucial in professional environments, academic writing, and everyday talks. Their lasting importance proves their value in English communication. Knowing how to use modal verbs properly gives us the confidence to express ourselves accurately in any situation.

Reference:

Biber D. Modal use across registers and time //Topics in English Linguistics. – 2004. – Т. 45. – С. 189-216.

Boyd J., Thorne J. P. The semantics of modal verbs //Journal of linguistics. – 1969. – Т. 5. – №. 1. – С. 57-74.

Depraetere I. On the pragmatics of modal verbs //Selected papers on theoretical and applied linguistics. – 2017. – Т. 22. – С. 14-26.

Diver W. The modal system of the English verb //Word. – 1964. – Т. 20. – №. 3. – С. 322-352.

Guéron J. On the temporal function of modal verbs //Time and modality. – 2008. – С. 143-172.

Hinkel E. The use of modal verbs as a reflection of cultural values //TESOL quarterly. – 1995. – Т. 29. – №. 2. – С. 325-343.

Iranmanesh H., Motallebikia S. M. Teaching Modal Verbs: Task-based vs. Traditional approaches //International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research. – 2015. – Т. 3. – №. 11. – С. 39-46.

Kehayov P., Torn-Leesik R. 11. Modal verbs in Balto-Finnic //Modals in the languages of Europe: A reference work. – 2009. – Т. 44. – С. 363.

Kennedy G. Variation in the distribution of modal verbs in the British National Corpus //Using corpora to explore linguistic variation. – 2002. – Т. 9. – С. 73.

Millar N. Modal verbs in TIME: Frequency changes 1923–2006 //International journal of corpus linguistics. – 2009. – Т. 14. – №. 2. – С. 191-220.

Wurmbrand S. Modal verbs must be raising verbs //Proceedings of WCCFL. – 1999. – Т. 18. – №. 1.

In Rus Khomutoff’s Kaos Karma, meaning shimmers just out of sight, on the edge of a colorful, nebulous atmosphere. 

The book contains a collection of under 20 poems, each presented entirely in bold capital letters. Each word thus carries equal weight and all come together to create a sonic and imagistic impression. 

Certain themes and phrases recur throughout the book. We see words like “chaos” (or “kaos”), “ghostflesh,” “technoromance,” “love,” and “sacrifice” in multiple poems. This pulls out motifs of the collection: spirituality and the odd/paranormal, imagination and dreaming, emotions and the quest for human connection. 

The title, Kaos Karma subverts the concept of logical cause and effect and consequences of one’s actions. Instead of tracing one’s present circumstances or future destiny to one’s own choices, human experience seems much less linear.

Yet, chaos does not imply a nihilistic void, empty of all reason or meaning. The mathematical concept of chaos theory involves self-organizing natural systems whose development seems random but which may well be tied to initial conditions we do not fully understand. 

In a similar vein, Rus Khomutoff’s Kaos Karma is built around motifs that permeate its atmosphere. These suggest layers of feelings and impressions that approach meanings while intriguing and tantalizing the senses. 

Worth a read. 

Rus Khomutoff’s Kaos Karma will be published soon from C22 Press. https://c22press.wordpress.com/open-editions/

Book may be ordered here.

Be healthy for our happiness, dear teacher

May your precious head be safe and sound,

May every morsel you eat be pure and blessed.

May the tears in your eyes stay hidden,

We always bow to you with respect —

Be healthy for our happiness, dear teacher.

You truly deserve honor and esteem,

We humbly bow our heads before you.

You have done so much good for us,

We are always grateful to you —

Be healthy for our happiness, dear teacher.

May you guide us at every moment,

May our path stay bright and clear.

Sincere wishes and heartfelt prayers —

We always acknowledge your kindness,

Be healthy for our happiness, dear teacher.

Avazova Diyora Alisher girl was born on July 17, 2007, in Kitob district, Kashkadarya region. She graduated from School No. 91 with a Gold Medal for her excellent academic performance, diligence, exemplary behavior, and initiative.

She is currently a member of the Kashkadarya Regional Youth Parliament’s Active Members team and a volunteer of the “Golden Wing” movement. She holds numerous international certificates and is a member of “JUNTOS POR LAS LETRAS” and the Global Friends Club. She has been awarded the “Best Promoter” certificate twice.

Her poems and articles have been published in Kenya, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Turkey, and several other international and local publishing houses. She is a graduate of the “Diamond Girls” project and won 2nd place in the “Initiator of the Year — 2024” competition. She is also a participant in the G4G program designed for girls.

She was a delegate of the “2024 Asia–Pacific Young Leaders Summit” and an official delegate of the Istanbul International Model United Nations. She serves as the Azerbaijan coordinator of the Shishu Ullash organization and is an official delegate of the “Future Office” Season 2.

She holds more than 50 international certificates. She is an official member of the “Towards Leadership” project and actively participates in various projects and competitions. She is a delegate of “ELEVATE MUN,” Deputy Head of Media Literacy at the “Yuksak Parvozim” Young Creators Movement, and coordinator of “Umid Yo‘gdusi.” She is also featured in the “Young Leaders” Encyclopedia.

