The role of Annimarie Schimmel in the history of Uzbekistan

It is known to many people that the people of Uzbekistan have followed Islam since time immemorial.
Therefore, some of our scholars have conducted research on the reasons for the emergence of the history of Islam.
Not only our scientists, but also non-religious people were interested in this situation.

Annimarie Schimmel, the leading German scholar of Islam in Germany in 1925, is one of those interested.
Her work "Johnon Mening John" occupies a great place in the history of Islam.
Throughout her life, Mrs. Schimmel has brought to the attention of culture lovers profound and discussion-provoking facts about Islam and its history.

On October 12, 1995, she was awarded the "Peace" prize by the German Book Organization, which clearly reveals the importance of her works.
Mrs. Schimmel loved the spiritual world of Islam with all her heart, and for this reason Muslims give her great recognition.

The work "Jonon mening jonimda", translated into Uzbek, is adapted to highlight the life, customs and cultures of women and girls in the Islamic world.
During the work, the lady tried to shed light on the importance of women and girls in the Islamic world over the centuries, and I would not be mistaken if I say that she succeeded.

The work mainly deals with books on the history of Islam and controversial topics in them.
   Emphasizing, the issues of wrong propagation of religion and disrespect for women and girls were specially touched upon.
     It is mentioned in the work that from the time of the Pailambars, women were given honor, education and upbringing, and they were even allowed to participate in battles as commanders.

       When Mrs. Schimmel wrote the work, there were no deviations or exaggerations in the laws of Islam regarding women and girls.
  For this reason, it is natural that Mrs. Schimmel and her works are glorified not only in the history of Uzbekistan, but also in the eyes of people who believe in the religion of Islam all over the world.

HIGH QUALITY EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN

IN TODAY’S WORLD,YOUTHS ARE CREATORS OF FUTURE IN EVERY COUNTRY.SO EACH DECISION AND CHANGING ARE ACCEPTING DEPEND ON THEIR FUTURE!!!

Nowadays, we may see the highly quality education in Uzbekistan. Because of this year’s campaign: “PAYING ATTENTION FOR HUMAN AND QUALITY EDUCATION” in Uzbek national discourse. There are so many changes in the name of this year. With the decision of President Shavkat Mirziyayev there is a new way of teaching pupils in schools. For instance: Mainly, each pupil must be ready for universities after graduating and must know two languages besides Uzbek. These languages may be Russian, Indian English, Spanish, Korean, Dutch or anything else. In addition to loads of useful activities are added to school routine and pupils may choose  craft if they don’t want choose job. It can be beneficial to decrease poverty.

On the other hand, the quality of education is rising. We have opened many types of crafts: cooking, sewing, carpentry, carving, embroidery, guide class, computer programming and a lot of crafts of that sort. These crafts help for earning extra money for pupils besides from school. Proof of this in our school every weekend each member of this craft classes holds an exhibition of their works and they may earn money for that.

These ways of education are good enough. For example: on the 4th of March this year many guests have came to our country from Boshkortostan. They are the Minister of Boshkortostan for Public Education and his co-workers. I and my schoolmates were guides for them.

We are members of a group of guides. Guests were very happy because we told them about our historical places.

Besides that, another aspect that pleases me is that women are becoming leaders not only in education, but in every industry.

On the 7th of March, Zamira Abdullayeva, who is the teacher at school number 22, has won a car as a prize for reading a lot of  books. It is an amazing prize for being the winner. Reading books benefits people and helps their minds, and cars are given to the people who read the most books.

And Gulzira Shakarbekova who studies in class seven at school number 29 has won the gold medal in Kickboxing. Now she is the champion of Asia!!!

I  HOPE THESE WAYS OF TEACHING PUPILS WILL BE USEFUL FOR FUTURE CREATORS OF UZBEKISTAN!!!

Turakhanova Mumtozbegim Bunyodjon qizi

Chartak district of Namangan region Uzbekistan

Studies 10 grade, school number 53

THE VILLAGE OF GOBDIN AND THE SHRINE THERE
FROM THE HISTORY

Murtozayev Matlubkhan
Samarkand State University

A student of the Faculty of History
 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5978543 

HISTORY OF THE ARTICLE
Accepted: December 15, 2021
Approved: January 15, 2022
Published: February 05, 2022

Abstract
In this article, G'allaorol of Jizzakh region
located in the district, is still scientifically complete
the unexplored village of Gobdin and Father Gobdin
Some comments about the history of the shrine are made
Gobdin - Gallaorol, Jizzakh region in the southwest of the district, Nurota mountain at the foot of Gobdin Mountain located in the stream.  From the district center One of the villages located 35 km. A few on rural etymology there are views. But, clear thoughts do not meet and their most of them connection with narrations is a scientific conclusion to give complicates. Including the term "Gobdin" come pronunciation depends on the root word "gób". in this case, ancient Sogdian and modern Persian-Tajik corresponding to the word "gob" in the language "mountain" means. "Gob" was formerly "Kaufa" called [3:6]. Another similar one according to the view, both of the name "Gobdin". components - "gob" and "religion" have changed may be gone. His first  the ancient form of "gob" is based on changes губ/хуф/куф/кох/ based on the word, as we quoted above means mountain, height. Last part of the words din/diz/deh/ in the case of religion as a modified form, it is used in the sense of fortress, fortress. Name in this contained two the word too sound changed. That is, the word Gobdin high up fortress or high up means village [9: 32-33].

