About choosing a friend

A friend is a balm for the soul. A true friend is always present when things are going wrong. When choosing a friend, a person should, first of all, be educated and worthy of the chosen friend. If you want to be friends with a good person because of your bad behavior, you will naturally be rejected by your chosen one. Start your first friendship with yourself. That is, you are your own friend. First of all, sharpen the mind, purify the psyche, follow the rules of etiquette and discipline. Then it’s time to choose your friend. You choose a friend based on your personality. That is, your friend’s soul should be pure, and he should also follow the rules of etiquette and discipline.

                TRUMP TRADING CARDS  #2

		When Trump checks his mirror, what does he see?
		A surface image or Herculean depths?
		This second batch of NFTs* gives clues.
		The old porker’s bootlegged frame is lean.
		The face is Trump’s, and easy to recognize--
		except for unlikely expressions:
		kindly smile, serene bearing, dignity.
		Never pouting and fuming,
		scowling with narrowed eyes,
		or name-calling and drawling spiteful slurs.

		Behold: a Trump-faced 14-carat chess piece
		topped with a Medieval golden crown. 
		For scepter, he displays the stars and stripes. 
		He holds the whole world in his other hand.
		Message: man of wealth and winning moves.
		MAGA groupies dote on golden idols.

		He wears an emperor’s crown as King of Hearts, 
		the tarot’s symbol for complete control.
		He finger-frames his heart to show he has one. 
		Donald’s lawyers clog the courts with card tricks,
		and yet he’s been indicted in New York. 

		He’s Elvis, too, the king of rock and roll.
		Sequined cowboy shirt and pompadour,
		guitar at hip, Trump rocks the microphone--
		curls his lip and brays “YMCA”
		better than anyone else has ever brayed it.
		His song-and-dance brings men to tears. Or giggles. 

		Then there’s Donald wild and free, a biker
		garbed in a leather jacket,  with black guitar.
		As he rides, he wails sad country tunes--
		women troubles, jail woes, and his favorite:
		I won, but voters stole the whole election.
			
		Five times this guy’s avoided being drafted,
		but it’s all good!  See “Army Trump” in camo--
		dirty face, a mud-stained combat helmet,
		and plans to call a halt to war in Ukraine
		by letting Russia take all Putin wants.

		Grill-king Donald stands next to his Weber,
		sporting a flag-striped apron, red and white.	
		Hot dogs? Burgers?  Fresh from Mar-a-Lago.
		He waves a spatula in lieu of scepter.
		His next-in-command’s a Labrador Retriever.
		Easier to boss around than turncoat Pence.

		Trump, the symbol-loving super-Patriot,
		holds up the Liberty Bell, his sacred shield.
		The bell deflects attention from his crimes: 
		inciting insurrection on Jan. 6.

		Trump in tricorn hat as Washington
		stands straight and tall in the bow of a painted boat,
		spyglass trained on Stormy Daniels. Wowza!
		His left hand grasps a long sword by the blade—
		but Trumpster never faces consequences.

		The final icon shows Trump in a suit
		next to a flaming force, a gold-crowned lion
		as orange as Donald’s hair,
		who pounces on the planet, sharp claws bared.
		I am lion tamer; also, lion.
		When I rage—watch out!  Ketchup will fly!

		Does Trump picture himself as a fiery lion?
		Founding father? Golden chessman? King?
		If so, who with the sense that God gave geese
		would choose this deluded dude to rule our nation?
		Or spend big bucks to download Donald’s daydreams? 

		Copyright 4/23                Patricia Doyne


                	*Non-fungible tokens

The land watered with blood

My mother tells the stories of the Sphinx and the stories of the pharaohs. - Thus, Pharaoh, who claims to be a god to his people, ordered the Muslim maid to be thrown alive into a huge boiling cauldron. My mother has a bad habit. If I don't wash the dishes on time during the day, if I don't pretend to make the house as clean as sheet she stops at the most interesting part of the story telling time and punish us without continuing. 

Maybe because of the war period, in the countryside where we live, there were no people who considered themselves rich. The thatched walls, which were leaning on the ground, were ready to give their bosom to the soil, using the lying wind as an excuse. The last crops of the villagers, who were waiting for the harvest, were robbed, and the whole nation was left without wheat. 

