Socialist Linguistics: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives

Abstract

This article examines the theory of socialist linguistics, its role in society, and the social functions of language. It highlights the importance of language in socialist societies, the relationship between language and social development, language policy, and the communicative functions of language.

Keywords

Linguistics, socialist society, language policy, social communication, socialism

Introduction

Language is the primary means of communication in any society, closely linked with social development, culture, and political systems. Socialist linguistics studies language not only from a linguistic perspective but also in terms of its social functions and within the context of socialist values.The main objective of socialist linguistics is to explore the interrelation between language and society, identify the role and functions of language within socialist ideology, and contribute to its practical implementation in education, media, and culture.

1. Theory of Socialist Linguistics

The theoretical foundations of socialist linguistics include: 1. Language and Social Structure – Language reflects societal norms and values across all social strata. 2. Language Policy and Norms – In socialist societies, language policy aims to develop a unified national language and adapt it to socialist values. 3. Language and Ideology – Language serves as a medium to instill socialist ideology and shape social behavior and culture.

2. Language and Social Development

Language plays a crucial role in the social development of a socialist society:

Education and Culture – Socialist linguistics facilitates systematic language learning and its application in society.

Communication Processes – Language enables effective information exchange among different social groups.

Cultural Integration – Language acts as a tool to unify national and ethnic groups under common socialist values.

3. Practical Directions of Socialist Linguistics

Developing linguistic norms and standards

Analyzing socialist literature and texts

Studying language and communication strategies

Integrating language and ideology

Conclusion

Socialist linguistics provides a deep understanding of the relationship between language and society. It examines the social functions of language, its alignment with socialist values, and its role in language policy and communication. Therefore, socialist linguistics is a vital instrument for social development and cultural integration in socialist societies.

Adashaliyeva Durdona Akramjon qizi was born on June 30, 2002, in Uychi District, Namangan Region. She graduated from Secondary School No. 33 in Uychi District, and later completed her studies in Uzbek Language at Namangan State University. She is currently working as a teacher at Namangan City Polytechnic No. 1.

Methods for Improving the Conceptual Foundations of Speech Act Theory in the Uzbek Language

Shamsiddinova Maftuna Hamidjon qizi

Master’s student in Uzbek Language and Literature

Namangan State Pedagogical Institute

Phone: +998-94-755-00-10

Abstract

This article analyzes the formation, development, and practical application of speech act theory in the Uzbek language. The necessity of improving the conceptual foundations of speech act theory in accordance with modern communicative needs is substantiated. Based on approaches such as intercultural pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and communicative competence, the article proposes new methodological ways of studying speech acts in the Uzbek language. In addition, the practical application of speech act theory is examined in the context of digital communication and artificial intelligence.

Keywords

Speech act, pragmatics, illocution, perlocution, communicative competence, Uzbek language, cognitive approach, intercultural communication, digital linguistics, context.

Introduction

In the 1950s, the English philosopher J. L. Austin proposed the idea that language is not merely a means of transmitting information, but also a tool for performing actions in real life. He justified this philosophy in his well-known work “How to Do Things with Words.” While the origins of speech act theory are associated with Austin, J. Searle later significantly refined and developed this theory. During the 1960s and 1970s, the American scholar J. Searle strengthened the theory by identifying the structure and types of speech acts.

When discussing speech act theory, it becomes evident that language is not simply a collection of words or a tool for conveying information, but also performs a variety of other functions. These characteristics of language were thoroughly analyzed and studied by J. Austin and J. Searle. According to them, language performs actions in addition to transmitting information. At first glance, this idea may seem unusual, as it raises the question of how something inanimate can perform actions. However, these actions are not physical but cognitive in nature and occur through human consciousness.

A deeper understanding of this phenomenon can be achieved through the analysis of literary texts.

