In a place where the sun rose beautifully, a little camomile flower lived. But this camomile was not ordinary. It was magical. If someone made a wish with a true and kind heart, the camomile could make it come true.
Very few people knew this secret.One day, a little girl came near the camomile. She wanted to pick it and place it in her hair, but something made her stop. She felt the flower might be sad if she did that. So she sat down beside it, gently touched its soft petals, and said, It would be wonderful if there were some food right now.
Suddenly, food appeared in front of her. At first, she looked around, thinking someone was watching her, but there was no one. She smiled and began to eat. Then she said, Would you like to taste some? The camomile replied, No, I dont need any. I will be happy if you are happy.The girl understood she had found real magic.
From that day on, the camomile stayed with her and helped her whenever she made a heartfelt wish.
Story by Asmonur Rajabboyeva
English Translation by Shuxratova Nilufar
Shuxratova Nilufar Azizbek qizi was born on March 31, 2013, in Uchqo‘rg‘on district of Namangan region. She received her primary education at Secondary School No. 31 in her district. Currently, she continues her studies at the Is’hoqxon Ibrat Creative School in To‘raqo‘rg‘on district.Despite her young age, Nilufar has achieved a number of accomplishments before the age of 12. As a young translator, she has been translating many short stories from Uzbek into English. Through each new translation, she not only improves her language skills but also develops her creative thinking and literary abilities.
One of Nilufar’s greatest dreams is to become a student of Harvard University, one of the world’s most prestigious higher education institutions. From an early age, she has been strengthening her love for knowledge, language learning, reading, and creativity, moving steadily and determinedly toward her goal.Her teachers and relatives describe her as an intelligent, hardworking, inquisitive, and highly responsible girl. Each achievement Nilufar attains is a strong step toward her future great successes.
This article provides a scientific analysis of the biological nature of mutations, their effects on organisms, and their types. Mutations are considered permanent changes in genetic material and play an important role in shaping the phenotypic characteristics of organisms. The article discusses in detail the natural and artificial forms of mutations, their positive and negative consequences, as well as their effects on human and animal organisms.
Mutations are changes in the structure of DNA or chromosomes that play a central role in biological evolution and in the emergence of various genetic diseases. Mutations shape the phenotypic characteristics of organisms and influence their ability to adapt to the environment.
In modern genetics, the study of mutations is of great importance for human health, breeding processes, and ecological research. Mutations occur as a result of many factors, including radiation, chemical substances, viruses, and natural mutational processes. Their outcomes may be noticeable at the phenotypic level, which can alter the organism’s vital activity in either positive or negative ways.
Main Part
Gene mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of a specific gene in DNA. Such changes play an important role in the transmission of genetic information and affect many biological processes. Gene mutations can occur in the following forms:
Substitution – one nucleotide is replaced by another, which may change the encoded amino acid.
Deletion – the loss of one or more nucleotides from the genetic sequence, resulting in disruption of the genetic code.
Insertion – the addition of extra nucleotides into the gene, which may disturb the coding process.
These types of mutations directly affect protein synthesis. When the structure and function of a protein change, noticeable changes occur in the organism’s phenotype. These changes may range from simple physiological differences to complex genetic diseases.
Chromosomal mutations are changes in the structure of chromosomes that affect the location and quantity of genetic material. Such mutations include:
Duplication – repetition of a chromosome segment, resulting in an increase in genetic material.
Inversion – reversal of a chromosome segment, which may affect gene expression.
Translocation – movement of genes from one chromosome to another, disrupting genetic balance.
Deletion – loss of a chromosome segment, which may result in the loss of essential genes.
Chromosomal mutations usually have greater phenotypic effects than gene mutations. They may cause developmental defects, hereditary diseases, and various syndromes.
Effects of Mutations on the Organism
Some mutations provide organisms with adaptability and improved survival. For example, in the process of natural selection, certain mutations add beneficial traits to a population, lead to the emergence of new phenotypes, and play a role in evolution.
However, mutations are not always beneficial. Based on personal observations and studies, many mutations can significantly harm an organism’s vital functions. They may lead to developmental defects, hereditary diseases, infertility, and weakened immune systems. For instance, some gene mutations cause oncological diseases by disrupting normal cell structure and function. Therefore, it is important to remember that mutations may also have negative consequences. In some cases, they may not be noticeable during an individual’s lifetime but can pose a risk to future generations when inherited.