      Another view is among the local population connected with the narrations, they are "Gobdin" the name goes to father Gobdin. Narrative it is said that our prophet Muhammad Seven people who are the descendants of (s.a.v). among the holy fathers is also the name "Gobdin Father".There are assumptions that it was. 1. Father Gobdin 2. Father Shepherd 3. Father Nur 4. Father Savruk
5. Father Novka 6. Father Saifin 7. Father Parpi. This uncles of the holy fathers, Saad ibn Abu There are also legends that Waqqos is the father of Kazan there is. But in this case, Gobdin is a father not his real name, but a nickname, The fact that he was a judge in Samarkand for 40 years and that in order to spread the religion of Islam to the earth are said to have been sent [6]. 

This is definitely one approximate view because periodically abstraction is visible. Because, in our opinion, in Central Asia, including In relation to the institution of judiciary in Samarkand present-day Gobdin, which is nearby Islam in the villages at the foot of Mt its non-proliferation is a controversial issue. In our opinion, Gobdin and adjacent to it . The history of villages is the origin of these villages must be sought in the history of being. To Gobdin Neighboring Gumsoy (deep stream, from the riverbed flowing stream) [4:15],

Apple (-li of this object with the suffix refers to existence and abundance) [5: 38] attention to the naming of villages if given, these villages flow from the foothills along the natural spring waters formed, that is, existing at the foot of the mountain Each village has its own spring was Besides, this one at the foot of the mountain rural population is "forty" of Uzbeks belonging to the clan, almost every the village belongs to this clan consists of "balls". For example,
badal, karamoyin, boytopi, etc.

However, it should be noted here that this among the villages, only in the village of Gobdin, is the largest and oldest cemetery, far away
years are forever for those around me has been a place of residence. This is also the history of the village that it is ancient and with the name of the village the person concerned is truly Islamic that it has a great place in history confirms. Gobdin village of the 20th century
on the heads of Jizzakh, Chashma- Koriz, belonging to Yangikurgan Volost.

It is part of the rural district was close to him along with the village
Almali, Almali-Saray bulak, Gobdin, Gumsoy, Koriz, Kotal, Kotal Kazakh, Marjonbulok residential addresses names are given. 20-30s of XX century the existence of 83 yards in Gobdinand that 376 people lived in them noted [8: 22]. Also this again based on data
it can be said that 21 per yard and populationAugust of 505 Hijri (1111 AD). died in Bukhara. [2: 90-91]

4. Abulhusayn Ala ibn Muhammad Ibn Naim Ibn Is'haq Ibn Ubaidullah Ibn Hatim al-Ghobdini is the father of hadiths Muhammad ibn Naim al-Ghobdini, Khalaf Narrated by ibn al-Khayyam and Abu Ahmad ar-Razi. From all hadiths Abu Ali al-Nasafi and Abulabbas Narrated by Ja'far al-Mustagfiris.

Abulhusayn al-Ghobdini 337 Hijri He was born in 948 AD and died in 409 AD.
  (AD 1019) on January 25 died on Thursday. [2:55-56]

5. Abu Naim Hussein ibn Muhammad ibn Naim al-Ghobdini, a virtuous person of his time, one of the ascetic, pious imams,
He received his primary education in his village. Later, with the demand of science, Khorasan, Iraq, he was educated in cities like Hijaz.

In particular, Abu Salih al-Khayyam in Bukhara, Abu Sahl ar Astrabadi, Abu Amr From Muhammad al-Bukhari, Naysabur
from Abul Qasim Abdullah al-Nasawi in Baghdad, Abu Tahir in Baghdad Muhammad al-Mukhlis and Abu Hafs Umar al-Kattani heard the hadiths and wrote them down received Abulabbas hadiths from Allama Ja'far al-Mustagfiri and Qazi Abu Ali Hasan narrated by al-Nasafi. Allama in June of 341 AH (952 AD). born in 427 AH (1036 AD) died in April. [2:54]

6. Abdulwahid ibn Husain ibn Ahmad Ibn Nasr Ibn Nazar Ibn Yusuf Ibn Ubaidullah ibn Muhammad Hammad ibn Abbad ibn Yaqub ibn Ibrahim al-Ghobdini is very narrated many hadiths one of the muhaddis. In available sources the name of the scholar and what he narrated only the hadith was written down, and any of it what is his position or position in his time was born or died year is not given. [2:76)7. Abul Hasan Muhammad ibn Naim al-Katib al-Ghobdini was a secretary. Abu They learned from Muhammad al-Bukhari.
Muharram of the year 381 Hijri (99 AD). who died in [2:85]

8. Abu Ali Hasan ibn Abdullah al-Ghobdini al-Bathudani, reciter, virtuous, righteous Abu Bakr al-Baladi and those who received education from Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Muharram 491 Hijri (1099 AD). Born on the first day of the month, he died in 551 Hijri (1157 AD). [7:175]

At this point, pay attention to one consideration let's look at it. As a result of research in several places of Uzbekistan, the population referred to by the name of Gobdin addresses or community gatherings became known. These are Jizzakh region, Gallaorol district, Kashkadarya region, in the Karshi district, Samarkand
Jomboy, in the Bulungur district of the region are addresses located in the district. But, in history under the name of the above Gobdins
which of the remaining allamas exactly that he is from the village of Gobdin of the region
 is an issue that requires further research

Because it belongs to the Gobdinites seven "Jizzakh alloms" by M. Atayev cited in his book as a jizzakh. He wrote the history of Gobdin in Kashkadarya scholar Abdulkarim al-Samani regarding Gobdini of Kashkadarya past [7: 175]. Another point is that among the historical figures of the Gobdinites one is Abu Muhammad Abdullah al-Ghobdini in the biography of that person, in the village of Gobdin, Uturshona was said to have been born. It is this sign belongs to the village of Gobdin in Gallaorol
. Because in the Middle Ages
a part of the structure of Ustrshona is present. It was organized by Gallaorol district.