Main Part

According to J. L. Austin, speech acts are divided into three main types: 1. Locutionary act – the literal meaning of an utterance.2. Illocutionary act – the speaker’s intention or purpose in uttering the statement.3. Perlocutionary act – the effect of the utterance on the listener.

As can be seen, all three types of acts are closely interconnected and mutually dependent. Each speech act can be analyzed from all three perspectives. For example, consider the following sentence from Said Ahmad’s short story “Sobiq”:“Hurry up, they are waiting,” said by the chairman to a cotton worker.

From a locutionary perspective, the sentence is grammatically and lexically correct. From an illocutionary perspective, it is not merely a statement but a command requiring action. From a perlocutionary perspective, it implies the listener’s reaction, such as haste or anxiety, following the chairman’s words.

Searle further classified illocutionary acts into several categories:Assertives – statements that convey facts or information.

Example: “The painter is still young and lacks sufficient experience.”

Directives – utterances used to give commands, requests, or advice.

Example: “Control yourself; do not embarrass yourself in front of others.” (command)

Commissives – expressions of promises, obligations, or plans.

Example: “You will go to the meeting. Your train ticket is ready; go home, get dressed, and leave.” (plan)

Expressives – utterances that express emotions such as gratitude, apology, or congratulations.

Example: “I greeted him timidly. When he saw me, his eyes lit up.”

Declaratives – utterances that bring about a change in status or situation through words themselves.

Conclusion

Speech act theory does not limit itself to studying the grammatical structure and semantic content of language, but also explains how communicative goals are achieved through speech. The locutionary act reflects the formation of meaning, the illocutionary act reveals the speaker’s intention, and the perlocutionary act demonstrates the actual effect on the listener. In particular, the classification of illocutionary acts highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of speech functions. Illocutionary types such as commands, requests, promises, advice, and statements help to deeply understand the communicative power of language.

Thus, speech act theory serves as an important methodological foundation for studying the pragmatic aspects of language and reveals the intrinsic relationship between meaning and impact in the speech process.

References

1. Abdulvokhidov, E. Pedagogical concept of writers as a means of enriching the pedagogical process. Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, Educational, Natural and Social Sciences Scientific Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 11, December 2021.2. Ibragimova, N. T. The use of interactive methods and techniques in foreign language teaching. “Ta’lim va taraqqiyot” Scientific-Methodological Journal, 2025, Issue 2.3. Tillayeva, R. The effectiveness of organizing research activities in increasing students’ engagement. Proceedings of the Young Philologists’ Society, Alisher Navoi Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature.

Shamsiddinova Maftuna Hamidjon qizi was born on April 28, 2003, in Norin District, Namangan Region. She began her education at Secondary School No. 17 in her district, then continued her studies at the Academic Lyceum of Namangan State University (NamDU). After graduating from the lyceum, she was admitted on a state-funded (grant) basis to Namangan State University, majoring in Philology and Language Teaching: Uzbek Language.She successfully completed her undergraduate studies with an honors diploma and is currently a graduating master’s student in Uzbek Language and Literature at Namangan State Pedagogical Institute.

Maftuna’s strong interest in languages, alongside her devotion to her native language, has also led her to study English. At present, she works as a teacher of Uzbek language and literature at a specialized creative school focused on languages.

Maftuna’s goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in her profession and, through her expertise, to share knowledge and contribute to the education of others.

Nigina’s Arrival from Mars

Early in the morning, Nigina’s mother entered her daughter’s room to wake her up. But Nigina was not there. Thinking she might have woken up early, her mother searched every room in the house and even the garden. Although Nigina rarely played with the neighbors, her mother still checked their homes — but no one had seen her.

By the time she reached the school, it was clear that something extraordinary had happened. The rocket was missing. Even more shocking was the huge hole in the school roof, which left everyone frightened and confused. But among Nigina’s classmates, fear mixed with excitement. The rocket they had built was not a toy after all. It was real — powerful enough to fly away. This filled them with pride and amazement.

