THE PERSONALITY OF GAFUR GULAM IS AN INDELIBLE IMAGE OF UZBEK
Ibrahimov Saidakbar Tashkent State University of Law Faculty of Criminal Justice 3rd-grade student
Today, we are informed about the work and life of the national poet of Uzbekistan, a great representative of our literature, academician Gafur Ghulam through school textbooks, various books, or mass media. However, it will be useful if we briefly dwell on the work of this artist and learn the necessary conclusions from it.
People’s poet of the Republic of Uzbekistan Gafur Ghulam was born on May 10, 1309, in the Korgontegi neighborhood of Azim Tashkent in a family of hard workers. His father Ghulam Mirza Arif knew the Russian language, read poetry, and wrote poetry himself. Gafur Ghulam was nine years old and his father died when he was fifteen. In these periods of his youth, our writer studied first in the old school, and then in Russian-Tuzem schools. After completing teacher preparation courses, he teaches in schools. Gafur Ghulam even works as a teacher in an orphanage and for some time as a director of such schools. At that time, the writer established relations with the publishers of various newspapers. He works in the newspapers “Kambagal Dehgan”, “Kyzil Uzbekiston”, and “Sharq Haqikatii”. The first literary activity of the poet began in 1923. He expresses his life in the poem “Felix’s Children” written this year. The poet’s first poetry collection was published in 1931 under the name “Dynamo”, and in 1932 the second collection was published under the name “Living Songs”.
As everyone knows, world and Uzbek literature has many great representatives of prose and poetry. That is, most creators have their creative achievements in the same direction of literature, and some creators feel free in poetry, and others in prose or drama, and enhance their creativity. When we hear the names of Abdulla Qahhor and Abdulla Qadiri, we think of masters of the epic (prose) genre, when we think of the names of Abdulla Oripov, Usman Nasir, Hamid Olimjon, Muhammad Yusuf, we think of artists who have come to the public’s attention with their poems. Because someone was an unwitting fan of one of their works, and someone was a fan of their poems. However, if we dwell on the name of Gafur Ghulam, we can think that the ideas mentioned above are somewhat inconsistent with his works. Because the creator skillfully waved his pen in both prose and poetry genres and left great examples of creativity in both directions, and each of them is worthy of admiration. In particular, anyone who is interested in Gafur Ghulam’s work is familiar with the artist’s work “Shum Bola” or “You are not an Orphan”. The author’s short stories and stories “Netay”, “Yodgor”, “Resurrected Corpse”, and “Shum bola” written in the 30s of the 20th century made a great contribution to the development of our national literature.
In many works of Gafur Ghulom, the true heroism of the people, humanity, and Uzbek nationalism are shown. Gafur Ghulam dedicated many of his works to the personality of children. The work “Shum Bola” is one of the successful works of the writer. In the play, the hero talks about his tragic life. The boy ran away from his house to his aunt’s house because of his mother’s punishment while taking the products out of the house. However, the boy is not lucky here either: he accidentally kills his uncle’s quail and leaves this house. Thus, he begins to be darbadar and trouble. The writer focuses on describing the worries and inner experiences of this child. Depicting external events, things and everything surrounding the little hero in the play serves to express human feelings deeply.
The events and scenes of the Second World War left an indelible mark on Gafur Ghulam’s heart. If he went back to his childhood in the years of the First World War and could not fully feel all the horrors and complications of the war, the artist considered the new war and those who provoked it to be his personal, bitter enemy. In these years, the poet’s literal works such as “You are not an Orphan”, “Gold Medal”, “Observation”, “Time”, “Missing”, “There Will be a Holiday on our street”, “I am a Jew” classical poems were born. In many of the writer’s poems, there is the image of an oriental sage – a father: “You are not an orphan” (1942), “Grief” (1942), “One is a student, one is a master” (1950), “You are young people” (1947), “Spring Songs” (1948) and others.
The poet received the State Prize in 1946 for the collection “I Come from the East”, a collection of poems written during the war years. Gafur Ghulam was awarded the title of academician together with his creative friend Oybek for his great contribution to the development of Uzbek science and culture (1943).
Gafur Ghulam also used his pen effectively in the years after the war and created high artistic works; published several excellent articles on journalism and literary studies. His work appeared as a unique chronicle of the people’s life in this period. If Gafur Ghulam rose to the level of a philosopher-poet with his poetic works during this period, he also showed that he was a skilled writer who knew the people’s life and spirit well with his stories such as “Shum Bola” and “My Thief Boy”. Gafur Ghulam’s selected works, collections, and works in ten volumes have been published several times. His articles written as a scholar of classic and modern literature, his journalistic speeches on various aspects of life, feuilletons, and funny stories are warmly welcomed by the people, the poet is highly praised everywhere. would be honored. Gafur Ghulam was awarded the title of “People’s Poet of Uzbekistan” in 1963.
At the end of our speech, we should quote a verse from the author’s pen: Be as hardworking as the world, sooner or later,
With this, the poet emphasizes that movement means aliveness, that both the universe and the earth are always in motion, and he encourages our fans to move and live. In conclusion, we can say that during his life, the writer left an indelible mark in history with his life, his will, and his legacy equal to gold. Today, finding such works, even writing them, is a difficult task.
References:
1. Uzbek writers. Sabir Mirvaliyev – “Fan” publishing house – 1993 2. Naim Karimov, publishing house named after Gafur Ghulam, Tashkent-2003. 3. The spiritual and educational significance of Gafur Ghulam’s work. Scientific conference. Tashkent-2003. 4. www.ziyo.net 5. www.ziyouz.com library
This article is about a true friend of the Uzbek people, translator and poet Alexander Feinberg. His life experiences, works and translations are given in a concise manner to witness the true purpose of the poet’s poems and his charm.