Literary traditions and renewal processes in Uzbek literature and world literature

Abstract: This article covers the issues of the historical development of Uzbek literature and world literature, the preservation of their literary traditions and a comparative analysis of the processes of renewal. In Uzbek literature, the role of such creators as Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Abdulla Qodiriy in continuing traditions and at the same time introducing new ideas into literature is examined. From world literature, comparative aspects with the work of such great writers as William Shakespeare, Leo Tolstoy, and Franz Kafka are revealed. The article analyzes the harmony of literary heritage and modern creative innovations, the relationship between national literatures, and their contribution to global literary processes on a scientifically based basis. It also discusses the integration of Uzbek literature of the period of independence with world literature and the formation of the translation school.

Keywords: Uzbek literature, world literature, tradition, renewal, comparative analysis, creativity, modernism, realism, cultural integration, national heritage, literary process.

Literature is one of the oldest and most influential forms of human thought. The literature of each nation reflects its national thinking, psyche, socio-spiritual state. Therefore, the study of the interaction and connections between Uzbek literature and world literature, the analysis of their traditional and new aspects is a separate, relevant scientific topic today.

During the period of independence, Uzbek literature has reached a new stage of development. On the one hand, our classical literary heritage is being re-examined, and on the other hand, advanced experiences in world literature are being absorbed into Uzbek literature. This process is further enriched by the fact that the works of Uzbek writers are being translated into world languages, and examples of world literature are being published in Uzbek.

Classical literature: The traditions of classical Eastern literature were continued in the work of Alisher Navoi. However, he also initiated a stage of renewal with his approach based on the Turkic language.

Babur: a vivid example of the harmony of tradition and innovation in literature. His work “Boburnoma” combines historical, artistic and scientific features.

20th century literature: National realism and modernist movements were combined in the works of Abdulla Qodiriy and Cholpon.

Shakespeare: Continuing the traditions of the Renaissance, he created new dramatic forms.

Leo Tolstoy: through Russian realism, he interpreted humanity, morality and social issues in a new way.

Kafka: was the embodiment of modernism, depicting the conflicts between man and society.

Comparative analysis:

Navoiy and Shakespeare: although one reached the pinnacle of Eastern and one Western classical literature, both of them covered the problems of the human psyche and society.

Qodiriy and Tolstoy: there is a commonality in depicting the spiritual image of the nation and social problems through realism.

Cholpon and Kafka: both created in the spirit of modernism and tried to express the spiritual crisis of the time.

In conclusion, although Uzbek literature and world literature have their own traditions and renewal processes, through their comparative study, one can see many commonalities and harmonies. Uzbek literature, relying on its rich classical heritage, is also actively participating in modern global literary processes. Therefore, a deep study of literary traditions and the integration of innovations with the national spirit will remain one of the important tasks of future scientific research and creative activity.

References:

1. Navoiy A. Khamsa. – Tashkent: Fan, 1991.
2. Bobur Z.M. Baburnoma. – Tashkent: Gafur Ghulom Publishing House, 2008
3. Qodiriy A. Bygone Days.- Tashkent: Sharq, 1994
4. Cholpon A. Night and Day.- Tashkent: Literature and Art, 1992
5. Shakespeare U. Hamlet. – London, 1603
6. Tolstoy L. Anna Karenina – Moscow: Science 1978
7. Kafka F. Process. – Berlin, 1925
8. Karimov I. A. High spirituality is an invincible force. – Tashkent, 2021
9. Mirziyoyev. Sh.M. Strategy of the New Uzbekistan. – Tashkent, 2021.
10. History of Uzbek literature. 5 volumes – Tashkent: Science, 2010.
11. Saidov. A. Theory of Literary Studies. – Tashkent University, 2015

Choriyeva Go’zal Gayratjon qizi was born on February 17, 2007 in Kyzyryk district of Surkhandarya region. She is a 1st year student of the Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy of Samarkand State University, Uzbek language and literature department and holder of a national certificate in native language literature. She is an international ambassador of the Indian state Iqra Foundation Organization (online) in three areas. An active member of the Argentine Association of Science and Literature Writers. The creative collection “Zukko izvlavi” -2025 of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan has been published.

Being Successful in Professional Communication

In today’s era of globalization and increasing competition, not only a person’s knowledge and skills matter, but also their ability to communicate effectively and respectfully. In any field, the key to success lies in the ability to speak clearly, precisely, and sincerely. Especially in professional settings, communication is not merely a way of exchanging ideas—it has become a measure of one’s reputation, credibility, and competence.

Professional communication is not just about talking; it is a purposeful, clear, and culturally appropriate exchange of ideas. Every specialist—whether a teacher, doctor, engineer, journalist, or entrepreneur—must know how to express thoughts effectively, listen attentively, and maintain mutual respect during conversation. Today’s job market demands not only knowledge but also strong communicative competence.

It is important to remember that in every conversation, persuasive speech, positive emotions, a respectful tone, and good manners play a crucial role. A successful communicator is someone who can empathize, putting themselves in another’s position, and who expresses ideas not only through words but also through gestures, eye contact, and tone of voice.