Neutral mutations are changes in genetic material that do not cause noticeable changes in an organism’s phenotype, that is, its external appearance. In other words, such mutations do not disrupt the organism’s vital activity. Therefore, they are called neutral, as they are neither beneficial nor harmful in the short term. Nevertheless, neutral mutations are scientifically important because they increase genetic diversity during evolution and contribute to the formation of beneficial traits through natural selection in the future.
Neutral mutations increase genetic diversification in populations and create new evolutionary opportunities. For example, a neutral change in a gene may remain unnoticed in a population for a long time, but when environmental conditions change, it may become beneficial. From this perspective, neutral mutations are an important scientific tool for predicting evolution and understanding the future of populations.
At the molecular level, neutral mutations are also significant. They help maintain DNA stability and ensure the continuous transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. At the same time, they contribute to the emergence of new alleles and gene combinations, allowing populations to maintain adaptability and expand biological diversity under natural conditions. However, neutral mutations may become beneficial or harmful in the future. For instance, when environmental conditions change резко, a previously neutral allele may provide a new advantage to the population. Therefore, monitoring and studying neutral mutations is essential, as it allows a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes.
Prevention and Control of Mutations
Preventing and controlling mutations is very important from the perspective of biological safety and population health. The first measures involve controlling radiation and chemical substances, as high doses of radiation or toxic compounds can damage DNA and increase mutation risk. Therefore, safety measures in industrial, laboratory, and medical fields are crucial.
A healthy lifestyle also plays an important role in reducing mutation risk. Proper nutrition, vitamins, and antioxidants help maintain genetic material stability. Regular physical activity, stress reduction, and avoiding harmful habits strengthen genetic health and reduce the risk of hereditary diseases.
Genetic counseling is an effective tool in mutation control. By assessing the risk of hereditary diseases during family planning, the negative effects of harmful mutations in future generations can be reduced. In this way, the health of individuals and their descendants can be protected. Genetic counseling is important not only for families but also for the healthy development of society as a whole.
Modern medicine also uses DNA testing and gene therapy methods. Through molecular diagnostics, individuals can learn about their genetic risks and take necessary measures. As a result, mutations can be kept under control and their negative consequences more easily prevented.
Ultimately, by preventing and controlling mutations, we can preserve genetic resources and biological diversity, ensuring stable and effective evolutionary processes. Therefore, biologists, geneticists, and medical professionals pay special attention to studying, controlling, and preventing mutations.
The article draws on Kimura’s (1983) theory, which explains that neutral mutations may have no noticeable effect on phenotype but play an important role in population evolution. According to Kimura, many mutations do not affect the external appearance of humans or other organisms, yet they create a foundation for genetic diversification and future evolutionary processes. From this perspective, neutral mutations are scientifically valuable.
Lynch (2010) provides a detailed analysis of different types of mutations and their effects on biological systems, particularly emphasizing the role of healthy lifestyle, nutrition, and antioxidants in maintaining genetic stability. Thus, the recommendations presented in the article are scientifically grounded.
Hartl and Clark (2007) analyze the spread of mutations in populations, their role under natural selection, and mechanisms for reducing the risk of hereditary diseases. Their approach aligns with the article’s recommendations on genetic counseling and family planning. Overall, the article integrates the scientific findings of Kimura, Lynch, and Hartl & Clark to highlight the importance of neutral mutations, genetic diversification, and evolution, while also offering scientifically based strategies for preventing and controlling harmful mutations.
Conclusion
Mutations are permanent changes in an organism’s genetic material and play an important role in biological evolution, adaptation, and the formation of phenotypic traits. Mutations can have positive, negative, or neutral effects and may pose risks to human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, studying mutations and controlling their consequences occupies a central place in biology and genetics.
References
Alimov, R. (2018). Fundamentals of Genetics and Mutations. Tashkent: Fan va texnologiya Publishing House.
Karimov, S. (2020). Mutations and Human Health. Tashkent: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan Publishing House.
Jo‘rayev, D. (2017). Chromosomal Mutations and Their Effects on Phenotype. Tashkent: Higher and Secondary Specialized Education Publishing House.
Mahmudov, N. (2015). The Unity of Language and Thought. Tashkent: Fan Publishing House.