Alexander Arkadevich Feinberg was born on November 2, 1939 in Tashkent.
He was born after moving from Novosibirsk. After that for the rest of his life he lived and created works in Tashkent. For several years, he led the workshop of young writers in Tashkent.
He was also considered a member of the Writers’ Union of Uzbekistan.
He was an extremely prolific creator. He has written 15 poetry books. Based on “Writers Scripts” feature films and more than twenty animated films are shot based on his work.
He translated epics and ghazals, poems of modern Uzbek poets such as Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Omon Matjon into Russian, and through this he allowed the people to enjoy the rare gems of our literature and served the development of friendship and cultural relations between peoples.
Therefore, all literature in our country, regardless of the language and nationality of the writer, deserves respectfully mention. The great Uzbek literature of the 20th century representative, Hero of Uzbekistan, famous poet Abdulla Oripov about him:
“As for the work of Alexander Feinberg, all the high words are one hundredth of the truth does not reflect part of it, because he was, in fact, a unique poet and translator. In Russian none of the writers who speak so much to our sunny country can sing a sincere song”
We can know from the writer’s attention that Alexander Feinberg has a unique place in the world of creativity and has deeply penetrated the hearts of the Uzbek people is a human being. The artistic world of the poet’s work is characterized by a harmonious combination of past and present, West and East, nationality and mutuality.
After continuously enriching his literary knowledge and vocabulary, he began to translate the works of Uzbek poets and achieved great success in the field of artistic translation. In this creative process, according to Zhukovsky, the works of the poets are being translated.
He strove to be a worthy “rival” rather than a “slave,” as he said in the poem “Rebellion of Souls” by the national poet of Uzbekistan Erkin Vahidov, in Tashkent.
Translations of works of Uzbek poets named “Oqqushlar galasi “were published. The collection is the double peak of Feinberg’s translation activity.
The poet’s poems have penetrated so deeply into the hearts of the Uzbek people that the mystery and attractiveness of the image, the brightness and clarity of feelings accompany the reader and make his thoughts wander for a long time. It takes you far away and fills you with deep thoughts.
To sum up, Alexander Feinberg has a strong affection for Uzbekistan. His love is incomparable, as is his loyalty, in introducing our literature to the world. Thanks to the great services he provided to our people, he became a great poet. His works nourish our spirituality, calm our souls, and bring peace to our hearts. So, do not honor such a person, his works do it for him. It is impossible not to read his work with love.
Shakhina Shukhratova is a student of Uzbekistan State World Languages University in Tashkent.
THE VILLAGE WHERE I WAS BORN
I was born in the village of Sarapayon, Khanka District, Khorezm Region. They say that the name of the village where I was born is Sarapayon, which is a Persian-Turkish term consisting of "sar-ob-yon". The meaning is "sar" - head, "ob" - water, "yon" - space - the head side of water. Some scientists explain that this term consists of two compounds "sara" - "poyon" and the meaning is "sara" - good, "poyon" - border (territory). Also, in toponomic dictionaries, sahr (a) yi poyon - lower desert, a village built in the remote desert also comes in the meaning.
All three of these indicate that the term is very old. Three canals actually flow through the village, which means the head of this water. These are Shavat, Kulobod, and Khanka canals. It is no exaggeration to say that they cross the middle of the village and are the blood vessels of Sarapoyon lands.
Today, the total land area of the village is 4269 sq.km. Its population is 21,070 people (2012 data). Representatives of different nationalities live harmoniously in Sarapoyon. There are 21,018 Uzbeks, 13 Karakalpaks, 1 Tatars and Ukrainians, and 1 Belarusian.
Sarapoyon consists of 4 neighborhoods: Istiklal, Pakhtagul, Gulistan, Karamozi.
1. Istiklal neighborhood has united 7 peoples. Sarrosh-1, Sarrosh-2, Upper Jingon-1, Upper Jingon-2, Lower Jingon-1, Lower Jingon-2 and Kurpos.
2. Pakhtagul neighborhood has united 5 peoples. Guyinchi, Oram, Tosh, Kemir, Experiment eats.
3. Gulistan neighborhood occupied the largest area of the village. 9 nations are united here. These are: Eshanlar, Menhat, Karakummat, Kulobod, Blue-1, Blue-2, Experiment, Mouse, Khojalar.
4. There are 3 Yangyop, Intizom and Okyop communities in Karamozi neighborhood.
During the entire history of the village, it has been bringing up many proud and memorable people. During the Second World War, hundreds of brave soldiers of this village fought for their people and homeland. How many people died in the battle and are missing. Among these brave men, my grandfather's uncles from our family took part, and both Egamovs, who were only 19 years old, did not return from the war. Not only those who died in the war, but also the hardworking people of our village gave their all to the war, gave their labor, harvest, life...
I love my village, I wouldn't trade it anywhere.
Saparbaeva Aziza Asror’s daughter was born on May 13, 2003 in Khanka district. In 2021, she graduated from school No. 5 in Khanka district with a gold medal. In September 2021, she was accepted as a student at the Faculty of History of UrSU on the basis of the state budget. Currently, she is a gifted student of the 2nd stage of the university. She is a participant of several international and national conferences. She is the winner and laureate of a number of international and republican contests and festivals. About 10 of her scientific articles and theses have been published in republican journals and she is a member of about 10 international organizations.