No one could explain how a school project could reach another planet. No one knew where Nigina went. Her mother was worried, the teachers were confused, and her classmates were completely lost. The rocket was gone, the roof was destroyed — and Nigina had disappeared. For everyone, it became a mystery.

News about Nigina spread quickly — first across the town, then throughout the country. Journalists and scientists arrived from everywhere. They visited her school, her house, even the backyard. People who knew Nigina gave interviews, eager to share their thoughts. The whole country wanted to know: Where was Nigina? What happened to her? And how did she fly a real rocket?

Meanwhile, Nigina sat inside the rocket cabin, writing down her thoughts. Time felt strange to her — almost frozen. She explored the strange planet around her and was amazed to see sunflowers growing on Mars. Their leaves were purple, and the seeds were much larger. Curious, she tasted one and smiled. “It tastes good,” Nigina whispered.

Nearby grew banana and coconut trees. Just as she reached for a banana, something struck her hand. Startled, Nigina ran back into the rocket and peered out the window, trembling.

A sudden cry echoed outside, frightening her even more. But moments later, she saw a pile of bananas gently placed near the rocket.

It was a monkey — trying to make friends.Nigina’s fear melted away. Soon, she and the little monkey became close companions. She named him King of Space. With her new friend, she explored Mars freely. They walked along a silver river where fish sang songs, and pink-feathered ducks swam gracefully. Fields of chamomile stretched nearby, while red butterflies danced above them.

Nigina had never seen such a beautiful place. Everything felt magical — as if she had been born again.The King of Space gave Nigina a glowing butterfly as a gift — its soft red light brightened even the darkest night. She also met a frog who spoke twenty languages, a chameleon-cat that changed colors, and a magical plant called the Knowledge Leaf. The monkey handed her one of the leaves and said:“Keep this with you. It knows everything. When you are lost, it will guide you.”

Nigina wondered how easily she would now answer all the questions in her classes back on Earth.She left paper, candy, glue, and other little gifts for her new friends.

Then came the time to say goodbye. In the middle of the night, the rocket landed gently on her home’s roof. Her mother was awake — waiting. They embraced tightly. From her daughter’s eyes, the mother could see that Nigina had changed forever.

The news of her return spread quickly across the city. Reporters lined up to speak with the girl who had visited space. Her photographs appeared in the city center. But for Nigina, fame did not matter. What mattered were the friends she had made on Mars.Every night, when she looked up at the stars, she felt as though they were waving back at her.

Nigina wrote down everything she had seen — the rivers, the glowing butterflies, the magical plants — so others could learn about the wonders she discovered. She handed her classmates shiny stones she had brought from Mars and said she was proud of their brilliant inventions.   

Story by Asmonur Rajabboyeva

English Translation by Shuxratova Nilufar

Shukhratova Nilufar Azizbek qizi was born on March 31, 2013, in Uchqo‘rg‘on District, Namangan Region. She completed her primary education at Secondary School No. 31 in her district. Currently, she continues her studies at the Ishoqxon Ibrat Creative School in To‘raqo‘rg‘on District.Despite her young age, Nilufar has achieved several accomplishments before the age of 12. As a young translator, she has translated many short stories from Uzbek into English. Through each new translation, she continues to develop not only her language skills but also her creative thinking and literary abilities.

One of Nilufar’s greatest dreams is to become a student at Harvard University, one of the world’s most prestigious higher education institutions. From an early age, she has been strengthening her passion for knowledge, language learning, reading, and creativity, moving steadily and confidently toward her goal.Her teachers and relatives describe her as intelligent, hardworking, inquisitive, and highly responsible. Every achievement Nilufar attains is a strong step toward her future success and greater accomplishments.