Rasulov, T. (2019). Genetic Diversification and Selection. Tashkent: Biology Publishing House.
G‘ulomov, A. (2016). Mutational Processes and Environmental Factors. Tashkent: Ilm-fan Publishing House.
To‘xtaboev, E. (2018). Neutral Mutations and Evolution. Tashkent: National University of Uzbekistan Publishing House.
Nu’monova Shohsanam Bahodirjon qizi was born on December 23, 2007, in the city of Tashkent. She graduated from Secondary General Education School No. 26 located in Uzbekistan District of Fergana Region. Currently, she is a first-year student of the Faculty of General Medicine (Department No. 2) at Tashkent State Medical University. From an early age, Shohsanam has shown a strong interest in medicine and is currently pursuing her dream with determination. Her goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in her profession and to positively impact the lives of many patients.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING DIGITAL PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONTINUOUS EDUCATION SYSTEM
Niyozova Shakhnoza Farhod qizi
Termiz University of Economics and Service
Primary Education Department
Abstract
The article highlights the importance of modern pedagogical technologies and digital transformation in the continuous education system. The possibilities of integrating digital technologies into the educational process, their impact on effectiveness, existing challenges, and ways to overcome them are examined. In addition, the prospects of digital transformation processes in the national education system are analyzed.
In the context of globalization and the digital society, modernizing the education system is one of the most urgent issues. The introduction of modern pedagogical technologies at every stage of education plays a significant role not only in developing teachers’ digital competencies but also in enhancing students’ digital literacy. The “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy specifically identifies accelerating digital transformation in the education sector as a priority task.
Continuous education is a holistic system consisting of interconnected stages that develop progressively from simple to complex and logically follow one another. The continuous education process creates favorable conditions for the comprehensive development of an individual. During this period, a person acquires fundamental scientific knowledge and professional skills, develops high moral and ethical qualities, and grows into a competent and qualified specialist.
A specific worldview is also formed. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, continuous education is organized in accordance with state educational standards and curriculum requirements. Continuous education serves as the foundation for training qualified and competitive personnel and encompasses increasing the social status and prestige of young researchers and academic staff, among other objectives.
Continuous education includes the following types of education: preschool education, general secondary education, secondary specialized and vocational education, higher education, postgraduate education, professional development and retraining of personnel, and extracurricular education.The learning process of a modern individual does not end with preschool institutions, general education schools, academic lyceums, vocational colleges, or higher education institutions. A person must learn throughout their entire life; therefore, education must be continuous. Thus, continuous education is a requirement of the modern era.
In contemporary society, the strategic direction for the development of the education system is the intellectual and moral development of individuals based on purposeful independent activity in various fields.
In this context, three main tasks are emphasized: Reforming the education system; Recognizing independent activity as a fundamental principle of education and upbringing;Introducing modern information technologies into the educational and upbringing process.
Digital transformation is a process of continuous change driven by modern and digital technologies. Although digital transformation is not a new phenomenon, it represents the accelerated development of a complex of modern technologies.The twenty-first century is recognized as the age of digital technologies. Today, digital transformation processes are rapidly progressing in almost all spheres of society. Particularly in education, ongoing changes require not only new teaching and methodological approaches but also a fundamental renewal of thinking. Merely acquiring knowledge is no longer sufficient; a modern learner must be independent, creative, innovative, and open to new ideas.
Digital technologies—artificial intelligence, online platforms, virtual and blended learning systems—expand students’ worldviews and create opportunities for expressing opinions and finding unconventional solutions to problems.Pedagogical technology is considered one of the main components of pedagogical mastery. It enables teachers to quickly and accurately choose appropriate words, tone of speech, facial expressions, gestures, and behaviors when interacting with students, as well as to maintain calmness and analytical thinking in unexpected pedagogical situations. In effective pedagogical influence, all elements of a teacher’s pedagogical technique are clearly manifested simultaneously, including speech, gestures, facial expressions, and movements.