That is, in English. Wherever and whenever the problems of the blind are discussed, the main topic is the lack of Braille books and textbooks. It aims to help (blind) children master the English language thoroughly. The following are the specific achievements of the manual: ensures mastery; the publication of the dictionary in Braille helps the reader to read and write words by hand, and to understand easily by listening to the audio CD attached to the book.
Publishing textbooks for the visually impaired still remains a problem. Another challenge is whether the textbooks are being printed based on their ability. Are they interested?
According to statistics, there are 39 million blind people in the world. Another 200 million people are partially blind. Advanced technologies offer new opportunities for them.
In December 2020, in Uzbekistan, students of boarding schools underwent a special medical examination within the framework of the “Kongil Kozi” project. The author of the project is the deputy chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National Mass Media Support and Development Public Fund Saida Mirziyoyeva. Within the framework of the project, textbooks in Braille were published, a computer center specialized in the needs of blind and visually impaired children was created, the technical base of all boarding schools was developed, and other small projects have been implemented.
We need to create textbooks for the blind to thoroughly study foreign languages using new methods. As a solution to the existing problem, we are working on the development of elementary intermediate English textbooks. It consists of two parts, a dictionary book and a conversation book. In addition, there is a disk version of the book and a program version. We named the book “Ilm bu -nur”. It uses one of the methods that are becoming popular all over the world, the “minimonics” method.
The dictionary contains 800 words. It is created based on their physiological condition, and they can learn to speak quickly and easily from this book. Another convenience is that it is given in Braille, English, and Uzbek languages. There is also a disk and software option. and they are currently being worked on. The minimonic method is a method that encourages the child to think and think freely, and the difference from other methods is that it allows the child to learn a lot in a short time. It also helps to identify taste.
According to psychologists, a child understands 75% of things by sight, this statistic is definitely for healthy children. However, in this textbook, we want to introduce the art of drawing with dots. The method of understanding pictures by feeling we need to deepen it. Depending on the age of the blind child, we can convey the necessary knowledge to him through levels using this method. Our goal is to simplify language learning among blind people, to help them get international and national certificates, and to provide them with a job in the future.
Sadoqat Beg’amova, an author in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
X.U.Urokov1 1Samarkand state institute of foreign languages department of Uzbek language and literature trainee teacher Sharipov Ubaydullo2
2Samarkand state institute of foreign languages faculty of Foreign language and literature 2nd year student https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7509763
Annotation The article introduces the study of speech sounds, different kind of divisions and changes, features of vowels and consonants, Law of Grimm and Verner and important information related to speech sounds.
Children communicate with sounds from birth. Their “speech” begins with early, involuntary sounds, and develops into sophisticated sequences of movements – using the lips, tongue, and producing all of the sounds in words and sentences. Speech sounds is a powerful tool for communication. The use of speech sounds is important for early word learning and successful nonverbal and verbal communication with people all over the world.
The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. So, phonetics is the study of the way humans make, transmit, and receive speech sounds. The speech sounds are phonetic variants of the phonemes. For example, the German phoneme [K] occurs in its positionally conditioned variants in the following words: klein, Sack, Kunde, Ecke, Musik, Kiefer. As unit of phonetics , speech sounds have four aspects: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and functional (social).
According to V.A. Vassilyev, these four aspects cannot be separated from one another in the actual process of communication, but each of these four aspects can be singled out for purposes of linguistic analysis and thus becomes a separate object of investigation, which necessitates the division of phonetics as a science into several branches. Each of these branches of phonetics has its own methods of investigation and its own terminology. Phoneticians (linguists who study the articulatory and/or acoustic properties of speech sounds) have grouped the speech sounds into several categories. There are vowels and consonants, of course, but there are also lots of smaller distinctions within those categories.
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International scientific-online conference 43 When it comes to vowels, vowels don’t involve stopping the stream of air as it travels up from the lungs, but they do involve changing the shape and size of the space through which the air passes. The vocal cords must also be vibrating in order for a vowel sound to be produced. The German alphabet has five main vowels: a, e, i, o, u. In addition, there are so called “umlaute”: ä, ö, and ü.
Also, these vowels can be paired to form different sounds—just like in English: “boat” makes a different sound than “boot.” German vowels are classified according to the following six characteristics: according to articulation stability, duration, quality, lip position, tongue position (in the horizontal direction) and degree of elevation of the tongue (in the vertical direction).
1) Stability of articulation specifies the actual position of the articulating organ in the process of the articulation of a vowel. So according to this principle the English vowels are subdivided into: monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are vowels with stable articulation. The diphthongs are vowels with sliding articulation. there are 15 monophthongs in German: [aː], [a], [ɔ], [oː], [uː], [ʊ], [i:], [ɪ], [y:], [y], [e:], [ɛː], [ɛ], [øː], [œ] and 3 diphthongs :[aɛ], [ao] and [ɔø].
2) The German monophthongs are traditionally divided into two varieties according to their length. Monophtongs break down into 8 long vowels and 7 short ones. Long vowels: a/ä, e, o/ö and u/ü are pronounced as long vowels if they are followed by h or ß, or a single b, k, d, f, n, m, p, s, t or z. We pronounce i as a long vowel if it is followed by e. beten – to pray Sahne – cream Söhne – sons Fuß – foot Miete – rent Short vowels: a/ä, e, i, o/ö and u/ü are pronounced as short vowels if they are followed by ck, ch, tz or a double consonant. Rock – skirt Lachen – to laugh Mütze – cap ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference 44 Männer – men Mitte – middle
3) In German, quantity is associated with quality. Long vowels are closed and short ones are open. Two vowels [ a: ] and [ ɛ: ] are long and open.