I still cannot forget those years. My mother's shoelaces were worn out. She didn't wear it regularly, she only used it to walk along the thorny, thick sand road to visit my grandmother's grave. Kindhearted mother baked bread from a light bag of wheat that she kept in the barn, and took it out sometimes to aunt Salima's house, and sometimes to old woman Khosiyat's house. 

One day, a young man, who is either familiar or unfamiliar to my mother, and a complete stranger to me, begged my mother to give him slippers for his mother, whose foot was swollen with pus. On the one hand, my mother's right hand, who was feeling pity, was handing out shoes, and on the other hand, her left hand was trying to return the gift, saying, "If you walk barefoot on that thorny path, your feet will be no different from hers"... 

The land that was watered with the blood that leaked from my mother's blessed steps, and where the cypress sprouted, today has been turned into a royal garden with marble stones. There is a race of people who can't be indifferent to the golden counter. It says: "This road is dedicated to the memory of a generous woman named Noila.

MORPHOLOGICAL FORMATION OF NOUNS IN UZBEKI, RUSSIAN AND KORAKALPAK LANGUAGES
                                                                            

              Abstract.  This article examined the morphological way horses in Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages are made, their comparison, similarities and differences.
            Keywords: Noun, object, affix, thing, weapon, measure, object, work-action, verb, ravish, pronoun, number, imitation words.

In Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages, the noun means an object. In all 3 languages, the meaning of the noun is different, it refers to living objects (dog-собака-iyt, cat-кошка-pishiq) (child-ребёнок-bala, bird-птица-qus), things, objects and events. (milk-молоко-sut), (rain-дожд-jawin), (notebook-тетрадь-da'pter, kitab-книга-kitap), (majlis-собрание-jiynalıs).
In the current Uzbek language, the noun group makes up the number of words in the tugat. Because the noun word group is a group that gets rich quickly due to new words compared to other word groups. In the Uzbek language, nouns are formed by morphological, syntactic and abbreviation methods.  Below we will look at the morphological formation of nouns in the Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages, as well as their similarities and differences.

In the Uzbek language, according to the morphological method, a new noun is formed by adding special noun-forming affixes to the base of the word. Noun-forming affixes are made from independent word groups such as noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb, adverb, as well as modal and imitative word bases. Morphologically, noun-forming affixes semantically form nouns of the following group:
1. Affixes forming personal and professional nouns.
2. Affixes forming nouns of things, weapons, units of measurement.
3. Affixes forming place-time nouns.
4. Affixes forming abstract nouns.

Affixes forming personal and professional nouns are mainly added to the root of the noun to form personal nouns related to the object understood from the root and professional nouns engaged in a certain field and profession.  These affixes include: -chi: o’qituvchi, -dosh: kursdosh, -gar,-kor: zargar, -bon,-boz: bogʻbon, -paz: oshpaz, -kash: suratkash, -dor: chorvador, -shunos: tilshunos, -soz: soatsoz, -xon: kitobxon, -doʻz: etikdoʻz, -xoʻr: choyxoʻr. Among the personal and professional affixes, the affix -chi is one of the most frequently used affixes.

Affixes forming the nouns of a thing, a weapon, a unit of measurement, are mainly added to the base of the verb, which is the result of the action and situation understood from the base, or the thing that is used to perform the action, forms the noun of the weapon . These affixes include: -k, -ak, -q, -oq: kurak, teshik, soʻroq, -gich: suzgich, -gi: supurgi, -m: toʻplam, -ma: qiyma, -don: qalamdon, -indi: yuvindi,  -qin: toshqin,  -in: yigʻin,  -a: jizza,  -os: chuvvos,  -moq: quymoq, -cha: olacha,  -chiq: yopinchiq, -ildoq: shaqildoq,  -noma: taklifnoma 

  The affixes that make place nouns are mainly added to the noun root and form the nouns of place where there is an object understood from the root. These affixes include: -zor: olmazor, -loq: qumloq, -iston; Oʻzbekiston, -goh: oromgoh, -xona: choyxona.
Abstract noun-forming affixes noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb, adverb are sometimes added to modal word bases to form a noun with an abstract meaning related to the concept represented by the base. These include affixes such as -liq(-lik): goʻzallik, -ch(-inch): sevinch, -chilik: paxtachilik, -gilik: koʻrgilik.