Secondly, you have received it so far, both in Usturshona and in the current oasis of Jizzakh another address also called Gobdin
does not occur. It can be seen that more research about the Gobdinians continue and their today Jizzakh, as cited in the literature
or Alloms of the Kashkadarya oasis to scientifically clarify that
much. The village of Gobdin is nearby with its historicity in relation to the villages stands out. Above, we are here the surrounding villagers are sacred Gobdin father's cemetery, as we mentioned already. 
This is a cemetery operated under the same name the relative antiquity of the cemetery and with my great respect, Father Gobdin.
The merit of this place is sacred and ensured that it became a shrine.
In conclusion, it should be said that this village was famous in the Islamic world in his time where scholars are born and raised, science
is developed, and of the muhaddiths we quoted above
hoki of ancestors and descendants, theirs is a saint who has reached the blessed step is one of the shrines. Supposedly, it is a shrine from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century

[4]. This is a shrine the place of the old mosque in the area
and khanakah, some more ancient forms of tombstones also confirm. This 13 one-meter marbles with triangles Qur'anic verses and years on tombstones stands the test of time, resulting in unreadable writing
has arrived. That's why it's a tombstone, writing is difficult to read.
According to the villagers, until 1941, the roof of the house was
covered in shiny tin. Later, the center of the tin above the house
took it to the building and stuck it. The size of the old mosque is 20 meters by 12 meters organized. On the qibla side of the mosque
the thickness of the wall is 1.5 meters, the rest of the sides are 1 meter. It's been repaired four times to date.

The son of Ahmad Khan Ziya Khan led the construction by Usta Umar, Usta Adil, Usta Abbas actively participated in the mosque
as shown by the columns. 
This old mosque was active until 2010. From 1970 to 1994 the son of Mahmud Khan Mamirza served as imam in this mosque. He is the great grandfather of the author. 2010- to the current appearance of the mosque, Donokhan Haji, who led the way.

Mahmud Khan's son is a descendant of that person is considered to the mosque until 1970 Ahmad Khan Eshon, and before him Domla
. 

A person named Kubay served as imam, and Ghaffar Eshan was the imam before Kubay. Currently, Mahmudov Sirojiddinkhan 
is imam. 

This is basically the origin of the new construction going to the village and neighboring villages' roots, ancestors settled forever aimed at the well-being of the place. Donations from generous donors
were given for the new mosque pillars in Buvai, Fergana region, from 
a group of flower craftsmen of the district. Now 250-300 people can be in the mosque at the same time performing Muslim prayers
.

It should be noted that this shrine is today a cultural heritage of the republic but not included in the official list. 
According to my grandfather Donokhanhoji, based on the antiquity of the shrine, no written sources have been found, based on the antiquity of the cemetery. In the ancient Arabic writing that was once in the cemetery, tombstones of the river made of limestone in different years after new graves are opened, according to custom.

According to Muslim custom since the corpse in the grave has turned into rotting soil then a new corpse can be placed on it.
In this, of course, the respect of the old corpse, carefully placing it in place, must be performed before the new body was buried on top.  Today as a result of the focus on our history, we think in the near future.

The written sources that give the history of the shrine are included in the scientific treatment, maybe an ancient one buried by time
tombstones are found.

In conclusion, it should be said that Gobdin village and related to it
the history of the father's shrine is still full of our history and are considered unexplored pages.

Studying the history of a village and shrine through the great material of our people, our homeland with its spiritual heritage,
past migrations, and cultural history, a lot of new information about the processes and ethnography is revealed.

Used literature and sources:

1. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers dated December 5, 2014 "Historical, artistic or other cultural
a list of objects that cannot be pledged and mortgaged due to their value
Decision No. 335 on approval"// http://www.lex.uz/ .
2. Atayev M. Jizzakh scholars. - Tashkent.: Adib, 2014. 270 p
3. Nafasov T., Nafasova V. Educational annotated dictionary of toponyms of the Uzbek language. - Tashkent: New century
generation, 2007. – 88 p.
4. Ohunov N. Interpretation of place names. - Tashkent.: Uzbekistan, 1994. - 86 p.
5. Sindorova F. Ancient Turkic toponymy of Uzbekistan (in the example of Jizzakh region). - Jizzax.:
 13. - 56 p.
6. Story by 84-year-old Tilavov Mahmud Haji of Gobdin village, Gallaorol district
done April 2016.
7. Abu Sad Abdulkarim al-Samani. Genealogy (al-Ansab). - Tashkent.: 2017. - 273 p.
8. Spisok naselennyx mest Uzbekskoy SSR, Kamarkandskaya oblast. 1925. - 53 c.
9. Tilovov T. Gubdin and Gubdinites. 2015. – 279 p.// ziyonet.uz/

Authors: Guzal Sunnatova
Sohiba Rahmanova

This month’s submissions explore when to persevere towards your dreams and when it’s smarter to let go and surrender into the flow of life and the universe around you. When to grasp and catch, and when and how to gracefully release expectations.

Emerging Uzbek educator and writer Qurbonova Gulsanam highlights the need to focus on your goals to achieve your dreams. Sherova Orzigul Alisher relates her excitement over the recent development and hopeful future of Uzbekistan while Iroda Bakhronova outlines her personal efforts to build up her country.

Alisherova Dilshoda writes of her dedication to making her dreams come true in the educational field, and also of the importance of learning from books.