The Impact of Globalization on Humanity: Achievements and Challenges

Abduvaliyeva Jasmina Jahongir qizi

2nd-year student, Sociology Department,

Faculty of Social Sciences, Namangan State University

Group: SogAu-23

Abstract

This article analyzes the impact of globalization on humanity, focusing on both its achievements and challenges. It highlights the positive aspects of globalization, including economic development, cultural exchange, technological progress, and advancements in the field of medicine. At the same time, the article addresses the negative consequences of globalization, such as economic inequality, environmental problems, the risk of losing national cultures, and cybersecurity issues. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of globalization in modern human life and discussing the need for effective strategies to manage its influence in a balanced and sustainable way.

Keywords

Globalization, Economic development, Cultural exchange, Social inequality, Innovation, Global challenges, Environmental problems, Technological progress, National culture, Cybersecurity

Introduction

In today’s world, globalization processes are increasingly integrating societies and penetrating all spheres of human life. While globalization creates new opportunities for humanity, it also gives rise to various challenges. Economic, cultural, and political relations among states are expanding, and the world is gradually forming into a single interconnected system. As a result of globalization, humanity has gained access to numerous opportunities. International trade has expanded, cultures have become closer to one another, and technological achievements have transformed daily life. However, globalization is not limited to positive outcomes alone. Alongside its benefits, it has also generated serious issues such as social inequality, environmental degradation, and the threat of losing national identity.

Main Part

Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. One of its major achievements is the removal of trade barriers, which has led to increased interconnection among international markets. Through international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, trade agreements have become more accessible and efficient. Globalization also creates favorable conditions for the development of science and technology. With the help of the Internet, artificial intelligence, and mobile technologies, the world has become highly interconnected, and information exchange now takes place within seconds.

Moreover, globalization has expanded educational opportunities for students and researchers by providing access to international programs and studying abroad. In fields such as cinema, music, and sports, international events and festivals have accelerated cultural exchange. Global cooperation has also strengthened innovation and scientific collaboration across countries.

Despite these achievements, globalization has significant drawbacks. It has widened the gap between developed and developing countries, increasing global economic inequality. Environmental issues such as deforestation, climate change, and rising sea levels are among the negative consequences of global economic growth. In addition, migration processes associated with globalization have led to various social tensions and challenges in many societies.

Conclusion

In conclusion, globalization is an inseparable part of modern humanity, offering vast opportunities for development and progress. At the same time, its negative effects require careful management and regulation. Preserving national interests while promoting international cooperation, ensuring environmental sustainability, and reducing economic inequality are crucial for the future of humanity. A balanced and responsible approach to globalization will help maximize its benefits while minimizing its harmful consequences.

References

1. Martin. A fundamental work on the impact of globalization on society and state structures.

2. Thomas. A book on how globalization is shaping the modern world.

3. Monfred. A concise and clear guide to understanding globalization.

Abduvaliyeva Jasmina Jahongir qizi was born on July 29, 2005, in Qozokovul village, Norin district, Namangan region. She completed her secondary education at Secondary School No. 14 in her home village. Currently, she is a third-year student majoring in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Namangan State University.Jasmina’s goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in the social sciences and to contribute meaningfully to the development of society.

正义的马戏本人已被抛下，在此声明，离开我的舰队，无人道别，挣脱我那恶作剧的队伍，锯齿之刃在等候我炽热的巨龙，一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳，我脆弱的冰山，将我倾覆，末日倒计时在终点触发，忏悔的回声徒劳地试图弥合。一路上叮当摇响我新岁的铃铛，拆解无形的残忍伎俩，谁又能知晓，人类远离正义——更遑论信仰，恍惚与混乱化作奔逃的洪流，不可侵犯的角落阻碍了我的行旅，贞洁与仁慈，鲜少有人坚守，道德中滋生的鄙夷，我无从言说，诚然如此，正义——于那被误导者而言不过幻影，全能的神自会以其威能裁决。***************作者：埃及诗人_艾哈迈德·法鲁克·拜杜恩

（Ahmed Farooq Baidoon）

The Circus of Justice:

Jettisoned, the undersigned hereby,

Out of my fleet, no one say goodbye,

Untied from my prank bandwagon,

Serrated blade a waiting my ardent dragon,

Twice shy, once bitten, Iceberg of my frailty, thereby I am smitten,

Countdown of doomsday triggered at the end,

Echoes of repentance vainly on the mend.