4) According to the position of the lips , vowels are rounded and unrounded. Rounded vowels are those in the production of which the lips are more or less rounded and protruded. Unrounded vowels are those in the production of which the lips are spread and neutral. Rounded vowels are: [ o: ], [ɔ ] , [ u: ], [ ʊ ], [ y: ], [ y ], [ øː ], [ œ ]. Unrounded vowels are: [ a: ], [ a ], [ i: ], [ ɪ ], [ e: ], [ ɛː ], [ ɛ ].
5) According to the position of the tongue, German vowels are classified into front row vowels : [ i: ], [ ɪ ], [ y ], [ e: ], [ y ], [ e: ],[ ɛː ], [ ɛ ], [ øː ], [œ ], [ a ] ,which are pronounced with the tongue pushed forward and back row vowels : [ u: ], [ ʊ ], [ o: ], [ ɔ ], [ a: ], which are pronounced with the back tongue pushed backwards.
6) Depending on the degree of tongue elevation, a distinction is made between low [ a; ], [ a ], medium [ e: ], [ɛː ], [ ɛ ], [ øː ], [ œ ], [ o: ], [ ɔ ] and high tongue elevation vowels [ i: ], [ ɪ ], [ y:], [ y ], [ u: ] , [ ʊ ]. The vowel system of the ancient Germanic languages consisted of short and long vowels.
Differentiation of short and long vowels is one of the important features of the German language group. Short and long vowels changed differently, long vowels became closer to diphthongs, while short vowels changed to open vowels. A diphthong is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Additionally, Ancient Indo-European [o ] sound Front Central Back Unrounded rounded short long short long short long short long Close iː yː uː Closemid ɪ eː ʏ øː (ə) ʊ oː Openmid ɛ (ɛː) Œ (ɐ) ɔ Open A aː
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International scientific-online conference 45 changed to open [a] in Germanic languages, long vowel [a:] changed to [o:] in Ancient Indo-European languages. The vowel system in ancient Germanic languages is composed of short and long vowel sounds. The distinction between short and long vowels is one of the important characteristics of the Germanic group of languages. short and vowels vowels changed differently, while long vowels approached diphthongs, while short vowels switched to open vowels.
The sound of ancient Indian-European [o] changed to open [a] in Germanic languages, and the long vowel [A:] in ancient Indo-European languages changed to [o:]. Independent vowel changes
Change s Illustra ted Examples PI E P G Non-germanic Germanic Old Modern o a : A o: L noch , Ir nochd , R ночь Gt nahts , O Icel natt, OHG naht Sw natt , G Nacht R могу ; мочь Gt magan, OE maßan, mæß Sw mä , NE may L mater , R мать Icel moðir , OE mödor Sw moder , NE mother O Ind bhrata , L frater , R брат Gt brop̈ar, O Icel Broðir, OE broðor Sw broder , NE brother Mutation of vowels Change Illustrated Examples NonGermanic Germanic Old Modern
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International scientific-online conference 46 PIE – Proto-Indo-European O Icel – Old Icelandic PG – Proto-Germanic Sw – Swedish L – Latin R – Russian Gt – Gothic OE – Old English O – object NE – New English OHG – Old high german After these changes , the vowel system contained the following sounds: It is believed that in addition to these monophongs Proto Germanic had a set of dipthongs made up of more open nuclei and closer glides : [ ei ] , [ ai ] , [ eu ] , [ au ] and also [ iu ] ; nowadays , however, many scholars interpret them as sequences of two independent monopthongs .
A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The history of the Germanic group begins with the appearance of what is known as the Proto-Germanic (PG) language. Proto-Germanic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European PIE G i e e u u o L ventus , R ветер Gt winds , O Icel , Vindr , OE wind Sw wind , NE wind L edit , R есть L edere , L есть OHG iz̪it , OE itep , O Icel eta , OE etan G ißt , NE eats , G essen NE eat Lith sunus , R сын Icel sunr , OE sunu Sw son, NE son Celt hurnan O Icel , OE horn NE horn , Sw horn Short vowels I E A O u Long vowels i: e: a: o: u:
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International scientific-online conference 47 languages. It is supposed to have split from related Indo-European tongues sometime between the 15th and 10th с B.C. The would-be Germanic tribes belonged to the western division of the Indo-European speech community. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branches during the fifth century BC to fifth century AD: West Germanic, East Germanic and North Germanic, which however remained in contact over a considerable time, especially the Ingvaeonic languages (including English), which arose from West Germanic dialects and remained in continued contact with North Germanic.
The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Migration Period in the fourth century. Vowels underwent different kind of alternations: qualitative and quantitative , dependent and independent. Qualitative changes affect the quality of the sound , e.g.: [ o >a ] or [ p > f ]; quantitative changes make long sounds short or short sounds long , e.g. : [ i > i: ] , [ ll > l ] ; dependent changes ( also positional or combinative ) are restricted to certain positions or phonetic conditions , for instance, a sound or in a certain type of a syllable; independent changes – also spontaneous or regular – take place irrespective of phonetic conditions , i.e. they affect a certain sound in all positions.
In the later Proto Germanic and in separate Germanic languages the vowels displayed a tendency to positional assimilative changes: the pronunciation of a vowel was modified under the influence of the following or preceding consonant; sometimes a vowel was approximated more closely to the following vowel. The resulting sounds were phonetically conditioned allophones which could eventually coincide with another phoneme or develop into a new phoneme. Moreover, a phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
The earliest instances of progressive assimilation were common Germanic mutations; they occurred in Late Proto Germanic before its disintegration or a short time after. In certain phonetic conditions, namely before the nasal [n] and before [i] or [j] in the next syllable the short [e] , [i] and [u] remained or became close ( i.e . appeared as [i] and [u] ) , whil in the absence of these conditions the more open allophones were used: [e] and [o] , respectively .