Chimezie Ihekuna offers up guidelines on how to become a published author while Yodgorova Billurabonu Shuhrat catalogs developments in the art of translation over the years. Beknazarova Ayganim appreciates the simple joy of reading while Olimova Zarina Ahadovna addresses the value of Braille lettering for the blind. Ravshanbekova Asalkhon shares concerns about kids and screen time and encourages parents to read with their children.

Aziza Mamayusupovna Kosimova revels in the power of imagination and poetry to lift us beyond our ordinary lives into heroism. Davron Yu and Zarina Abdulina offer up praise for their personal heroes, mothers and teachers. Munnavar Boltayeva reflects on how her mother’s love can carry her through hard times, past and present.

Mekhriniso Ergashova expresses her determination to work hard towards success, while Gulsevar Xojamova speaks of her resolve to treat her Uzbek motherland with respect. Farangiz Safarova contributes a short essay on the need to move past and not be defined by one’s mistakes.

Mamatkasimova Sitora shares her story of pride in overcoming obstacles to gain her education.

Sandro Piedrahita offers up a tale of a falsely accused priest who finds vindication at long last. Jeff Rasley’s excerpt from Bringing Progress to Paradise relates how a dangerous avalanche kicks off a story of international friendship.

Stephen Williams creates a train voyage as a metaphor for a society heading the wrong way, with a hero who stops in the tracks to let people disembark.

Jim Meirose’s surreal story illustrates a somewhat-hero who survives a fall by drinking, partying, and not taking life too seriously.

Guzal Sunnatova’s poem presents joy resurfacing after trauma. While she finds that possible relatively soon, some traumas take longer to process.

Taylor Dibbert‘s poetic speaker grieves the loss of his beloved dog. Erkin Vohidov speaks to his homesickness for his native land of Uzbekistan.

Mykyta Ryzhykh renders up a surreal synthesis of the desolation and many losses of wartime while Ahmad Al-Khatat depicts the slow inner death of losing one’s home and memories as a refugee.

Mesfakus Salahin offers a romanticized ode to unrequited love among the desert stones of the Sahara. J.J. Campbell probes midlife loss and the desire to pass away on his own terms. Azemina Krehic recollects the tragedy of a misunderstood quest for simple personal freedom.

Emina Delilovic-Kevric explores loneliness through a dream scene revealing the strange companions the mind can find when it wanders alone. Lindsey White develops the gradual buildup of tension in a family, physical and emotional, during a dinner table scene. Teya Cooksey – Voytenko crates a scene where childhood joy and freedom is interrupted by the memory of adult tension.

Jaylan Salah revisits the 2015 film Sicario and looks at how the main character seeks and struggles to maintain her moral footing when faced with chaos and hard choices.

Dan Cuddy’s poetry speaks to how war catches ordinary people up in evil, how the tides of history pass and leave ordinary life in their wake.

Other contributors encourage caution and grace in our vast world, finding peace along the journey rather than seizing the day.

Jake Cosmos Aller explores the impact of our loss of our concept of God and the transcendent. Tuyet Van Do shares her concerns over humans’ going too far and messing with nature beyond our capacity to understand it.

Z.I. Mahmud’s examination of Macbeth’s character arc urges caution over our pursuit of our “vaulting ambition” at the expense of morality and humanity.

Robert Fleming sends in an abstract mashup of images and questions and words, probing how much we can ever really understand about our world. The strangely angled images of power plants and the questions superimposed over the Alexa device suggest thoughts similar to Van Do’s.

Christopher Bernard reviews Cal Performances’ recent production of Michel van der Aa’s opera Blank Out, which questions the power of our memories in light of great past tragedy.

Kang Byeong Chen speaks to the gentle power of nature, patience and perseverance, working with the rhythm of nature and not fighting it. Graciela Noemi Villaverde remembers in a crisis to stop and consider life’s natural beauty and let the waves of intense emotion pass over her. Maja Milojkovic reflects on ways she lost and found her true self through searching, contemplation and prayer. Elmaya Jabbarova describes ecstatic communion with the divine, her source of being and inspiration.

Robiul Awal Esa relates a tale of how life catches up to a petty person and shows him the error of his ways, giving him a chance to make amends.

David Woodward seeks and finds the transcendent in ordinary life at all scales and sizes, a lesson he learns during shelter-in-place. Alan Catlin’s lists and fragments of ideas add up to a kind of meaning, subtle yet deep.

Kushal Poddar intertwines motifs from the natural world out his window together with those from his imagination to create a reflective, domestic atmosphere. Mark Young’s poems also invite reflection, crafted through a technical process that results in often-incongruous work that subverts reader expectations.

Russell Streur invites the reader to pause to consider various elements of nature through elegant translations of famous Japanese haikus grouped into themes. Maurizio Brancaleoni’s original Italian haikus are all dedicated to the contemplative majesty of organ music.

John Culp writes of the timelessness and constant presence of love. Allison Grayhurst evokes a sense of spiritual communion, as people realize they already have what they need most.

Finally, Channie Greenberg encourages us to peruse the different textures and shapes of leaves in her photographs, while Mahbub Alam shares his calm speculations on the evening flight of birds and Don Bormon celebrates the beauty and usefulness of rivers.

Do you think that Macbeth is a victim of his own ambition? Or do you think there are other factors contributing to his downfall? Elaborate.

Macbeth is a victim of his own ambition in close reading upon examination of the following verses, herein Macbeth declares, “Sleep no more! Macbeth Glamis hath murdered sleep and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more, and, Macbeth does murder sleep, the innocent sleep,   “Will all great Neptune’s Ocean wash this Blood clean from my hand,  This my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red.” Macbeth is a character filled with pity rather than a character of despicable detestations in readers judgment. His peripeteia from exalted nobility’s glory to decadence of degenerative inhumanity contributes to his downfall. Macbeth as a poignant character is transformed into a punitive protagonist in the readers’ and spectators’ deriving satisfaction through revenge or retributive justice.       