Pedagogical technique is formed based on the teacher’s individual psychological and physiological characteristics. Individual pedagogical technique depends on factors such as gender, age, temperament, character, and anatomical-psychological traits.LMS (Learning Management System) refers to a system for managing the learning process. In simple terms, it is an online platform and software where teachers upload instructional materials (texts, videos, assignments), students study these materials and complete tasks, and the system monitors learners’ activities (grades, ratings, attendance). The advantages of LMS include the possibility of distance learning, automatic assessment of student performance, centralized storage of learning materials, and fast communication between teachers and students. Popular LMS examples include Moodle (widely used in universities), Google Classroom (commonly used in schools), Microsoft Teams (used in education and business), Canvas, and Blackboard (used in international universities).
Thus, LMS is considered the core of modern digital education.The modern education system aims not only to engage students in learning but also to develop their ability to expand their knowledge, conduct research, and work independently. This has become one of the most important tasks of the educational process.
The application of innovative pedagogical methods and technologies in education creates opportunities for students to think independently and engage in self-development. In independent learning, students must demonstrate active participation in the educational process, conduct research, and apply their findings in practice. Today, education requires not only reliance on traditional lessons but also effective use of modern technologies, internet resources, and other educational tools.
Many countries around the world, including China and South Korea, place great emphasis on developing independent learning through extensive use of educational technologies. Pedagogical innovations are applied to encourage effective learning and improve the educational process. This is reflected in the formation of renewal, creative thinking, and innovative approaches in modern pedagogy.
Pedagogy is the science of education and upbringing. The term “pedagogy” originates from the Greek language and means “to lead a child.” As society’s attitudes toward intellectual and moral development have evolved, pedagogy has gained a distinct place as the science of guiding individuals toward proper development.
Consequently, pedagogy occupies a special position within the system of world sciences as the discipline responsible for educating individuals.The concept of “innovation” was introduced into science as a new economic category by the Austrian (later American) scholar Joseph Schumpeter in the first decade of the twentieth century. In his work The Theory of Economic Development (1911), Schumpeter was the first to analyze new combinations of change in development and provided a comprehensive explanation of the innovation process.
Innovation refers to a new development introduced into civil circulation or used for personal needs that ensures significant socio-economic benefits when applied in practice. As an economic category, innovation reflects the general characteristics, features, relationships, and interactions involved in creating and implementing new ideas.
The main methods for generating new ideas include: Trial and error; The control questions method; Brainstorming; Synectics; The sevenfold search strategy; The method of solving inventive problems.
Digital transformation in the education system has led to the following changes: Expansion of distance learning through digital platforms such as Zoom, Google Classroom, and Microsoft Teams; Creation of personalized learning opportunities through artificial intelligence-based programs; Active student engagement through online tests, digital laboratories, and simulators.
Online learning platforms enable students to receive education at any time and from any location. Learners can watch lessons at their convenience, ask questions, and independently study educational materials. Such platforms support individualized learning approaches by allowing students to access resources according to their learning styles.The integration of digital technologies into the education system greatly contributes to implementing individualized approaches, creating learning processes tailored to students’ needs, and increasing educational effectiveness.
Through artificial intelligence, data analysis, online learning platforms, and innovative technologies, education can be made more efficient and engaging. Optimizing the educational process and considering students’ individual needs through digital technologies significantly enhances the quality and effectiveness of education.
Conclusion
The widespread implementation of digital pedagogical technologies in the continuous education system is a crucial factor in improving educational effectiveness, developing twenty-first-century skills among students, and training competitive specialists. The successful realization of digital transformation requires cooperation between state educational institutions and educators. Consistent reforms in this direction will ensure the sustainable development of the national education system in the future.
It is important to emphasize that pedagogical innovations must be harmonized with national traditions and the characteristics of the education system during the digital transformation process. Digital education is not merely technology; it represents a new didactic approach and a means of elevating teacher–student collaboration to a qualitatively new level. Therefore, adapting curricula to the digital environment, fostering students’ creativity and information culture, and testing and implementing international best practices locally are of great importance.
As a result, the effective use of digital technologies makes the educational process not only interactive and efficient but also sustainable and inclusive.
References
Inayatova, Z. K. (2022). Pedagogy of Primary and Continuous Education. Tashkent.Kholmurodov, Sh. (2021). Innovative Educational Technologies. Tashkent.Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030” Strategy. Tashkent, 2020.Gulomov, I., & Rahimova, S. (2020). Online Learning Platforms and Students’ Individual Needs. Teaching Methodology.Tokhtasinov, B. (2022). Innovative Educational Technologies. Tashkent.Alimova, D. (2023). Digital Educational Technologies and Practice. Journal of Education and Innovations, Tashkent.
