Some people consider that individuals are not physically training regularly, however they realize it is gainful for their well-being.
To begin with, the issue can be attributed to a number of different factors. Chief among the primary causes would be that they are busy. When people work in the office because of much data and manage extra digital technologies, they do not find leisure time to do exercise. Furthermore, this issue happens among students when they have too much homework. In addition, some people consume diet dishes as vegetarian that they suppose are so extremely favorable for health that they do not need to work out. Even so, you still need to exercise.
Nevertheless, some feasible measures could be adopted to tackle the problems described above. The first possible measure to address this issue would be an organized competition with prizes run by the government. Employees of the council should set up matches among the adults and old people which bring them together to play sports such as volleyball and football.
Another plausible way to mitigate the issue might be that the regime should restrict private cars and encourage the use of bicycles. This vehicle not only gives benefits to humans, but it also helps reduce air pollution in the environment. In fact, if a person cycles on a daily basis to work, they’ll receive many heart health benefits.
To sum up, the above – mentioned facts have outlined the reasons as well as the impacts of this problem. This is a complex matter which can hardly be solved in the short term. However, if the above – mentioned measures are well implemented, it is likely that this problem can be overcome.
Waray Literature and Kimball’s Critique of Contradictions in Eagleton’s Work
VI
From Dunkin Donuts, I hopped on a multicab (one of those small light trucks used for public transport in the Philippines) headed for Kassel City Subdivision. Kassel is a place of big trees with roots sunk deep into the ground, flocks of different birds hovering near my apartment, and a hill just nearby. It was evening when I picked up Bagulaya’s book again at page 277.
Reading it made one thing clear: in poetry, language is not just used to share information or facts; it is used to create beauty, emotion, and depth. Metaphors are used openly and as the main tool of expression. They stand out, draw attention, and become the heart of what the poem is trying to say. Readers notice them immediately, and they are essential to understanding and enjoying the work.
These are the final lines from Victor Sugbo’s “This Anticipation for Poetry”, translated from his Waray poem “An Paghinulat han Siday.”O how long it is taking for the moon to comeNo matter how often crossed is the Kankabatok This chasing after the moonIs no guarantee that you will bathe in moonshine. (277)VII
In his book Poetry and Language: The Linguistics of Verse, Michael Ferber wrote: Metaphor seems most at home in poetry. Many would say it provides poetry’s best and most distinctive furniture… [M]ost readers and writers would agree that metaphor counts as one of the characteristic features of poetry, one of the most salient of poetry’s “family resemblances.” In a “prose poem,” for example, where meter, rhyme, and even line have been abandoned, what keeps it a “poem,” many would say, is its density of figurative language, and especially metaphor. (195)
This passage is making a point about why metaphor feels central to poetry. It’s where metaphor feels natural and expected. “Furniture” = the things that make up the poem, what gives it shape and character. Metaphor is one of the key pieces that makes a poem feel like a poem. It’s distinctive; you don’t find it used the same way in news articles, essays, or instruction manuals.
Borrowing from Wittgenstein, “family resemblances” are traits that members of a group share without any single trait being required for all of them. Metaphor is one of those traits for poetry. Most poems have it, and when they do, it’s a strong signal that you’re reading poetry. A prose poem drops the usual poetic markers – no meter, no rhyme, no line breaks. It looks like a paragraph.
So what makes it a poem and not just a short piece of prose? For many readers, it’s the density of figurative language, especially metaphor. That’s what keeps it in the “poetry” family even when all the other features are gone.
VIII
Bagulaya discussed Eagleton only briefly, offering no detailed analysis of his ideas. To gain further insight into Eagleton’s views and philosophy, I conducted online research and found an article written by Kimball.
IX
This comparison shows the sharp contrast between Kimball’s and Eagleton’s ideas.
On New Criticism & Tradition Kimball defends traditional culture, established values, and the idea that great literature has permanent, universal meaning. In Tenured Radicals, he criticizes thinkers like Eagleton and the whole field of modern literary theory for attacking tradition, destroying academic standards, and turning literature into just another tool for political arguments.