Bravehearted, valiant and worthy gentleman, Duncan endears epithets of his noble entitlement which ironically obscures into oblivion aftermath of ignominious treachery of murdering Duncan in sleep as his invited guest of honour. Notwithstanding Macbeth’s vacillation and procrastination before the assassination is thus the best evidence we have of vindictiveness in the vein of cathartic plight of the dilemmatic soul. Macbeth is tormented before the prospects of his own crime in declaiming to have chosen kingship over the murder. “Will plead like angels, trumpet tongued, against The deep damnation of his taking-off.” “We shall proceed no further in this business” to “I am settled….this terrible feat” surmounts the trajectory of procrastination to resolution and therefore, parallel the progression from great goodness to great wickedness.

Macbeth’s murdering of Banquo and Lady Macduff along with the inheritor prince grimaces striking horror and terror which vividly portrays crime at its pinnacle. Absence from her husband, the loving banter of her son and her stand against the murderers makes her as admirable as the little boy himself, who dies in defense of his father’s name. Then maneuvering to England to witness the atrocity on Macduff, our active pity for Macbeth’s victims is at the high point of the play.  These terrible feats are remote and impersonal to Macbeth as they are personal and immediate to the audience. These crimes were followed by suffering scenes of self-torment and thus, the bloody execution of regicide in civilian life and past military life , he does not understand his own character-he does not know what will be the effects of the evil act  on his future happiness. Macbeth is a brave warrior, a moral coward and a brutal murderer who is racked by feelings of guilt. 

Write a brief note examining the significance of witches in Shakespeare’s Macbeth.

Witches’ materialistic and cannibalistic ritual of womb-like cauldron’s mouth and flinging of poisonous and ravenous beasts (toads, snakes, dragons, wolves, sharks and tigers) and parts representing the erotic and sensory powers of non-Christian (Jew’s liver, Turk’s nose, Tartar’s lips) -and those lowers senses of smell and taste involved in feeding. Witches in Macbeth are loathsome and malevolent and their magical powers causes tempests that afflict voyagers, and they are associated with murderous treachery, tyrannical butchery, slaughtering violence and unnatural disturbances of many kinds. These are wayward weird sisters, Goddess of destiny or some fairy nymphs in otherworldly and wild apparels. The witches are grossly unnatural in their appearance, being female but bearded; they relish blasphemy, infanticide and filth; and they inflict storms and disruptions.  Witches walk of the hurly burly of the battle and their distorted gender creating a murky atmosphere of blurred distinctions and mingled opposites wherein the masculinity arches and contends over femininity  of moral ambivalence and of chaos: ‘fair is foul and foul is fair’ , and ‘things hover through the fog and filthy air’.  The witches cauldron, this hell-broth betokening of chaos and destruction, is an antithesis of the fertile womb producing poison and death instead of health and new life. 

Further Reading and Works Consulted

Macbeth As A Tragic Hero Wayne C. Booth, Source: The Journal of General Education, October 1951, Vol. 6, No. 1 , October 1951, pages: 17-25 Penn State University

Macbeth’s Three Murders Robert Lanier Reid pages: 117-130 Harold Bloom’s Shakespeare’s Literary Criticism

Wordsworth Classics Edition Cedric Watts Introductory Note of Willaim Shakespeare’s Macbeth

Macbeth Piotr Shadowski pages: 151- 161    Harold Bloom’s Shakespeare’s Macbeth Modern Literary Criticism

Examine the opening scene of Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth.

Act I celebrates Macbeth as a military leader, but the subtler dramatic value is in his struggle to deal with temptations that high public honours will place on his integrity and personal honour. His soliloquies show him struggling with something strangely unfamiliar. Hudibrastic language and burlesque meter of the superstition and magical fantasy characters-the genderless witches are introduced within the opening scene of Macbeth “Fair is foul, and foul is fair, Hover through the fog and filthy air.. Their prophecy of Macbeth’s future dukedom, earldom and kingship of Cawdor and Scotland after his eventual crowning of Glamis strikes him and Banquo with the procrastination in meditative contemplation. Banquo’s and Macbeth’s soliloquy can be interpreted in the vein:

“The instruments of darkness tells us truths,

Wins us with honest trifles, to betrays,

In deepest consequence.”

Puzzlement springing forth into moral anxieties of those malicious agents of wickedness in Banquo’s presence of referencing Macbeth’s uncertain future:  strangeness of the calamitous situation.

“Cannot be ill, cannot be good, if ill,

Why hath it given me earnest of success,

Commencing in a truth?

Unraveling mysteries inclines to antithesis, Macbeth soliloquises the certainties of psychological truth between horrible imaginings. Duncan’s humanizing kingship with his subject, “The Prince of Cumberland ” endowment to establish his political hegemony can be critiqued to a detailed entrenchment.

“Stars, hide your fires,

Let that light never see my black and deep desires,

The eye winks at the hand. Yet let that be,

Which the eye fears when it is done to see.”

Goodness itself is too frail to challenger the world of darkness and the horror Lady Macbeth is invoking, “Come you spirits…Come to my woman’s breast…Come, thick night!”

“The raven himself is hoarse,

That croaks the entrance of Duncan

Under my battlements.” and further “Great Glamis, worthy Cawdor, Greater than the both by the all -hail hereafter.