In Russian, it is more possible to create new words by morphological method, because in Russian, in addition to suffixes, new words are created with prefixes or with the simultaneous use of prefixes and suffixes. For example: -ник: колхозник, -ак: рыбак, при-ход, за-пись, вы-крой-ка, под-готов-ка, etc.
The Russian language is very rich in suffixes. Even the same meaning is expressed by different suffixes. For example: -тель: писатель,  -щик: стекольщик, -чик: лётчик, -ник: колхозник,  -ист: тракторист,  -ец: борец, -ак(-як): рыбак suffixes form the noun of a person engaged in a profession.

In the Russian language, it is possible to express unrelated meanings with the help of one suffix . For example: with the suffix - -ниц, nouns are formed as follows: a) a noun denoting a woman with a profession: колхоз-ниц-а, b) names of dishes: -сахар-ниц-а c) names of special buildings used by the public: бол-ниц-а, гости-ниц-а, d) sick names: such as -груд-ниц-а.
In the Russian language, when new words are formed with some suffixes, some phonetic changes occur in the word structure that are characteristic of Russian grammar. For example: друг-дружба, партия-партиец. In the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages, such phenomena are very rare: son-sana - san-sana, ulugʻ-ulgʻay, isi-issiq, - isi-issiqlash, etc.

In Russian, the formation of new words with suffixes depends on the grammatical stem category. Therefore, when expressing the same meaning, suffixes are added depending on the grammatical stem of the word. For example: мужской род: колхоз-ник, учи-тель; женский род: колхоз-ниц-а, учи-тель-ниц-а etc.
There is no rod category in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. If it is necessary to emphasize that the owner of the profession is a woman, the syntactic method is used, that is, one of the words girl, wife, woman is added to the personal word and it is written like this. For example: traktorchi qiz – трактористка – traktorshı qiz, kolxozchi xotin – колхозница – kolxozshı hayal. 

In Russian, the relationship of a person to his place of birth and residence is expressed by suffixes such as -ец, -анец, -янец,  -як, -ин, -ич, -анин, -янин, -чанин. For example: Испания- испанец, Грузия- грузин, север- северянин, etc. In the Uzbek language, instead of these affixes, the suffix -lik is used, and in the Karakalpak language, the affix -liq is used. For example: Amerika- Amerikalik – Amerikaliq, Ispaniya – Ispaniyalik – Ispaniyaliq.
  In the Karakalpak language, as in other Turkic languages, one of the main methods of creating new words is the morphological method. In the Karakalpak language, noun-forming affixes are semantically divided into 3 different types:

1. Affixes forming personal and professional nouns.
2. Affixes forming nouns of things, weapons, units of measurement.
3. Affixes forming place-time nouns.
The affixes forming personal and professional nouns are -shı, -shi, which are added to the base of the noun and denote an object or a person engaged in some work: balıqshı, suwshı, etikshi, etc.
Added to a noun, it refers to a subject, a job or a person who works in social organizations: Leninshi, kolxozshı, bozshı, etc.
Added to the noun base, it means a person with a certain character: sedentary, stubborn, etc.

It is add oʻtirikshi, urlıqshı ad to the words that express the meaning of action or are related to the action by content, and is applied to the person who performs the action or performs this task: oqıtıwshı, boyawshı, terimshi, etc.
The affixes -ker, -ger, -kesh are very close in meaning to the meanings of the affixes -shı, -shi. Nouns formed with these affixes are also used to refer to a person performing a specific profession: zerger, pidaker, xizmetker, etc.

The suffix -man, -ban means a person who keeps or takes care of the object represented by the noun root: bagʻman, daʻrwazaman, etc.
The suffix -paz means a person who deals a lot with the object represented by the noun root or creates this object: aspaz, oyınpaz, etc.
The meanings of the affixes -das, -des, -las, -les are the same. That is, in all of these, it means partnership: joldas, kewilles, etc.
-purysh affix indicates a person engaged in the sale of an object understood through the root of a noun: shaypurısh, otınpurısh, etc.
The affixes -lik, -lik, -laq are also added to a number of nouns, indicating that the subject is abundant in this place: tawlik, togaylik, etc.

  In short, the most productive of the methods of forming nouns in Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages is the morphological method. Morphological formation of nouns is different in all 3 languages. Morphologically, in Uzbek, noun-forming affixes are semantically divided into 4 different types, in Karakalpak language into 3 different types. When forming a noun, suffixes and prefixes also form a noun in Russian. It is even possible to combine suffixes and prefixes to form words in Russian.