For Kimball, New Criticism was good because it focused on the text itself and preserved the value of great works. On the Purpose of Education and Criticism states that education’s job is to pass down knowledge, wisdom, and culture. Kimball sees theorists like Eagleton as “radicals” who want to change the classroom into a place for protest or ideology, ruining learning. On Meaning and Language Holds that language and literature do have stable meanings.
Kimball dislikes theories (like those Eagleton promotes) that say meaning changes based on who is reading it or their social background. Bagulaya only mentioned Eagleton briefly, so I researched further. I found Kimball’s article, which presents the opposite view: while Eagleton critiques New Criticism for being politically conservative and disconnected from reality, Kimball attacks Eagleton and modern theory for being too political and destroying traditional literary values. Their debate centers on whether literature should be seen as an independent work of art or as something deeply connected to society, history, and power.
X
I usually read at the Leyte Samar Heritage Center bookstore, Dunkin’ Donuts, or at home in Kassel City Subdivision. I love reading Waray poems by modernist writers. As a reader, it’s the density of figurative language, especially metaphor. That’s what keeps it in the “poetry” family even when all the other features are gone.
Works Cited
Bagulaya, Jose Duke. Writing Literary History: Mode of Economic Production and Twentieth Century Waray Poetry, University of the Philippines Press, 2006.
Ferber, Michael. Poetry and Language: The Linguistics of Verse, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Kimball, Roger. “The Contradictions of Terry Eagleton.” The New Criterion, vol. 9, no. 1, 1990, p. 24.
SHORT BIOGRAPHY
Fhen M.’s essay “Waray Literature and Kimball’s Critique of Contradictions in Eagleton’s Work” appears in Synchronized Chaos, an interdisciplinary journal focused on art, music, culture, science, and literature. Literary Heist also publishes his prose “Disaster, Evil, and Moral Truth in Henry James: Genotiva’s Analysis .” From 2016 to 2017, he worked as an academic writer at Zeveral Academic Consultants Inc. in Pasig City, Metro Manila. During his tenure, his team leader gifted him a copy of the 2014 animated film The Prophet, adapted from Kahlil Gibran’s 1923 book. The film follows Mustafa, a poet and activist under house arrest in Ottoman-era Lebanon, as he engages in profound conversations with the townspeople on topics like work, love, and death. One of Gibran’s notable poems featured in the film is “On Work”.
THE MOTIF OF METAMORPHOSIS IN MODERNIST LITERATURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE WORKS OF FRANZ KAFKA AND NAZAR ESHONQUL
Orifjonova Imrona Ulugbek qizi Second-year student, Department of Uzbek Language and Literature, Faculty of Philology, Andijan State University
Abstract
This thesis presents a comparative-typological analysis of the motif of metamorphosis in the works of Franz Kafka, one of the most prominent representatives of world modernist literature, and Nazar Eshonqul, a leading figure of Uzbek modernism. Based on Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Nazar Eshonqul’s stories Bahovuddin’s Dog and The Invasion, the study examines the issues of spiritual and physical degradation, alienation from society, and existential crisis. The philosophical and aesthetic foundations of the protagonists’ transformations, as well as their ideological similarities and national-artistic peculiarities, are identified and analyzed.
Keywords: modernism, metamorphosis, Franz Kafka, Nazar Eshonqul, alienation, existential crisis, absurdity, mythological thinking, spiritual decline, national memory.
Introduction
In modernist literature, the motif of metamorphosis serves as one of the most powerful artistic and philosophical means of portraying the tragedy of the individual and their alienation from society and from their own self. In Uzbek literature, the writer who successfully synthesized this Western modernist tradition with national realities, historical tragedies, and Eastern philosophy is undoubtedly Nazar Eshonqul. A comparison of his stories The Invasion and Bahovuddin’s Dog with Kafka’s The Metamorphosis reveals both common and distinctive aspects of the two authors’ artistic concepts.
Main Part and Comparative Analysis
In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the protagonist Gregor Samsa transforms into an insect unexpectedly and abruptly. The event is presented primarily as a physical transformation. The author confronts the reader with a fact that has already occurred and depicts this absurd situation through highly realistic details: “One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect.”