Lately , these phonetic conditions became irrelevant and allophones were phonologized. In contrast, a consonant is basically any sound that isn’t a vowel. This is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. The German consonants can be classified according to the following four
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International scientific-online conference 48 characteristics: 1) according to the involvement of the vocal cords; 2) according to the type of articulation; 3) according to the place of articulation and 4) according to the involvement of the nasal cavity. 1) According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants arise when the vocal cords produce a voice tone that combines with a noise.
Voiced consonants are [b], [d], [g], [v], [z], [ʒ], [j], [m], [n], [I], [r], [R] , [ŋ]. Among them, other consonants (sonants) are to be distinguished. With the sonorant [m], [n], [ŋ], [I], [r], [R], the voice tone dominates over the noise. Voiceless noise sounds are [p], [t], [k], [f], [s], [ ʃ ], [x], [ꞔ ], [h], [pf ], [ts], [tʃ]. These are pure noises. 2) According to the manner of articulation, the consonants are divided into six groups; a) Explosive sounds: [p], [t], [ k], [b], [d], [g]. Between the articulating organ and the place of articulation a seal is formed which is blown open by the air flow. b)Engeries (fricatives): [f], [s], [x], [ʃ], [ꞔ ], [h], [v], [z], [ʒ],[j]. A narrowness between the articulating organ and the point of articulation opposes the air flow as an obstacle. c) Clasped (affricates): [pf], [ts], [tʃ].
Occlusive-constrictive consonants or affricates are noise consonant sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction. d) Shutter opening sounds (nasals): [m], [n], [ŋ]. At one point in the speech apparatus a blockage is created, but at another point an opening through which the air escapes. e) Laterals: [I]. A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. f) Trembling sounds (vibrants) : [ r ], [R]. An articulating organ approaches the point of articulation and is set vibrating.
3) According to the place of articulation, the German consonants are classified into: 1. Lip sounds (labials): [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [pf]. The lip sounds break down into: ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference 49 a) two lip sounds (bilabials): [p], [b], [m] b) tooth lip sound (dentilabial): [f], [v], [pf]. 2. Tongue sounds (lingual): [t], [d], [n], [I], [r], [s], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ts], [tʃ],[ꞔ ], [j], [k], [g], [ŋ]; where the following subgroups are to be distinguished: a) Front tongue sounds (Linguodentale): [s], [z], [ts]; linguoalveolar: [t], [d], [n], [I], [r]; postalveolar: [ ŋ], [ ʒ], [ tʃ ] b) middle tongue sounds (linguopalatale): [ꞔ ], [j]; c) back tongue sounds (linguovelare): [k], [g], [ŋ]; 3. Back palatine sounds (uvulars): [x], [R];
4. Throat sound (laryngeal consonant): [h]. Place of articulation Force of Articulation forelingual labio- glottal dental interdental alveolar palatoalveolar Strong (fortis) voiceless f θ s ʃ h Weak (lenis) sometimes voiced V ð z ʒ – 4) According to the involvement of the nasal cavity, the consonants are divided into pure and nasal. Pure consonants arise when the soft palate is raised and closes off the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. The airflow can only escape through the oral cavity. The soft palate is lowered when the nasal sounds are articulated. The airflow passes through the nasal cavity. In German there are three nasal consonants [m], [n] and [ŋ].
All other consonants are pure (oral). German consonants can be represented in the following tables:
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International scientific-online conference 50 Place of articulatio n Type of articulation Lip sounds Tongue sounds Back palatin e sounds Throa t sound Two lip sound s tooth lip soun d Front tongue sound s middle tongue sound s back tongue sound s explosive sounds P b t d t d k g Engeries F v s z ʃ ʒ ꞔ x R h clasped (affricates) Pf ts tʃ shutter opening sounds Nasals M n ŋ Laterals l trembling sounds (vibrants) r R The first fundamental change in the consonant system of Germanic languages dates back to times far removed from today.
Jakob Ludwig Grimm (1785-1863), a German philologist and a folklorist (generally known together with his brother Wilhelm for their Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1812-22) studied and systematized these correlations in his Deutsche Grammatik (1819-37). His conclusions are formulated Grimm’s law (the First Consonant shift). The essence of Grimm’s law is that the quality of some sounds (namely plosives) changed in all Germanic languages while the place of their formation remained unchanged. Thus, voiced aspirated plosives (stops) lost their aspiration and changed into pure voiced plosives, voiced plosives became voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives turned into voiceless fricatives.
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International scientific-online conference 51 The first law of displacement of consonants, which was called “Act” by Grimm, consisted of three stages. 1. The resonant explosive in Indo-European languages (b, d, g) corresponded to the non-resonant explosive (p, t, k) in Germanic languages. 2. The non-resonant explosive (p, t, k) in Indo-European languages was suitable for the non-resonant sliding (f , th, h) in Germanic languages. 3. The resonant explosive sound of breath (bh, dh, gh) in Indo-European languages was consistent with the resonant explosive (b, d, g) in Germanic languages.