Jingle my new yearly bell on the go,

Unravel unseen brutal tricks, who might know,

Stranded humanity from righteousness—let alone a creed,

Trance and turmoil manifested stampede,

Inviolable nook impeded my ride,

Chastity and charity,

by which rare mob abide,

Engendered in morality disdain, I can’t tell,

It was so,

Justice—be it a phantom for that misled,

The Almighty divinity wills his might instead.***************

By the Egyptian Poet_Ahmed Farooq Baidoon

Don’t Bet on it!

Most tech-savy persons are familiar with the term “handle.” Its use dates back to the 1970s, when it described the on-air identity of a CB radio user.

Remember “BJ and the Bear?” No? Just as well. More recently a handle refers to the amount of money wagered on an event carried on an online sportsbook or betting site.The impact of online sportsbooks is a function of the behavioral changes brought about by the very existence of online gaming, which is a less-insidious-sounding euphemism for gambling.

Today, millionaire celebrities appear online or on television, waxing eloquently on the probable good fortune of the online gambler. Numbering among these are songbirds Drake and Vanessa Hudgens and socialite Paris Hilton.

Others include comedian Kevin Hart, actor and singer Jamie Foxx and comedian Chris Rock. Former NBA star and basketball commentator Charles Barkley and soccer superstar Lionel Messi help fill out the ranks of the well-to-do proponents of gambling.

Significantly, these beautiful and successful, but vulgar shills do not hasten to explain the risks of online gambling and their sometimes debilitating counterpart of problem gambling and gambling addiction. (1.4% of gamblers, or 80 million persons world-wide are gambling addicts).

Gambling promoters say nothing of foreclosed mortages (An individual’s 10% increase in spending on gambling accounts for a 97.5% increase in incidence of a missed payment) or hungry families sitting around a barren supper table.

Nor do they mention the increased incidence of domestic violence (One study found that 37 percent of people experiencing a gambling problem have perpetrated intimate partner violence). Although online gambling is nobly marketed to an adult clientele, minors surreptitiously gamble as well.

Ten percent of teens have gambled online in the past year.Of that number, 26 percent are at risk for disorders, a far higher proportion than among adults. Teens’ behavior often mirrors that of their parents.

According to one study, a single gambler’s problem behavior can metastasize its effects, impacting six to eight additional people, including family, co-workers, friends, and employers. So man (or woman) is not an island unto himself.

Recent statistics show that Americans wager upwards of $150 billion per year on online gambling, with a profit for the owners of sportsbooks in excess of $7.5 billion. This accounts for the corporate and celebrity avarice.

And the handle is expected to increase to an otherworldly $700 billion by 2028. At this point, more than 2/3 of states have given the nod to online gambling. Why? For decades, states eschewed legalization of gambling, citing the very real pernicious effects of the practice.

However, since state governments began exacting a percentage of the profits as a new stream of state revenue, they’ve begun to see the light. New York garners more than $3 billion per year in revenue which, until the Supreme Court legalized online betting in 2018, was unavailable to their grasping, greedy little fingers.

Legal gambling essentially began with the proliferation of lotteries. Today, if you walk into a convenience store to buy a newspaper or a coffee, and you’ll be forced in wait in a lengthy line servicing “Lotto,” “Powerball” and all the rest.

And who can forget the 60+-year-old retirees who squander their retirement checks on the allure of scratch-off tickets. In 2024, Americans spent more than $100 billion on lottery tickets.

And here’s a salient fact that no one ever seems to pay attention to: gambling–all gamblng–is set up to make the house the winner. The odds and margins are simply with them, by design. 