Gregor Samsa’s transformation symbolizes his reduction from a productive member of society and provider for his family into a useless creature. Initially shocked by his condition, his parents and sister gradually begin to feel disgust and hatred toward him. Gregor’s insect-like weakness further intensifies his isolation. Through metamorphosis, Kafka demonstrates how an individual who undergoes change can be forgotten and rejected by even the closest family members, treated as something repulsive and ultimately discarded. In the story, metamorphosis appears almost as an inevitable and natural occurrence.
Unlike Kafka’s works, the process of metamorphosis in Nazar Eshonqul’s stories does not occur suddenly. While Gregor Samsa awakens one morning as an insect, Eshonqul’s protagonists gradually distance themselves from their identity, national memory, and spiritual roots. Here, transformation represents the inevitable outcome of moral decline, either consciously chosen by the individual or accepted under societal pressure. Whereas Kafka reveals the inner state through an external physical transformation, Eshonqul portrays the gradual destruction of the inner self, which eventually leads the character to spiritual and psychological disability—that is, the loss of human identity.
In The Invasion, the protagonist lives in constant fear after his homeland is occupied by invaders. He continuously hides from the enemy. Eventually, when the invaders track him down, he takes refuge in a ruined courtyard. When they enter in pursuit of him, they find not a human being but a small lamb. The metamorphosis in this story possesses a national and social character. The protagonist’s transformation into a lamb symbolizes the complete loss of agency, courage, and love of freedom under colonial oppression, totalitarian rule, and systematic fear. Reduced to the level of a submissive domestic animal, he embodies the tragic psychological destruction of the individual. Unlike Kafka’s biologically inexplicable transformation, Eshonqul’s metamorphosis reflects the devastating effects of social and political pressure on the human psyche.
In the works of both writers, metamorphosis is interpreted as a tragic consequence of the conflict between the individual and society. However, while Kafka explores this process through the lens of absurdism and existential philosophy, focusing on the fate of an individual, Nazar Eshonqul associates it with national history, spiritual crisis, and Eastern thought, including Sufi symbolism and the concept of divine punishment. Therefore, the motif of metamorphosis in Eshonqul’s works can be regarded as a unique continuation and adaptation of Kafkaesque traditions within Uzbek modernist literature.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the motif of metamorphosis in the works of Franz Kafka and Nazar Eshonqul serves as an important artistic device for expressing alienation, spiritual degradation, and existential suffering. Comparative-typological analysis demonstrates that although both writers rely on the general principles of modernist thought, they enrich this motif with new meanings based on their own national and philosophical perspectives. As a result, metamorphosis emerges as a significant factor linking creative interaction and aesthetic development in both world and Uzbek modernist literature.
References
Kafka, F. The Metamorphosis (Stories and Novels). Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi, 2018.
Eshonqul, N. Bahovuddin’s Dog: Stories, Novellas, and Essays. Tashkent: Sharq, 2012.
Eshonqul, N. The Invasion: Collection of Stories. Tashkent: Gafur Ghulom Publishing House, 2006.
Yo‘ldoshev, Q. The Burning Word. Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi, 2006.
Quronov, D. Introduction to Literary Studies. Tashkent: Muallif, 2015.
“Multiply. Be fruitful.” And God gave man a tool. But Eve, she conceived and brought forth the slide rule. Before ever we knew what old Galle saw, we arranged us our love life by Bode’s own law. It really did pain us to get past Uranus and let Neptune discover us our flaw.
A sexy realtor from Nice quoted me her terms for a piece. When I found out her price I told her, “Au regretment, no dice.” (I wasn’t looking to buy, just lease.) I met a pedantic old whore from Bombay who quibbled over being labeled that way. She said, “While it’s true I get paid by the screw, I work in Mumbai not Bombay.” Dish washers from Amarillo had pubes the texture of Brillo. Though they made quite a scene, she got the plates really clean and gave the waiter a thrill. Oh! Smilingly, Sue said over minces, “The feeling of packing ten inches must be like squeezing your feet into a pair of cute shoes that don’t fit — so tight that it pinches!” Said I, “Oh, size tens! Rather a bore if compared to my wee four.” Sue smiled (no pleasure in it, till she learned I’m measuring it “from the tip” I told her “to the floor”). A prison scholar was subtly candid as his fellows he Homerically branded; one boomerang con he dubbed Rosy-fingered Don ’cause he was caught so often red-handed. A persistent narcissist from Tacoma would diddle himself into comas. Though warned he’d go blind, he had it in mind to stop when he got to glaucoma. One disgruntled lover of Venus rubbed down to a nubbin his penis. The goddess said, “Friend! We’ve come to the end of the source of the friction between us.”