Examples of consonant shifts Shift in Germanic Sanskrit Greek Latin English PIE PG P > f t > θ k > x päd tanu ꞔ atam pod tanaos hekaton ped tenius centum foot thin hundred b > p d > t g > k – daꞔ a ajras – deka agros lübricus decem ager slippery ten acre bh > b dh > d gh > g bhrätä vidhavä hansas Phrätёr ёitheos khёn fräter vidua (h)änser brother widow goose Another important series of consonant changes in Proto Germanic was discovered in the late 19 th century by a Danish scholar, Carl Verner. They are known as Verner’s Law (Second Germanic consonant shift).
Verner’s Law explains some correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s Law and were for a long time regarded as exceptions. Verner’s law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives[ f], [þ], [s], [h], [hʷ], following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives [β],[ ð],[ z],[ ɣ],[ ɣʷ]. The law was formulated by Karl Verner, and first published in 1877.
Verner’s law explains why some verbs in Old English changed their root consonant in the past tense and in the Participle II – originally, these grammatical forms had the stress on the second syllable. Hence the basic forms of such verbs as snidan (cut) and weordan ( become) were sni dan — sndd – snidon – sniden; weordan – weard – wurdon – worden. According to Verner’s
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference 52 Law, all the early Proto Germanic voiceless fricatives [ f, θ, x] which arose under Grimm’s Law and also [s] inherited from Proto-Indian-European, became voiced between vowel if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless. The voicing occurred in early Proto Germanic at the time when the stress was not yet fixed on the root-morpheme.
The process of voicing can be shown as a step in a succession of consonant changes in prehistorical reconstructed forms ; consider , e.g. the changes of the second consonant in the word “father” Proto-IndianEuropean Early Proto-Germanic Late ProtoGermanic Pa’ter > fa’ θar > fa’ ðar > >‘faðar Carl Verner made the following additions to the first law of consonant shift: transition of t to < [th], it also transitioned to [t] in Old English. Latin Old English Frater Brothor Mater Mothor Verner clarified that if the vowel in the syllable is stressed, the voiceless sliding [f], [θ], [x], [s] changed to > [v], [θ], [u], [z] based on the law of consonant shift in the first act.
Finally, speech sounds are a language universal that plays a huge role in communication. It is characterized by different parameters and has a number of functions. One of the many features of speech sounds are highlighted is that it helps individuals learn. Other than that, individuals who learn in their native language learn better because of the ease of understanding and less language barrier. Therefore, the importance of sound of speech is undeniable.
List of used literatures: 1. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка, учебно-практическое пособие, Челябинск, 2016. 2. Z.B.Toshev. Nemis tili fonetikasi. Toshkent, “Fan”, 2009. 3. К.Н.Намозов, Н.Г.Содиқова. Немис тили амалий фонетикаси, Самарқанд, 2009. 4. Z. X. Masodiqova, Sh. S. Hatamqulova. Nemis va o‘zbek tillarida unli va ayrim undosh tovush haqida. Молодой ученый. 2017.
SOME ISSUES OF CHECKING ADVANCED VERSIONS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES CAUSING INTENTIONAL BODILY INJURY
Rahmatullayeva, daughter of Jasmina Abduvahid, 2nd stage student of World Economy and Diplomacy University
ANNOTATION
The article develops proposals based on the use of tactical and methodological tools recommended by the investigation method, as well as on the basis of preliminary information about the reason for the use of weapons, traces, the identity of the victim and the infliction of bodily injuries and the correct organization of the investigation.
Keyword. Body injuries, the victim, the instrument of the crime, jealousy, alcohol
INTRODUCTION With the decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on May 14, 2018 “On measures to radically improve the system of criminal and criminal procedural legislation” PQ 3723[1], the Criminal and Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Uzbekistan as the main directions and tasks of improving the legislation: unification of norms of criminal legislation; effective and reliable protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms, society and state interests; improvement of the mechanisms of reliable guarantee of the rights and freedoms of the person in the criminal proceedings; it was decided to introduce new forms and procedures of the criminal process.
When carrying out the investigation of the cases of intentional bodily injury to the investigation, the case related to the honor, dignity and other inviolable rights of the person and the crimes with a low social risk. There are more and more cases in which it is necessary to obtain his consent. In the investigation of these crimes, it is appropriate to conduct the case based on the grounds of dispositiveness.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Intentional bodily injury crimes are serious and the investigative method is considered to be one of the most complicated incidents. The application of the criminalistic investigation method in the investigation of the intentional bodily injury crime is focused on determining the cause of bodily injury to the victim: determining whether the intentional bodily injury occurred as a result of an attack.
Therefore, in any case, intentional bodily injury should be investigated based on the rules of the criminal investigation method in a suspicious situation. Criminals use various methods and weapons to commit intentional bodily injury crimes. In most cases, they cause injuries with shooting and cold weapons, various household items (knife, ax, ax), and some hard object (such as iron, stone).
Methods of intentional bodily injury, motives of criminal action, place, time, consequences of the incident, traces, weapons, all these make up the criminalistic description. Some of its elements are related to each other, stemming from and complementing each other. In particular, elements such as the subject of the crime, the victim, the weapon used, and the crime scene are closely related, and the traces (consequences) left by each element are reflected in other elements, and the observation and investigation of one depends on it.
When determining the criminalistic description of the crime, determining the sequence of the above-mentioned cases, the origin of the situations at the scene of the incident, the consequences of one of them leaving certain traces on the other, is the basis for the success of the initial stage of the investigation. Based on the experience of investigative practice it can be said that the most common crimes of intentional bodily harm are committed in residential buildings, public places, on the streets, where the consequences of the crime, weapons, traces are not hidden, and the person who committed the crime sometimes does not run away, does not hide.