The Russian language is very rich in suffixes. Even the same suffix can have different meanings. There is no rod category in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. In the Russian language, the formation of new words with suffixes depends on the root category. In Uzbek, -lik and -liq affixes in Karakalpak indicate a person's relationship to the place of birth and residence, while in Russian there are several - -ец, -анец, -янец,  -як, -ин, -ич, -анин, -янин, -чанин suffixes are reported. The meanings of noun-forming affixes in the Karakalpak and Russian languages are shown in full. In the Uzbek language, it is understood only with the help of examples. This, of course, can cause some inconveniences, and in turn, it can cause certain difficulties not only for representatives of other nationalities, but also for ourselves in the comparative study of the language.


REFERENCES:
1. Azizov O. and others Comparative grammar of Uzbek and Russian languages Tashkent: "Teacher" publishing house, 1965.
2. Hamroyev M and others. Mother tongue . ‒ Tashkent: "Economy-Finance" publishing house. 2007.
3. Nasirov D. and others. Modern Karakalpak language Nokis: "Qarakalpakstan" publishing house. 1981.


Nukus State Pedagogical Institute 
                                                                                            
First level student of Uzbek language 
foreign language groups 
Faculty of Turkish Languages
USANOVA QADEMAY MURATBAY QIZI 
Phone: +99891 305 69 79
Email: qademayusanova@gmail.com 

Humanity is created in such a way that self-awareness is the first priority for it. A person is an individual at birth. Later, he gradually overcomes the trials of life and reaches the level of a mature and mature person. As we mentioned above, a person must first understand his identity and learn about himself. We know that every human being has an "I". I want to talk about my "I" today. Before that, "What kind of person am I?" everyone should ask themselves that question. I judge my humanity by my behavior. Like everyone else, I have flaws and shortcomings. No one is perfect in this world. Perfection belongs only to the Creator. I don't want to praise myself. Because there are opinions among the people that you should not talk about yourself, let others talk about you.

I am very gullible. I believe in people as much as I believe in myself, and for this I have been criticized many times. I am capricious, capricious, very demanding of myself and others. My capriciousness and capriciousness must be related to my temperament. Our teacher says: "The temperament and character of people cannot be changed." Maybe that's why people around me are not able to change this character trait of mine?!

I think that people around me are sincere, as I imagine them to be. But they are not what I thought. They came one day and took off the mask from their faces and left an indelible wound in my heart with the hypocrisy of those I loved. Life is like that... People treat you well only for their own benefit. When the time comes, even your close relatives will not see your achievements.

Establishment and importance of the European concert in maintaining balance of power and stability among major European nations.


Key words: Balance of power theory, international relations, European concert, power distribution, stability, conflict prevention, ancient Greece, Peloponnesian War, Europe, alliances, Napoleonic Wars, World War I, Cold War, United States, Soviet Union, Asia-Pacific region, China, Middle East, arms race, power transitions, policymakers, diplomats.


   The thesis of this article is that the balance of power theory has played a significant role in shaping international relations by highlighting the importance of power distribution for stability and conflict prevention. This theory has its roots in ancient Greece, particularly the Peloponnesian War, and has been applied to various regions and historical periods, including Europe during the Napoleonic Wars and World War I, the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union, and the current dynamics in the Asia-Pacific region, China, and the Middle East. Policymakers and diplomats continue to use this theory to navigate power transitions and prevent arms races that could lead to instability and conflict.


      The balance of power theory  is a concept that has been central to international relations for centuries. It refers to the idea that in order to maintain stability and prevent conflict, power must be distributed equally among states. This theory has been applied throughout history and has had a significant impact on the way countries interact with one another.
     The origins of the balance of power theory can be traced back to ancient Greece, where the city-states of Athens and Sparta engaged in a long and bitter struggle for dominance. The Peloponnesian War, which lasted from 431-404 BCE, demonstrated the importance of balancing power between states in order to prevent one from becoming too dominant.

     In the 17th and 18th centuries, Europe was characterized by a complex system of alliances and rivalries, with each country vying for power and influence. The balance of power theory was used to maintain stability and prevent any one country from becoming too powerful. This led to a series of wars and conflicts, including the Napoleonic Wars  and World War I .
     The European concert was established in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, with the aim of maintaining balance of power among the major European nations. This principle was central to the system, as it sought to prevent any one nation from becoming too dominant and thus destabilizing the region. Regular diplomatic conferences and negotiations were held among the major powers, including Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, to resolve conflicts and maintain stability. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 was a notable example of this cooperation, as it aimed to redraw the map of Europe and establish a framework for future cooperation. Despite criticism for being too focused on the interests of major powers and ignoring smaller nations, the European concert has had a lasting impact on international relations and continues to serve as a model for promoting peace and cooperation through diplomatic means.