KINGSTON
8 DAYS! 7 NIGHTS!
Son, dey
moan
day to day
when dey
thirsty.
Fried, dey
sat ern de sun.
Deh!
FISHERS AT HOME
you’re
the sinker,
and you’re
the bobber,
and I’m the other, the provider of the worm and the
English has now become not only the main tool of global communication, but also one of the most important conditions for studying abroad. Opportunities for students to study abroad given, it is not only about acquiring new knowledge and skills, but also about interacting with different cultures.
It is also a great opportunity to make acquaintances and create professional opportunities. To fully benefit from such education, it is necessary to know English, because English is the most widely used scientific and business language around the world. In this article, we will discuss the advantages of English and the importance of studying abroad and the opportunities it creates for students.
KEYWORDS
Education, English, study abroad, culture, scientific articles, science, technology, IT, programming, grants, scholarships, business, professional development, success, science and innovation, foreign universities, international language.
ENTRANCE
Nowadays, the world is becoming more globalized and everyone needs to improve their knowledge to adapt to the modern education system. In this regard, foreign languages,
In particular, knowing English is becoming one of the necessary skills for every young generation. English is not only a means of international communication, but also a key scientific and academic language. Therefore, every student who wants to study abroad must have excellent knowledge of this language. Knowledge of English is a prerequisite for admission to foreign universities. It creates opportunities to win international grants and scholarships, write scientific articles, and participate in international conferences.
Uzbekistan’s education system is also striving for international standards, and today many schools and universities offer intensive English language training. This serves as an important basis for young people to gain knowledge in the international arena and further improve their future. In developed countries of the world, education is mainly conducted in English, and most international universities set good knowledge of English as an important requirement for admitting students. For example, prestigious universities in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, Singapore and European countries require international test results such as IELTS or TOEFL. Such certificates are accepted in foreign higher education institutions and this is one of the main factors that opens the door to learning.
In addition, knowledge of English is very important not only for entering a university, but also for understanding the educational process and conducting scientific activities. The world’s most advanced scientific publications and textbooks are mainly written in English. Also, many international scientific conferences, seminars and forums are also held in this language. If students want to participate in these events and express their opinions freely, they must master English.
Another important aspect of studying abroad is getting to know different cultures and developing the ability to think globally. When a student studies in a foreign country, they are exposed to people of different nationalities and will have the opportunity to communicate with them. This will contribute to his or her personal development and broadens their worldview and improves their social skills. Many young people around the world are enriching their knowledge by studying in foreign countries and preparing for the future are achieving success. For example, Uzbek youth who studied in the United States and Europe are currently working in various fields in our country, implementing international experience.
In addition, English is also a key tool for young people who want to work in international organizations today. The United Nations, which operates globally,
Good English skills are essential for working in organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Professionals working in these organizations communicate with colleagues from all over the world.
They communicate in English and present their scientific work in this language.
Today, with the development of the Internet and technology, the importance of the English language is increasing. The majority of global Internet resources are in English, including scientific articles, online courses and various educational materials are hosted in this language. For example, international educational platforms such as Coursera, EdX, Udemy, FutureLearn have free and paid courses offered by the world’s leading universities. Through these platforms, you can get education in various disciplines, including medicine, engineering, business, psychology, IT and many other areas. If a student does not know English, he may miss out on the opportunity to use such invaluable sources of knowledge.
English is also an indispensable language in the international job market. Today, major international companies, including Google, Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Tesla, Facebook, Samsung, and many other global corporations require their employees to have excellent English skills. Young people who aim to study abroad and work in international companies should start learning this language thoroughly from now on. Knowing English is not only important for studying at foreign universities, but also for finding a well-paid job and competing in the international arena.
It also creates the opportunity to become a successful professional.