Such crimes often occur as a result of malice, revenge, jealousy, hooliganism, conflicts between two criminal groups. In these cases, the detection and investigation process of crimes of intentional bodily injury is not very difficult. Using the tactical and methodical tools recommended by the investigative method and developing versions-images based on the initial information about the weapons, traces, the identity of the victim and the cause of the injury at the scene of the incident, and properly organizing the investigation, i.e. the case it will be possible to reveal and prove it within the appropriate time frame.
In some cases, the crime of intentional bodily injury is committed in a hidden situation, without witnesses, using the darkness of the night, the absence of a person. Tries to take it with him. Investigation of such crimes is complex from the point of view of proof and causes some difficulties. In the investigation of this type of intentional bodily injury, the investigator must use specialized skills, be able to use the preliminary investigation information correctly, and perform prompt and quality investigative actions that cannot be delayed [2 ].
In the investigation of crimes of intentional bodily harm, it will be possible to obtain preliminary information about the method of its implementation, motives, the weapons used, and the person who committed it. In cases where the identity of the victim is known, it will be possible to create relevant versions-pictures about the criminal, the relationship between them, and the methods of committing the crime. It is possible to find and arrest a person suspected of a crime by obtaining information about the places of intentional bodily injury to the victim of a criminal incident and conducting preliminary investigative actions.
Intentional bodily harm committed in urban settings is often aimed at eliminating traces of crime. If the places where the crime of intentional bodily harm was committed are in different regions, it is necessary to determine the connection and compatibility of these places. Another description of the crime of intentional bodily harm is the method of its commission. The method of committing intentional bodily harm includes the weapon used, the means, the act, the preparation of the crime in advance and the attempt to remove the traces of the crime.
Intentional bodily injury caused by domestic disputes, jealousy, bullying, under the influence of alcohol and drugs is almost always done without prior preparation.) or another means of injury and achieves its goal. If intentional bodily harm is done with malicious intent or against the victim’s position, duty, the criminal prepares in advance; determines the place and time. After committing the crime, the criminal tries not to leave footprints and handprints. These cases determine the need to obtain information about the identity of the criminal and among whom to search for him [3].
Efforts to cover up the traces of these crimes sometimes involve masking the injury to make it look like another incident. Depriving the victim of intentional bodily injury, inflicting severe injuries, pushing him from a height, creating the appearance of a mask, etc.
Describing the identity of the victim of intentional bodily injury also helps to make the right clues and find the suspect at the initial stage of the investigation. When the victims of intentional bodily harm are women, in most cases they are victims of violence, malice or jealousy. The relationship between the criminal and the victim is related to each other and indicates the reason for the criminal outcome and the content of the intention.
A suspect who has caused bodily harm with intent can be characterized as follows, based on investigative practice. Males between the ages of 18 and 50 who use alcohol or drugs are often abusive, immoral, disrespectful to the community and women, and have previous convictions. Some of the actions of the criminal who caused the injury – inflicting a lot of injuries on the victim with extreme lack of mercy, inflicting physical injuries on his close relatives and family members indicate his mental disorder, such cases can be included in typical situations [4 ].
Atypical cases also occur in investigative practice. The criminal is well-versed in the handling of weapons, has mastered the use of shooting or cold weapons in military service or on the basis of special training, and determines in advance the preparation for the crime and the loss of traces of it after committing it. Such situations creates some complexity at the initial stage of the investigation.
However, according to the law of criminal activity, no crime can leave its consequences and traces, therefore, any crime, including the crime related to intentional bodily harm, has been successfully investigated, will be exposed.
In conclusion, it should be noted that pre-trial investigation of cases of intentional bodily injury, circumstances that must be determined in the initiation and investigation of crimes, features of the development of investigative methods, the conduct of the case to the court is a complex technology.
Should be recognized as Because he performs a complex, complex and responsible task as part of proceedings before the court. This is a separate special proceeding on intentional bodily injury, the procedural and organizational-methodical activities related to its specific features are interconnected.
REFERENCES
Decision PQ 3723 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures to radically improve the system of criminal and criminal-procedural legislation” adopted on May 14, 2018 //http://lex.uz/docs/ 3735818 (national database of information on legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan).
Avakyan M.V. Metodika rassledovaniya i podderjaniya gosudarstvennogo obvineniya po delam ob umyshlennom prichinenii tyajkogo vreda zdorovyu: Diss. … doc. Walk science – Kalingrad, 2017. – C. 51.
Bezruchko E. V. Prestupleniya, posyagyushchie na bezopasnost zdorovya cheloveka: teoretikopravovoe issledovanie: Diss. … doc. Walk science – Rostov-on-Don, 2018. – S.45.
Bespechnyi O. V. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy rassledovaniya prespleniy, svyazannyx s prichineniem tyajkogo vreda zdorovyu: dis. … candy. Walk nauk / O. V. Bespechnyy. – Barnaul,
The Stages of the Emergence of Economic Terms in the Uzbek Language and the Peculiarities of their Derivation
Khakimova Zamira Xurram qizi Teacher at The Department of integrated course of English language №3Uzbekistan State World languages University
ABSTRACT This article describes the origin and derivational characteristics of economic terms in the Uzbek language. Some terms are analyzed and compared with English economic terms.
The process of forming finance and economic terminology in the Uzbek language, which has a nine-century history of development, also goes back to a long history. This history includes three periods. Most of the terms whose origin and development are studied below belong to the third period, that is, to the period after independence. The reason for this is the relative relevance of the research of the terms that are current, in practice, and in circulation for specialists of this profession.