Modern technology has transformed the way we communicate. Emails, messengers, and online meetings have become new arenas for professional interaction. In this context, understanding information culture, ethics, and digital etiquette is of great importance.

Therefore, to succeed in professional communication, a person must:

express their thoughts clearly and concisely;

possess good listening skills;

respect their interlocutor;

be able to resolve issues through dialogue;

use modern communication tools appropriately.

Communication is one of the greatest powers that defines humanity. Those who can direct it wisely will achieve success in any team and in any field.

Author is Dinora Sodiqova, a student at Termez State University.

Interview with Poet Muhammad Shamsul Huq Babu

Conducted by Eva Petropoulou Lianou 

1. Tell us about yourself. How did you begin writing poetry?

I am Muhammad Shamsul Huq Babu, born on January 1, 1972.

 I am the Founder and President of the World Wide Writers Association, the Publisher of the International Publishing House, and the Founder President of the International Book Museum (IBM).

 I also serve as an Advisor to The Daily Global Nation newspaper and as Chairman of Literature Housing and Business Management Ltd. Company.

I am a poet, writer, researcher, editor, and literary organizer. So far, I have published 40 solo books, and have edited and published over 200 anthologies both nationally and internationally.

 My writings have appeared in numerous newspapers, journals, and magazines around the world, and have been translated into various languages by translators from different countries.

I began writing in 1986. In 1990, I started and edited my own wall magazine. During that time, my writings were regularly featured in different commemorative publications.

 Thus began my literary journey – with love poems, marking my first steps into the world of literature.

2. What message do you wish to convey through your poetry?

Through my poems and writings, I wish to spread a message of world peace, awaken a love for nature, and uphold the values of humanity.

 I try to inspire beauty, empathy, and harmony among people through my words.

3. Do you believe that the new generation still cares for literature?

Unfortunately, the new generation seems rather indifferent to literature.

 They are heavily dependent on technology and are gradually moving away from the realm of literary appreciation and reading habits.

4. How do you feel when you see your poems published on international platforms?

It feels immensely gratifying. It gives me fresh inspiration to write more and strengthens my passion for literature.

 I find joy in sharing thoughts and emotions with people from around the world through the universal language of poetry.

5. Could you share a phrase or philosophy that has changed your life?

I have never seen God,

 but I have seen God in His creations-

 in love, compassion, honesty, kindness, forgiveness, generosity, and cooperation.

 Within every human being, there dwell two selves –  one divine and one demonic.

“God and the devil both live within man.

 I strive to chain the demonic self within me,

 and to enlighten and awaken the divine self,

 dedicating my soul to the pursuit of truth and beauty.”

6. What are your future projects?

My vision is to bring world literature closer to people and to preserve it for future generations.

 I have undertaken several ambitious projects that will, I believe, leave a lasting mark in literary history –

To establish a writers’ resort in a natural environment, where poets can live, converse, and find inspiration.

To create a Book Museum with thousands of books, where readers can visit, read, and enrich their knowledge.

These initiatives aim to celebrate and sustain the timeless spirit of literature across cultures.

Biography

Muhammad Shamsul Huq Babu

 Founder President – World Wide Writers Association

 Publisher – International Publishing House

 Founder President – International Book Museum (IBM)

 Advisor – The Daily Global Nation

 Chairman – Literature Housing and Business Management Ltd. Company

In Beauty

Contemplate its beauty

Through trees big and small

Greens, yellows subject to whim of the wind.

Streams meet rocks

Offering pleasant sound to ears

Facilitating the meditation of spiritualists.

Birds of all species

Traveling from north to south

Create pleasure

For nature lovers.

Life is beautiful

The boat centered among seas

Followed by dolphins in flight

A fascinating sight

For travelers passionate about sea life.

-Roodly Laurore

En Rose

La vie est belle 

Contemplons sa beauté 

À travers les arbres grands et petits 

Verts, jaunes soumis au caprice du vent. 

Les cours d’eau rencontrent les cailloux 

Offrant à l’ouïe un son agréable 

Facilitant la méditation des spiritualistes. 

Les oiseaux de toutes espèces 

Voyageant du nord au sud

Procurent le plaisir 

Aux amants de la nature. 

La vie est belle 

Le bateau au fond des mers 

Suivi par des dauphins en vol d’oiseau 

Un spectacle fascinant 

Aux voyageurs passionnés des poissons. 

-Roodly Laurore

Roodly Laurore was born and raised in Haiti. He is an engineer and poet. His poems, widely published, are included in: Synchronized Chaos; Spirit Fire Review; Welter University of Baltimore; Taos Journal of Poetry; Kosmos Journal; Autism Parenting Magazine; Solstice Literary Magazine; The New Verse News; Jerry Jazz Musician and others. He is the father of two sons.

Jerrice J. Baptiste is an artist poet and author of nine books. She has been published in The Yale Review; Kosmos Journal; The Tulane Review; Eco Theo Review; The Caribbean Writer and many others. Jerrice enjoys playing the role of translator and illustrator. She teaches poetry where she lives in New York!