In conclusion, the role of English in today’s society is very important. Anyone who wants to study abroad should have a perfect command of this language, because it is not only useful for education, but also it plays an important role in future professional development and personal growth. Learning English is not only about entering foreign universities, but also gaining international experience, conducting scientific research, traveling, developing cultural communication and succeeding in the job market. Therefore, young people should start speaking, writing and understanding this language fluently from now on.
They need to focus on developing their skills, which will provide a solid foundation for their future success.
Strategies for learning English for studying abroad:
The following strategies are recommended for effective English learning:
1. Create a daily language environment – Read books in English, watch movies and documentaries, listen to podcasts and audiobooks in English.
2. Use online learning platforms – study free and paid courses on platforms such as Coursera, EdX, Udemy, Duolingo.
3. Preparing for international tests – preparing for exams such as IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, GRE, as these test results are required for admission to foreign universities.
4. Developing practical communication skills – having conversations in English, participating in international forums and groups, writing essays and articles in English.
5. Study English by field – Each profession and scientific field has its own terminology. Students who intend to study at foreign universities are advised to study the specific terminology in their field.
The role of English in cultural integration and global communication
Knowledge of English is important not only for education and scientific activities, but also for global communication and cultural integration. Students studying abroad get to know different cultures firsthand, communicate with international experts in their field, and have the opportunity to learn from world experience. In this process, knowledge of foreign languages, especially English, makes it easier to adapt to a new environment.
Today, the world’s largest international organizations and companies – the United Nations, the World Bank, UNESCO, the World Health Organization (WHO),
English is the official working language of Google, Microsoft, Tesla, Amazon, and other major global institutions. Working in these organizations, participating in international projects, and becoming a professional in a foreign country also requires a good command of English.
In addition, English is also very important for traveling, participating in various international conferences and seminars. If people studying or working abroad can communicate freely in English, they will not face various problems and will quickly learn new things.
They can adapt to society. For example, students studying at foreign universities can effectively conduct their studies if they can communicate freely with their teachers and classmates. They can also learn about different cultures around the world by participating in international events.
Opportunities to make friends with people from all corners of the world and to establish new business and scientific collaborations will increase.
Reform and rise of English in the education system
In many countries around the world, there are efforts to integrate English into the education system.
Reforms are being implemented. Including:
In the Finnish education system, English is taught as one of the core subjects, and students are taught to conduct academic activities in English from a young age.
South Korea and Japan are placing great emphasis on training international-level specialists, making English an important part of their education programs.
Germany has widely introduced English-language master’s and doctoral programs at many universities.
In the Malaysian and Singaporean education systems, English is taught as a core subject, producing internationally competitive professionals.
Uzbekistan is also carrying out major reforms in this regard. Much attention is being paid to in-depth study of the English language in schools and higher educational institutions. In particular, the demand for obtaining international certificates in English such as IELTS and TOEFL is increasing. This encourages our youth to actively participate in the international scientific and professional arena.
CONCLUSION
Knowledge of English is essential for anyone who wants to study abroad. Learning English helps you study abroad, develop academically and professionally, make foreign friends, and better understand the world. Also, by knowing English well, you can participate in international competitions.
The chances of entering universities, receiving grants and scholarships, and finding a good job in the future will increase.
Therefore, young people should take learning English seriously, because this language is one of the most important tools not only for studying abroad, but also for a successful future.
REFERENCES
1. Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press.
2. Graddol, D. (2006). English Next: Why Global English May Mean the End of ‘English as a
Foreign Language’. British Council.
3. Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford University Press.
4. Kaplan, RB, & Baldauf, RB (2005). Language Planning and Policy in Europe: The Czech
Republic, The European Union and Northern Ireland. Multilingual Matters.
5. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Pearson Longman.
6. President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (2021). “Improving the English language learning system
“On measures”, May 19.
7. Official website of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (nd). www.edu.uz
8. British Council. (2020). The Future of English: Global Perspectives. British Council Publications.
9. Cambridge English. (2021). English Proficiency and Economic Growth Report. Cambridge
University Press.
10. Educational Testing Service (ETS). (n.d.). TOEFL Official Website. www.ets.org/toefl
11. IELTS Official Website. (n.d.). International English Language Testing System (IELTS).