English terminology borrowed many words from Latin and French, Arabic and Persian languages lead the rich stage of Uzbek terminology. Cultural and political relations between these nations in ancient times have an important place in this. We can see the first examples of economic terms in the Uzbek language in “Devoni Lug’ati-turk” by Mahmud Kashgari, “Boburnoma” by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, in the works of Alisher Navai, Ogahi, Yusuf Khos Hajib. For example the terms below are taken from the work “Devoni Lug’ati-turk”:
“Og’ur” 1 (government) “O’ro’nch”2 (a bribe) “Sart”3 (merchant) “Bergo’”4 (debt)
1 Mahmud Koshgariy “Devoni Lugati-turk” the first volume p-87 2 Mahmud Koshgariy “Devoni Lugati-turk” the third volume p-451 3 Mahmud Koshgariy “Devoni Lugati-turk” the first volume p-328 4 Mahmud Koshgariy “Devoni Lugati-turk” the first volume p-403 Keywords: Economy, terminology, Latin, Russian, derivation, borrowing, affixation.
Received: November 29, 2022 Accepted: December 30, 2022 Published: January 31, 2023 Article Information
For example: “naqdina” (cash) 5 , “mablag” (funds), “miqdor”6 (amount), “dastmoya” (working capital). Then the second period of development of Uzbek terminology began. During this period, under the influence of the occupation by Tsarist Russia, many terms came from the Russian language.
For instance: Blanka (form), veksel (promissory note), bank (bank), kassir (cashier), Tovar (commodity), taftishchi (inspector). Economic terms in the Uzbek language have developed mainly on the basis of two sources. If the first is within the inner language capabilities, such as affixation, meaning transfer, meaning expansion, semantic derivation are examples (jamg’arma-accumulation, ijarachi-tenant), the second method is borrowing from foreign languages, in which mainly Arabic and Persian-Tajik languages until the 20th century, then Russian, and English after independence caused the enrichment of Uzbek treasury terminology.
When it comes to the characteristics of the terms formed through internal possibilities, it is seen that the concept represented by that term has existed in our language and way of life since ancient times. Example: trade – Arabic language The concepts expressed by terms formed through foreign assimilation are concepts that are new for the entire language as a result of development.
For instance:Auksion 7 (auction)-english word. Below we will consider a diachronic study of several terms: “Audit” 8 (audit)- borrowed word. It means “I hear” from the Latin language. Currently, it is used to check whether the financial statements of an enterprise or organization meet the specified standards.
The same audit is conducted by someone who is well versed in finance and accounting. It is called “Auditor”. These terms were not directly transferred to the Uzbek language. It was transferred to English from Latin, and the form “Auditor” was formed as a result of the addition of the personal suffix “-or” to the base “Audit”.
It should be mentioned that most of the terms related to finance and economy in the Uzbek language were not formed by derivational or other word formation methods and were transferred from other languages as such terms. The word “balance” is one of them. If the English word “balance” is translated as balance, in the treasury it means the balance between debit and credit, i.e. the inflow and outflow of money. As such, this word has been accepted into our language as an international word.
“Antimonopol”9 (antimonopoly)- the term “monopoly” was borrowed from the Russian language as an international word into the Uzbek language. The root of this word is Latin, in the form “monopolyum”, in Greek as “monopōlion”, in English as “monopoly” (from the 16th century), in Russian as “monopoly”. It means sole domination in a certain type of trade. The prefix “anti-” in the Uzbek language imposes a negative meaning on nouns.
“Avans”10 (advance)- this word, which means advance payment, goes back to the Latin language. The word “abante”, which means “to move” or “promote” in Latin, was transferred to the French language in the form of “avanc” or “avancer”, which means to move forward. At the end of the eighteenth century, it was borrowed from French to Russian. From it to Uzbek. The meaning of giving part of the money in advance for the goods began to be noted in the 60s of the last century.
5 Alisher Navai “Hayrat ul-abror” p-80 6 Alisher Navai “Nasoyim ul-muhabbat” p-87 7 O’zbek tilining izohli lug’ati”- A p-94 8 O’zbek tilining izohli lug’ati”- A 93-bet 9 Idum.uz “Iqtisodiyotga oid atamalar” 10 O’zbek tilining izohli lug’ati”- A 6-bet Web of Synergy:International Interdisciplinary Research Journal ISSN: 2835-3013
“Buxgalteriya”11 (accounting)-. This word, which entered the Uzbek language through the Russian language, represents the practice of accounting. But it is not a Russian word itself.
Translated from German to Russian. The German words “das Buch” – book and “halter” – lifter were combined to form the word “book lifter”.
“Dotatsiya”12(subsidy)-in latin “dotatio” means gift. He switched from Latin to English, from English to Russian and then to Uzbek. It means non-refundable financial aid.
“Hisobot”13(report)- the word “hisob” is a word from the Arabic language. it represents the representation and designation of numbers. The noun-forming suffix “-ot” was added to the root of the word “hisob” and the term “hisobot” appeared. The word “hisobot” is not only an economic term, but is also widely used in general terms. If it represents a summary of the work done in general, it is a statement of the operations performed during the previous period or quarter in the financial sector.
“Kassa”14(checkout)- department where money operations are carried out. It comes from the Italian word “cassa” which means box. Although new terms have been borrowed from foreign languages along with new concepts in the Uzbek language, it has been seen that new terms have been created based on the borrowed terms with extensive use of the affixation method. The fact that the Uzbek language is an agglutinative language is a factor in this.
Derivation serves as a method of terminological conceptualization of a field of language. Creation of terms is carried out according to the following classification parameters: lexicosemantic, borrowing, syntactic, morphological syntax.