Banquo’s continuance of ominous foretellings inferring natural imageries of martlet and birds to Jacobites engenders deceits and hypocrisy, “Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed the air most delicate. False face must hide, what the false heart doth know.”

Dr Samuel Johnson’s shrewd observance of Shakespare’s Macbeth reads: “This play is deservedly celebrated for the propriety of its fictions, and its solemnity, grandeur, and variety of its actions; but it has no nice discriminations of character, the events are too great to admit the influence of particular dispositions, and the course of the action necessarily determines the conduct of the agents.” Having evoked the play’s distinctive atmosphere Bradley exclaims, “From this murky background stands out the two very great terrible figures, who dwarf all the remaining characters of the drama. Both are sublime, and both inspire, fare more than the other tragic heroes, the feelings of awe.” Bradley felt that Shakespeare wrote Macbeth after great pain, tumult and loss and the play’s ending give a sense that the order has been restored.       

Terry Eagleton’s observation of the weird sisters of sorcerers and witchcraft in the language: They are poets, prophetesses and devotees of the female cult, radical separatists who scorn male power and lay bare the sound and fury at its core.

Cambridge Student Guide Shakespare Macbeth Stephen Sidall

“Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood

……………………………………….

Making the green one red.”

These are magnificent poetic lines extracted from Macbeth Act II Scene II Lines: 59-62 immediately after the horror striking and terror thundering slaughter of Duncan by Macbeth. The regicide grimaces grimy staining of Macbeth as a traitorous villain and disloyal minister to the government of the monarchy. Macbeth’s character assassination cannot be salvaged by the multitudinous seas taken together with reference to its innumerable waves and the countless masses of water on the surface of the globe(Malone). “The long latinised verbs preceded and followed by monosyllables gives the effect of a boundless sea.” (Wilson) And “the imagination of Macbeth dwells upon the universal conversion of the red one into green. (Elwin). The hyperbole of hysteria culminating in the pinnacle of the drama reflects Macbeth’s aghast and agonized soul at its moral defeat-a hallucination of greater emotional power than that of the dagger.

Here’s Macbeth’s soliloquy in full:

She should have died hereafter;
There would have been a time for such a word.
Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time,
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.

Analyze Macbeth’s soliloquies in relation tot he development of his character in the course of the play. [Calcutta University Honours. 1989]

Macbeth’s soliloquies manifests the interior dramatic monologue revealing thoughts, feelings, emotions and sentiments surrounding the happenings on stage and off stage by the subsequent pursuit of consecutive murders. His poetic lyrics embellish the subconscious state of mind and soliloquies are the best means of presenting the essential self of the character which is disintegrated and disrupted by the temptation.

The conflict of Macbeth’s mind between the impulse to action and conscience. His mind is working on two planes as he is getting his reasons and motives hopelessly wrong. Wilson Knight notes of Macbeth’s interior dilemma as soon as he proceeds to murder Duncan, “Macbeth whose conscience revolts from the crime persuades himself that he is a most cold-blooded villain and fears of the actual and personal punishment.”

Macbeth contemplates the immediacy of the action and procrastinates the approach stepping to resolution and the implications of a future life. Justice is impartial and our crimes recoil upon us. Duncan is Macbeth’s blood relation and monarchical courtier which are the strong reasons against his contemplated regicide. His bindings to the sacred pledge of hospitality succumbs by the temptation to gain power by affording to bear the dagger himself.

Duncan whose acclaimed nobility and renowned eminence can be appertained to his exercise of power with modesty and meekness. “Will plead like angels, trumpet tongued , Against the deep damnation of thy soul” Overambition vaults unsurpassingly and overreaches itself just as a reckless rider may overleap and miss the saddle. Macbeth is afraid of his vaulted ambition and the soliloquy reveals “a mind trying to get its own motives clear”. Macbeth cannot pronounce murder which sticks in his throat and Macbeth fears eternal the intended crime, knowing that Duncan would be pitied as a ‘newborn babe’ and Duncan’s virtues are like angels who will proclaim the horrid deed and will be condemned through the sightless couriers of the air.

Helen Gardner in a fine analysis of the last art of the soliloquy remarks: “It is not terror of heaven’s vengeance which makes him pause; but the terror of moral isolation. The babe image merges into the cherubim, not because Shakespeare means Macbeth to be feeling both pity and fear of retribution at the same time but because Shakespeare believes in the holiness of the heart’s affections. It is the judgment of the human heart that Macbeth fears here, and the punishment which the speech foreshadows is not that he will be cut down by Macduff, but having murdered his own humanity, he will enter into a world of appalling loneliness, of meaningless activity, unloved himself and unable to love.”  

“Beware of Macduff Beware the Thane of Fife”. Bring out the effect of this warning on Macbeth’s character and conduct in the last two acts of the play. [Calcutta University Honours 1994]

Macbeth’s desperate and belligerent actions of slaughtering England fled Macduff’s family including mistress and children demonstrate his inhumane character flawed by the frailties of temptation to the throne’s accession. Superstitious witches proclaim Macbeth’s fatal plight endangered by the prophecy, “Beware of Macduff….Thane of Fife”. “Each new morn new widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows strike heaven on the face”

…dead butcher Macbeth’s foreboding damnation incidents as soon as the English soldiers are ready to help the Scottish nobles who have deserted Macbeth. Macbeth acknowledges his impulses with the dread, and submits to them half knowing the consequences and watches himself destroying himself in a long suicide of the soul. His heartsickness and restlessness will not submit to the mounting tempo of rebellion and retribution, he fortifies his castle against his  rivals.