     The European concert was a system of diplomacy and cooperation among major European powers in the 19th century. It was established in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, which had destabilized Europe and led to the rise of new powers such as Prussia and Russia. The purpose of the concert was to maintain a balance of power among these nations and prevent any one country from dominating the continent.
     The concert was based on the principle of collective security , which meant that the major powers would work together to resolve conflicts and maintain peace. This was achieved through regular meetings and negotiations among the foreign ministers of the participating countries. The concert was not a formal institution, but rather a loose framework for cooperation and consultation.

    One of the key achievements of the European concert was the settlement of major crises such as the Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) and the Belgian Revolution (1830-1831). In both cases, the major powers worked together to find a peaceful solution that satisfied all parties. This helped to prevent wider conflicts and maintain stability in Europe.
     Another important aspect of the concert was its role in preventing wars between major powers. For example, during the Crimean War (1853-1856), the concert worked to contain the conflict and prevent it from spreading beyond the Black Sea region. This helped to avoid a wider war that could have involved other European powers.

      The European concert was also important in shaping the international system of the 19th century. It provided a model for other regions, such as Latin America, where similar systems of cooperation were established. It also influenced the development of international law and institutions, such as the Hague Conventions  and the League of Nations.
     During the Cold War era, the balance of power theory played a crucial role in maintaining stability between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two superpowers engaged in a global struggle for influence and power, but were ultimately prevented from engaging in direct conflict due to the fear of mutually assured destruction.

     The balance of power theory suggests that states will act to prevent any other state from becoming too powerful, and that they will form alliances and engage in other forms of cooperation to achieve this goal. This can lead to a situation where multiple states have roughly equal power, and where no one state is able to dominate the others. This balance of power can be achieved through a variety of means, including military alliances, economic cooperation, and diplomatic negotiations.
    One of the key benefits of the balance of power theory is that it can help to prevent conflicts between states. If no single state is able to dominate the others, then there is less incentive for any one state to engage in aggressive behavior or to seek territorial expansion. Instead, states are more likely to focus on maintaining their own security and prosperity, while also working to maintain the overall stability of the international system.

      However, the balance of power theory is not without its limitations. One of the main criticisms of this approach is that it can lead to a situation where states are constantly jockeying for position and seeking to maintain their own power at the expense of others. This can create a tense and unstable environment, where even small changes in the balance of power can lead to conflict.
     Another criticism of the balance of power theory is that it assumes that all states are rational actors who are primarily motivated by self-interest. In reality, states are often influenced by a wide range of factors, including ideology, culture, and history. This can make it difficult to predict how states will behave in any given situation, and can make it challenging to maintain a stable balance of power over the long term.

    Despite these limitations, the balance of power theory remains an important concept in international relations. By understanding how states interact with one another and how they seek to maintain their own security and prosperity, we can gain a better understanding of the complex dynamics that shape the international system. Whether through military alliances, economic cooperation, or diplomatic negotiations, the balance of power theory provides a framework for understanding how states can work together to achieve common goals and maintain peace and stability in the world.
    Today, the balance of power theory continues to be relevant in international relations. In the Asia-Pacific region , China's rise as a global superpower has led to concerns about the distribution of power in the region. The Middle East  has also been characterized by a complex web of alliances and rivalries, with each country seeking to maintain its own sphere of influence.

     The implications of the balance of power theory for international relations are significant. Maintaining a balance of power can help to prevent conflict and promote stability, but it can also lead to a dangerous arms race and increased tensions between states. Power transitions can also be destabilizing, as rising powers seek to challenge established ones.
    In conclusion, the balance of power theory has been a central concept in international relations for centuries. It has been applied throughout history and continues to be relevant today. While it can help to promote stability and prevent conflict, it also has its limitations and can lead to dangerous arms races and increased tensions between states. As such, policymakers and diplomats must carefully consider the implications of the balance of power theory when making decisions about foreign policy and international relations.



References 

1.Kissinger, H. (1994). Diplomacy. Simon and Schuster.

2.Thucydides. (1996). The History of the Peloponnesian War. Penguin Classics.

Safarova Mukhlisa Fakhriddin Kizi, The University of World Economy and Diplomacy, International relations faculty, second course student