Niyozova Shakhnoza Farhod qizi was born on May 24, 1993, in Sariosiyo District of Surkhandarya Region. She graduated from Secondary School No. 55 in Sariosiyo District and later completed her studies in the Social and Humanitarian Sciences track at Academic Lyceum No. 4 under Termez State University.
She is currently a fourth-year student in the Primary Education program at the Faculty of Pedagogy and Social and Humanitarian Sciences of Termez University of Economics and Service. In the 2024–2025 academic year, she was awarded the university-established Rector’s Scholarship.To date, many of Shakhnoza’s academic articles have been regularly published and featured in mass media outlets. Her goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in her profession and to share the valuable knowledge she has gained with future generations.
“I just can’t figure it out. No one seems to be reading my poems. I post them in my writing groups and even on the rest of those Social Media sites. I’m not getting any comments or likes.” She sniveled.
“Wish I had an answer for you.” I whispered.
“I’ve been thinking it might help if I change the font for my poem. Maybe use a flowery cursive style and format . I got it. I’ll overlay my poem on a picture with an image that captures the poem’s theme. What do you think?”
“My opinion isn’t important. I’m not at all familiar with how to present a piece of literature. Marketing is a mystery to me. ” I answered. It was my poor excuse for not wanting to give her the actual reason.
‘Why won’t you answer my question? I would really appreciate your professional critique. I’m trying to reach a larger audience and I believe the reason for the poor readership is the way my poems are presented. If I make them more attractive by adding a few features to capture the reader’s attention, I will become famous. Don’t you believe it’s true? Tell me what you think.”
“My professional opinion? I’m not sure I can be considered as a professional. But if you insist and want me to give you my take on your conundrum, I’ll offer my honest assessment. But listen , please don’t get all defensive and up tight and shit like that. Don’t take it as a personal attack. Now with that being said, are you sure you want me to tell you what I think is the cause of your limited success as a poet?”
“Of course I won’t be offended. I know you’ll be honest. Wait a second, are you going to put me down?”
” I’m going to offer my honest opinion. That’s what you want, isn’t it?”
” Yes. Okay, go ahead.”
” First of all, you’re way off course. You’re not seeing where the actual problem lies. The early classic Poets didn’t have Social Media and marketing tools available to dress up their work.
Dylan Thomas, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Sylvia Plath the Beat Poets and many more. Their poems were favored because they generated emotions or inspired ideas. The poem stood as a great piece of literature solely on the words and the rhythm of the verse.
You spend more time planning the poem’s presentation than the time you spent creating the poem.
Let me ask you this. What is your reason for writing a poem? Why do you want to be a poet?”
“I’m not really sure. I guess because it is something that comes easily to me. It doesn’t take a lot of effort for me to write a poem. Plus I think my poetry is good enough to make me famous and wealthy.”
“That is one of the most insincere reasons for anyone to choose as their purpose for becoming a poet. Really your intention is to win some type of popularity contest just to feed your ego? I’m amused by your main goal for writing poetry is to become famous and rich. I will let you In on a secret. As a poet you will be required to have a full length mirror.”
“ Why would I need a full length mirror? “
” So you can watch yourself starve to death.”
“You’re real funny. Ha ha.”
” Seriously, it’s obvious you don’t have the slightest inclination of the enchantment that lives and breathes inside the soul of a poem. If ever you discover the intoxicating essence of its purpose It’ll be an enlightenment confirming that your fate chose you to be a poet. As if madness wasn’t enough.”
“What, you don’t think I’m a real poet?”
“I think anyone that creates a poem is a poet. But not everyone that creates a poem is a talented poet. Some writers just produce ‘Bad Poetry’ pablum, doggerel, drivel, prattle or pure garbage.”
“So you’re saying my poetry is garbage?”
” No, I didn’t say that. I consider the theme of your poems as narcissistic. Always centered around you which in turn evokes an unfavorable response.They’re filled with uninteresting thoughts, unoriginal insights, egocentric desires and dreams. You believe your experiences, your feelings, your ideas and your opinions are as important to everyone else as they are to you. What makes you think anyone is interested in your trivial dramas, your inconsequential dilemmas. They’re all insignificant. Remember this quote; ‘ Just because it happened to you doesn’t make it interesting.’