Eventually, Macbeth’s deteriorating heartsickness turns into a malicious malady of “My way of life is fallen into the sear, the yellow leaf.” Macbeth knows that Scotland is ruined, and the doctor cannot ‘purge it to a sound and pristine health’. In his desperate recklessness and the brink of despairing heartsickness-he has been led by illusions-each tomorrow comes and goes, each to-morrow becomes a yesterday befooling man and leading him to death. He has come to realize the vanity of vanities by the ‘juggling fiends’ In the course of his degeneration and downfall, the retains the spirit of grandeur and his weariness, his despair, and his sense of utter loneliness touches us pity while his defiance and fury strike us with awe.

Discuss the dramatic presentation of Macduff in the play, Macbeth.

Or

Attempt an analysis of the character of Macduff and discuss his role in the play, [Calcutta University Honours 1985]

Or

“Least our old robes sit easier than our new!” Examine the character of Macduff as the contrasting foible to Macbeth.

Or Macduff is the antihero to make the time free from tyranny and nightmare for Scotland. Explain and elaborate.

Or

“O Banquo O Banquo/Our royal masters murdered.” “O  horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart cannot conceive or name thee.” Examine the character of Macduff in the light of this speech

Or

Macbeth is a dwarfish thief in a giant’s robe. Macduff presents the beheaded head of Macbeth to Malcolm and establishes the restoration of the divine rights of king. Examine the character sketch of Macduff.

Macduff’s noble integrity and patriotic spirit makes him an ideal foil and antagonist to lead the army against Macbeth. Macduff in the banks and shoal of banqueting discovers the grotesquery of gothic regicidal bloodshed- villainy and hypocrisy of Macbeth as reflected in the words, “Wherefore did you so?” This happens as soon as Macbeth’s murders the chamberlains and thereafter the innuendo suggests of falsely implicating Malcolm and Donalbain as the suspected perpetrators of the heinous crime since they have fled to England. Here Macduff’s stalwart pledge to the allegiance of monarchy disenchants him from the banqueting coronation of the unholy king and thereafter seeks assistance from the holy king of England (Divine Rights of King). 

This Macduff fears his life because by the time Macbeth has become a tyrant Macbeth has Banquo killed and so, Macduff flees to England to arouse the rebellion in association with Malcolm beleaguring the Scottish nobles. Macduff later reveals to Macbeth that he is, “even that thy wizards have told thee of who was never born of my mother, but ripped out of the womb.”

In the meanwhile of the capturing of Dunsinane Castle, Macduff’s wife and children bravehearted lionizes themselves with audacity before the tyrant Macbeth’s interview. Lady Macduff’s feelings for Macbeth appear in her spirited reply to the murderer’s questions: “Where’s your husband?” “I hope in no place so unsanctified where such as thou may’st find him.” To the murderer’s remark that Macbeth is a traitor the lad gives an angry reply: “Thou lies, thou shag-haired villain.” The sweet and affectionate family bliss of Macduff and Lady Macduff can be contrasted with the harsh and cruel life of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

Macduff’s reaction to the news of the family’s slaughter throws him in sheerness grief and lamentation in poignantly brief words, “My children too?…And I must be from thence!” “My wife killed too?…”all my pretty chickens and their dam at one fell swoop.” He must be afflicted with tormented by pathetic anguish of his soul after the bereavement of his dearly family and ‘his voice is in his sword’/’Front to front/ Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself.”        

Discuss the character of Duncan. What dramatic purpose is served by Shakespearean characterization of Duncan.

Duncan was a true legend of humanist monarch of Scotland whose conscience always worked for the welfare of the subjects. The beginning of Duncan’s reign was a peaceful sovereignty without notable chaos, but after it tumultuous turmoil caused dissenters and protestants occasion thereof to disrupt the peace and quiet state of the commonwealth.

Shakespeare makes Duncan honest and noble in order to intensify the tragic irony through the vivid impression of his angelic innocence and least life span.  Jesus College Fellow and Master E. M. W Tillyard’s criticism can be justified in the estimation of Macbeth: “Shakespeare has consciously refused to allow Duncan to become an individual.” Both Macbeth and Macduff have optimistic critical reception appreciative of Duncan’s character proclaiming, “Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will plead, like angels trumpet tongued…” and “Thy royal father was a sainted king.” 

Duncan’s naivety and innocence makes him a double victim of both the Thane of Cawdor and Macbeth. His trustworthiness of “honoured hostess” is staked to be betrayed in case of Lady Macbeth’s devilish cloaked hospitality. Duncan’s humility, nobility, generosity and strength are to be historic charismatic qualities of justice. He wishes to reward Macbeth in proportion to his achievements and thank Lady Macbeth more than he is able to. There is a strain of sentimentality in traits since this is manifested in his exuberance and sentimentality to proclaim gratitude of the hospitality of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Though he sheds tears upon receiving Macbeth and Banquo yet he is firm and resolute in declaring the heir apparent Malcolm to the throne. He is contrasted with Macbeth whose tyranny will unleash the forces of disorder and disloyalty in the country.

Duncan’s spirituality and royalty is perennial presence of Macbeth’s mind, and he remembers his meekness, humility and fairness and procrastinates to dagger him but later his masculinity was provoked by Lady Macbeth to commit the most sacrilegious murder. He harps on the word hostess and kisses Lady Macbeth’s cheek in gratitude-a fine ironic touch because Lady Macbeth has already by persuading Macbeth to murder given him the kiss of death. He is painted in angelic terms to emphasize his ideal kingly qualities and to highlight the enormity of the crime of Macbeth. No human sympathies are aroused at his murder although Lady Macbeth grieves of her father figure upon this execution of the terrible feat. Audience is more interested in the murderer than in the murder.