Legal gambling has a systemically racist aspect as well. A 2022 study of Ohio gamblers showed that 32% of Blacks in that state who gambled, met the criteria for a gambling disorder. That’s compared to just 18% of white people from the same region.

A disproportionate percentage of gambling ads target African Americans. This economic fact is compounded by the reality that more Blacks are impoverished than other races.

Ads promulgate the feel-good high of following a scheme for apparent financial success, while stressing none of the downside. This puts such African American proponents of gambling even more in the spotlight.

Take Chris Rock, who banters a mile-a-minute on the positivity of gambling. Or his fellow multi-millionaire Charles Barkley, who’ll never know what the consequences of a missed car payment will feel like. Or Jamie Foxx, dazzling television viewers as he struts about on camera in a glittering suit which probably cost more than the cars that 90% of Americans drive.

Shills for legal gambling are the sorts of persons who, 60 years ago, would’ve been starring in ads for cigarettes. And 20 years from now, they’ll be featured in ads for legalized prostitution, cocaine and heroin.

What a racket! Will you be one of the rare lucky ones, and cash in on legal gambling?

Don’t bet on it!

DON’T GROW UP

Though I have so often wished to make that turn,

if I could, spin the car round, not let each second

take me further from what I didn’t see in time,

the years have taught me not to regret the one that got away,

the one I didn’t choose, the view the trees wouldn’t let me see.

I’ve learnt to see through the assumption the opposite to what I’ve got would have been worth having,

like girls I let slip I shouldn’t have.

I’ve lived enough not to stare too long in the rear-view mirror,

images of longing, too tardy reflection.

I’m too grown up to suspect an alternative could be better,

a happiness parallel to the lot one’s born with exists.

Only, one time, a day or two ago, or maybe decades past, when an extra clearing in the wood gave me a second chance,

and, in an unexpected burst of sunlight, the others agreed to stop,

I walked enraptured, in the warm evening,

amidst the heather in undulating terrain

with a mix of colours I could mumble and jumble

to my heart’s content, and can, even now.

I might learn the simple tale that wistful dreams,

the stab in the heart that I should have tried harder,

and taken that turning into what looked like a splash of paradise,

can, if I never quite grow up, lead somewhere.

LIFE

On finishing a poem, its latest churlish redrafting,

clicking off the page, closing the file,

I recall, from an eternity ago, a time when,

I suppose, I turned the page over, closed the book,

laid down my pencil,

paused, looked up.

It has a feel. A taste. A smell.

A presence.

I recall what a time and place felt like.

It was in Italy. I was a teenager.

Grandmother

and aunts littered the place.

An uncle or two.That moment comes back.

Its curious plastic-like perfume.

A dead second or so is reanimated.

I feel most alive when I kick over my charred remains,

and observe a flicker, or two.

RAMBLING

Land stretching out below to one side,

the sun warms me as I snake by fences

and along curves of trodden earth.

I turn round to watch him and his dogs

striding along the footpath, outpacing me,

the dips in the fields cancelling him out,

only for him to reappear as I keep looking back.

I saw some minutes ago a man

loitering by a clump of trees, waiting,

I hadn’t spotted till I was close.

Trees and bushes, fields and country paths

can be scary places. 

No longer alone as you had thought,

you find yourself in a large, large space with nowhere to hide.

Alan Hardy has for many years run an English language school for foreign students (in UK). He’s been published in such magazines as Ink Sweat & Tears, Envoi, Iota, Poetry Salzburg, The Interpreter’s House, Littoral, Orbis, South, Pulsar, Lothlorien, 100subtexts, Fixator, Chewers, Feversofthemind, Suburban Witchcraft and others. Poetry pamphlets Wasted Leaves (1996) and I Went with Her (2007). Though he has just recently started submitting again (after a little pause), he has always kept writing (and reading) poems.