“Do you understand the meaning?”
“Yes I’m not an idiot.”
“ And I’m not suggesting you are.
But, another glaring flaw appearing in your poetry is your use of grammar school childish rhymes. Rhyming love with dove or home with roam and a long list of others. Then there are the worn out idioms or cliches that just add to your poem’s unoriginality. Maybe if you spent more time creating the poem instead of the hours you waste away planning its presentation, you’d find an epic piece that’s been hidden away inside of you.
And as far as your ideas to gain attention, when I see a poem overlayed on a picture with fancy hard to read fonts in some jumbled format, I don’t even take the time to read the title. Speaking of titles, stop using Untitled for a title. Because Untitled is actually a title. It says to me, If the poet lacks the talent to create a title, the poem must be equally uncreative. Make me understand why it’s necessary to gift wrap a poem and tie it up with ribbons and bows.”
“You don’t have to be so mean. I just asked for help, not your degradation. Ya know what, go to hell. Your opinion doesn’t make you right.”
” That’s correct, I’m not claiming to be right. I said I would give you my honest opinion. That’s exactly what I’m doing.”
” Fine now no sex for you until maybe forever. You know I’ve received a lot of positive responses and encouraging comments from a few of my writing groups in the past.”
“And what good did that do? Tell me. I see it as a dishonest act, perpetuating a major untruth. I’ll call it like it is, a lie. When someone posts their poems in some Poetry Group and it receives undeserved compliments. People comment with positive statements to someone who obviously has no talent for writing. Telling them it’s great ink or interesting creative verse, raving about how wonderful the poem is. Instead they should be offering suggestions on how to write a decent poem or give examples of how their poem could be better. Give them an honest assessment of their work. What people are doing by giving undeserved kudos and accolades is setting them up for a horrible realization when every poem they submit to a magazine is rejected. False encouragement and untruthful evaluation of their writing is a cruel act. It will surely backfire in the future. Admins of those groups explained to me it is an act of being nice. Personally, I’d rather have an honest critique of my writing, positive or negative instead of bullshit. I don’t need anyone to be nice. I don’t need my ego stroked. I prefer to be told the truth. “
“What makes you Mr.Know it all? I don’t see your books on the Bestseller list or your poems winning any awards. Who do you think you are? No matter what you say I’ve been told my poetry is unique.”
” See, now here you go reacting exactly like a self-righteous person getting angry and defensive because you didn’t receive flattering comments. What makes you think everyone should shower you with praise? Let me give you a fact of life. There are some real rude, insensitive, cold-hearted, brutal and callous people in this world that won’t be as polite when offering their opinion. So toughen up. “
“You hurt my feelings. I thought you would give me advice not to belittle me. You don’t know what being nice is.”
” I’m sorry if you’re upset but it’s just the way I see things. Ya know what I’ve got a great idea. Didn’t you take some Art classes in painting a couple years back at the Community College? I remember your Watercolor Paintings were dazzling. Maybe you should take a shot at being an Artist. What do you think? “
JSB
Judge Santiago Burdon
Stray Dogs and Deuces Wild, Not Real Poetry, Quicksand Highway, Fingers in the Fan, Tequila’s Bad Advice, Lords of the Afterglow, Overdose of Destiny, Architect of Havoc, A Charlatan’s Aphorisms.
THE ROLE OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN MODERN LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL STUDIES
Abstract
This article discusses the significance of English philology in the modern educational and scientific context. English philology is considered as an interdisciplinary field that studies the English language, its history, literature, and cultural development. The article highlights the importance of English philology in language learning, intercultural communication, and the formation of linguistic competence among students.
Keywords: English philology, linguistics, literature, language development, intercultural communication, education.
Introduction
English philology is one of the most important fields in modern humanities. It focuses on the comprehensive study of the English language, including its structure, history, literature, and cultural background. In today’s globalized world, English has become an international language, which increases the relevance of English philology in education and research.
1. The Subject Matter of English Philology
English philology combines several academic disciplines such as linguistics, literary studies, stylistics, and cultural studies. Linguistics examines phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics of the English language. Literary studies focus on English and American literature, their genres, themes, and historical development. Cultural studies help learners understand the social and cultural context of the language.
2. The Importance of English Philology in Education
English philology plays a key role in developing students’ language competence. It improves reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. Moreover, studying literature enhances critical thinking, creativity, and aesthetic appreciation. English philology also prepares future teachers, translators, and researchers by providing deep theoretical and practical knowledge of the language.
3. English Philology and Intercultural Communication
One of the main goals of English philology is to promote intercultural communication. Through language and literature, students learn about traditions, values, and worldviews of English-speaking countries. This helps them communicate effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds and reduces misunderstandings in international interaction.
Conclusion
In conclusion, English philology is a vital field that contributes to linguistic education, cultural awareness, and personal development. Its interdisciplinary nature makes it essential for training qualified specialists who can use English effectively in various professional and social contexts. Therefore, the development of English philology remains an important task in modern education.
References
1. Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.2. Widdowson, H. (1996). Linguistics. Oxford University Press.3. Carter, R., & McRae, J. (2001). Language, Literature and the Learner. Pearson Education.
Rukhshona Kamolovna Turayeva was born on December 5, 2006, in G‘ijduvon district of Bukhara region. She graduated from Secondary School No. 8 in her district. She is currently a first-year undergraduate student at the Uzbekistan State University of World Languages. Since childhood, Turayeva has been deeply interested in poetry and literature. Her aspiration is to become a highly qualified specialist in her field and to share the valuable knowledge she acquires with future generations.
SPEECH DEVELOPMENT DEFICIENCIES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM
Navoi State UniversityPreschool Education Program,
3rd-year student
Yarmamatova Sevinch Elyor qizi
Abstract
This article analyzes the main deficiencies encountered in the speech development of preschool children, their causes, and effective pedagogical approaches to overcoming them. The topic is also relevant for foreign preschool educational institutions, and the importance of early pedagogical intervention in developing children’s language competence is highlighted.
Keywords: preschool age, speech development, phonemic hearing, speech therapy, communicative competence, pedagogical technology, language development, early intervention, vocabulary, articulation exercises.
Introduction
Speech is the main tool in children’s socio-psychological development and forms the foundation of thinking, communication, and learning processes. During preschool age, speech development occurs rapidly; however, due to various factors, some children may experience delays or disorders in speech development. Such conditions negatively affect later stages of reading, writing, and social adaptation.
1. Main Speech Development Deficiencies
1.1. Limited Vocabulary
Many children have a vocabulary level below age norms. This makes it difficult for them to express thoughts consistently, answer questions, or engage in communication.
1.2. Underdeveloped Grammatical Structure
Errors in sentence construction, incorrect use of cases and tenses, and inability to arrange sentence components coherently are commonly observed.
1.3. Speech Sound Disorders
Sound articulation disorders such as sigmatism and rotacism, sound substitution, or omission are widespread among children.
1.4. Deficiencies in Phonemic Development
Children’s inability to distinguish or correctly perceive sound differences in words can later lead to difficulties in literacy acquisition.
1.5. Insufficient Communicative Competence
Shyness, inability to express thoughts freely, and poorly developed dialogic skills are also significant issues in the speech development process.
2. Causes of Speech Development Deficiencies
Insufficient Speech Environment in the Family
Limited verbal interaction with adults or excessive exposure to screen-based media slows down speech development.
Pedagogical Neglect
Failure to provide age-appropriate speech activities and lack of active engagement in communication.
Psychological Factors
Stress, fear, and attention deficits can hinder speech development.
Biological Factors
Prenatal or perinatal injuries and hearing impairments affect speech formation.
3. Ways to Overcome Deficiencies and Methodological Recommendations
3.1. Enriching the Speech Environment
Reading books to children, daily conversations, and role-playing games help expand vocabulary.
3.2. Speech Therapy Sessions
Regular activities such as sound correction, articulation gymnastics, and exercises to develop phonemic hearing are essential.
3.3. “Early Development” Programs
Sensory development activities, communication games, and kinesthetic and visual materials have a positive impact on speech development.
Yarmamatova Sevinch Elyor qizi was born on July 11, 2005, in Khatirchi district of Navoi region.She graduated from General Secondary School No. 39 in her district. Currently, she is a third-year undergraduate student majoring in Preschool Education at Navoi State University. From an early age, Sevinch has been deeply interested in poetry and literature. Her goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in her profession and to share the valuable knowledge she has gained with future generations.