Write a note on the significance of the porter’s speech in Scene III, Act II. Point out the contemporary topical allusions in the speech. Examine in this connection the arguments of those who object to the porter’s monologue and to his following dialogue with Macduff. [Calcutta University Honours 1990]

After committing the heinous crime -the most blasphemous murdering of Duncan following Act II Scene II Macbeth hears voices and sees visions. He is unsure whether these voices and visions being real or imaginary .

The porter in his drunkenness fancies himself to be ushering the sinners of hell including farmer, jesuit equivocate and an English tailor. The first candidate is in expectation of hoarding corn to earn abnormal profits, later discovers that prospects of good harvests have dwindled his profits into unexpected loss. Jesuits were accused of alternately swearing and foreswearing. And the English tailor cut cloth out of a French hose which is a traditionally close-fitting. The porter imagines all these under the influence of wine and hen his drunkenness goes off, his visions fades, and as the cold bites him, he comes slowly into an awareness of the reality around him.

Elizabethan tragedy introduces comic relief to the tragic tension and terror and the Calvinistic fashion of damnation depicted by the porter’s scene is no further exception. He is indeed the porter of the hell gate and Macbeth is the Devil residing in his castled Hell. His ramblings effectively delay the discovery, so that his lascivious humour and his stumblings and natural comic effect, a degree of tension is built up in the audience and the readers. Instead of providing mere comic relief, it increases the horror of the situation. We are never allowed to forget of the bloody execution and this emphasises the horror by the grimness of the contrast. The farmer, equivocator and the tailor are symbols of Macbethwho has overreached himself like them and so go to hell.

Porter’s scene can be integral theatrical part of the drama engrossed in exemplification as the comical relief and comical contrast. Professor Hales defends the scene and gives reasons for justifying its genuineness. Belzebub, Devil and Hell are painted in the porter’s imagination and De Quincey’s famous exposition has silenced the challenging critics: “The knocking at the gate is heard and it makes known audibly that the reaction has commenced, the human hath made its reflux upon the fiendish, the pulses of life are beginning to beat again and the reestablishments of the goings on of the world in which we live makes us profoundly sensible of the awful parenthesis that has suspended them. (On the knocking at the gate).

The porter’s monologue and dialogue were supposed to be actor’s interpolations intended for the entertainment of the groundlings apart from the necessity of transitioning to apparel and costume timing. Proasic language with bawdy and vulgar colloquialism the porter’s speech provides antithesis between appearance and realty, purpose and fulfillment, conception and execution. The allusive reference to the poor condition of high yielding corn merchant sunken poverty of 1606. Henry Garnet, a jesuit was hanged with the treason of gunpowder plot in the reign of James I and these Jesuits were objects of attack by preachers in Elizabethan England for their oath of swearing and forswearing.

.  

Analyze the banquet scene and discuss its importance (Act III Scene IV). What light does it throw on the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth? [Calcutta University Honours 1964, ‘78, ‘80, ‘86, ‘93]

Or

Scenically, the ghost of Banquo is not a pure hallucination like the dagger. The reailty of air drawn dagger is questioned by him. The ghost was visible objectivity of the stage directions. Justify the argument of the passage.

Macbeth invites the noble lords, earls and dukes of Scotland to the ceremonial feasting of his coronation banquet. The guests have graced except Banquo’s son Fleance escapes and Macduff flees to England. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are further examined in depth in the light of this scene. The banquet scene shows that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are ‘yet but young in deed’. Banquo’s ghost appears as visionary ironical illusion and Macbeth’s nervous tension and mental tortures by the nemesis of his own imagination. As a result, Lady Macbeth unceremoniously dismisses the party wishing these invitees happy good night.

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are left alone. Macbeth is out of the world while Lady Macbeth is fatigued by wearisome dread. Macbeth’s conscience stings him and he is full of scorpions. He resolves to defend crime by crime and entrust the nemesis to the witches. The irony is that only Macbeth sees the vision. [‘What sights, my Lord’, asks Rosse] and the scene is saturated with irony when Banquo complies to Macbeth’s wishes “Fail not our feat”, to which Banquo replies, ”My Lord, I will not.”  “Shakespeare took ghosts as he took witches from popular superstitions and psychologised them, so far as the conditions of the stage allowed. The ghost is indeed real but “of  all Shakespeare’s ghosts it is the most ghostly.” [Grierson] W Rosen speaks of another irony which consists in the discrepancy between Macbeth’s expectations and the occasion’s actuality: “When Macbeth chafes at Banquo’s absence, when he would drink to Banquo’s health knowing well the man is dead, he confidently expresses the unuttered belief that he is capable of controlling his own destiny. But the audience, aware that Banquo’s spirit has risen, knows this belief to be an illusion. It is this moment of ironic reversal that establishes a close bond between actor and spectator, and accounts for pity and terror, for Macbeth’s situation is typical tragic human destiny. At the moment of his supreme confidence, we see the precariousness of the human condition.” [Shakespeare and the Craft of Tragedy pp. 88-89]  

A River

River is a part of nature.

It is very important for our culture.

This is an irremovable thing for us.

It has many importance for us.

In our country,

We have many rivers.

Padma, Meghna, Jamuna are the biggest rivers. We have also many small rivers.

Mahananda, Atrai etc are the popular of them. In our country rivers don’ flow in a straight way.

These rivers flow in its own way.

These rivers provide us fish to eat.

That contains a lot of protein.

We can go many places easily by rivers.

That is very useful for us.

I think, if I can be one of the small rivers,

I will flow on my own way.

And make an own beauty of me.

Don Bormon is a student of grade 8 in Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh.