Rampant

A dream of flower ridden blossom

The wavering chaos of the river run high

I escaped the drugged wish

Of melancholic numbness around me

The slit throated sky high buildings

Of consumer care and globalized madness

The sip of soma is adjacent

Life’s little brittle mystery of strange alteration

A camphor of village ridden blush

The boat ride of everyday coming port

A slush for the modesty of eavesdropping sickness

Till the city learners the indoors of passion

The burning ghat still flames high

As the coming and going to this world is rampant

As poetic reverie bemused in silence.

The Global Federation of Leadership and High Intelligence, based in Mexico, is creating a Mother’s Day poetry anthology and invites submissions. They are also hosting a video contest for creative work with paper fibers.

Poet and essayist Abigail George, whom we’ve published many times, shares the fundraiser her book’s press has created for her. She’s seeking contributions for office supplies and resources to be able to serve as a speaker and advocate for others who have experienced trauma or deal with mental health issues.

Also, the Educational Bookshop in Jerusalem, a store that has the mission of peaceful dialogue and education, invites readers to donate new or gently used books (all genres) that have been meaningful to them, with a note enclosed for future readers about why the books were meaningful. (The books don’t have to be about peace or social justice or the Mideast, although they can be). Please send books here. US-based Interlink Publishing has also started a GoFundMe for the store.

We’re also having a presence at the Hayward Lit Hop festival this year, and we encourage everyone to attend this free, all-ages event! Many local writers will share their work and we will also host an open mic.

This month’s theme is Journeying Inward.

Lidia Popa seeks her true self, believing in the value of her quest. Samira Abdullahi acknowledges her scant resources and the obstacles before her, yet bravely forges ahead towards her life’s goals. Xavier Womack expresses determination to stay free of a relationship that has turned controlling and toxic.

Maurizio Brancaleoni crafts bilingual English/Italian introspective vignettes. Philip Butera reflects on noticing different types of flowers throughout his life, paralleling his different moods. Christina Chin of Malaysia and Paul Callus of Malta collaborate on haiku resplendent with action and sensory detail about the minutiae of human life, highlighting how even smaller thoughts matter.

Charitha Jammala’s mystical poetry probes the depths of the human mind and soul, celebrating our inner essence and integrity. In elegant poetry, Haroon Rashid reminds us to look inward to find joy and peace rather than expecting it from the outside world. Alex S. Johnson revels in the dreamscape of human consciousness in his expansive poem.

Beatriz Saavedra Gastelum probes the power of dreaming to explore human consciousness in Alfonso Reyes’ writing. Christina Chin and Uchechukwu Onyedikam collaborate on haiku capturing the delicacy and deliciousness of creative tension and human spiritual journeys. Fatima Anisa Ibrahim depicts the peace she finds upon sleeping, waking, and beginning a new day.

Stephen Jarrell Williams’ poetic cycle drums up a sense of urgency, evoking human mortality and spiritual quests. Peter Cherches speaks of time and memory, incidents that make us, small puny humans as we are, question all that we remember. Mykyta Ryzhykh renders the dissolution of language and identity through creative poems. Alaina Hammond probes the effect of present experiences to shift memory and identity in her drama, set at an art opening. J.K. Durick’s poems also address identity in a way, pointing out human experiences we face individually, yet share with many around the world.

Philip Butera’s lengthy poem explores existence, seduction, and morality through a lens of mutable personal identity and the archetypes of Greek mythology. Two literary critics, Dr. Selvin Vedamanickam and Grock, explore the struggle of individual people in a world that seems indifferent in Dr. Jernail S. Anand’s epic poem Geet: The Unsung Song of Eternity.

Bhagirath Choudhary’s piece honors and includes the feminine as well as the masculine in what it means to be human, and divine. Jacques Fleury, a Black man from Haiti, asserts his belonging to the universal human family regardless of racial distinctions.

Patrick Sweeney writes disconnected short pieces with an element of whimsy that explore our curiosities and obsessions. Duane Vorhees’ poetry revels in earthy sensuality and explores questions of personal identity, reality, and fantasy.

Kylian Cubilla Gomez’ images focus on fun and imagination in his images of children’s toys. Ochilova Ozoda Zufar shares a children’s story about travel, friendship, and new experiences. Abigail George reflects on her life’s trajectory, how circumstances made her the mother of words rather than human children.

Elan Barnehama’s short story places us back in our early twenties, when many of us were still making major life decisions. Still, many people past that age express similar sentiments. Tagrid Bou Merhi affirms the drive towards personal and artistic freedom. Anna Keiko reflects on how she has followed the call of poetry in her life. Chad Norman’s brash poetry celebrates the freedom to do and say and love as he wishes in his native Canada.

Doug Hawley relates his experiences in the natural vastness of mountainous and lesser-known eastern Oregon. Maja Herman Sekulic’s speakers lay exposed in the city, under the weight of human emotion as much as the heat of the sun and the relentlessness of the rain.

J.J. Campbell conveys regret, despair, and the lingering effects of a broken past. Mark Young’s poetry presents with wry humor dreams pursued and derailed. Susie Gharib’s work reflects the anxiety and discomfort of the human condition and her desire to find and choose peace. John Dorsey’s speakers seek various forms of comfort and stability.

Brian Barbeito reflects on the life and death of his beloved dog, Tessa. Taro Hokkyo’s short poems speak to grief and loss, ending on a note of regrowth.

David Sapp speaks to the lingering psychological impact of physical and mental loss during the American Civil War. Dennis Vannatta’s essay explores the wartime inspirations for some of Chopin’s music and compares that with his own Vietnam experience.

Fadwa Attia reviews Mohamed Sobhi’s new play “Fares Reveals the Hidden” which explores identity, homeland, and belonging. Dr. Kang Byeong-Cheol speaks to loneliness, nostalgia, and empathy.

Atabayeva Gulshan examines loneliness through the lens of Chekhov’s writings. RP Verlaine’s work posits speakers surrounded by maelstroms of feeling, unable to do more than watch. Dr. Kareem Abdullah reviews poet Eva Petropolou Lianou’s work on the power of human emotion and the power of the individual to transcend it.

Nigar Nurulla Khalilova implores deities, and her fellow humans, for compassion towards struggling people. Eva Petropolou Lianou misses human kindness and simple pleasantries of life.

Graciela Noemi Villaverde speaks to the physical coziness of true and long-term love. Isaac Aju writes of first love between a generous young man and a strong young woman who doesn’t feel conventionally feminine. Makhmasalayeva Jasmina Makhmashukurovna encourages love and respect for the wisdom of parents.

Poet Eva Petropolou Lianou reminds us to be kind and show common courtesy. Greek poet Eva Petropolou Lianou interviews Chinese poet Yongbo Ma about writing as a spiritual practice to seek goodness in a harsh world. Elmaya Jabbarova highlights the power of the poet to engage with the senses and cast a vision for the world. Eva Petropolou interviews Egyptian writer Ahmed Farooq Baidoon about his hopes and dreams for the human literary imagination to guide and transform our world, and also Venezuelan poet Mariela Cordero, who celebrates the evolution of literature and the unnoticed acts of kindness around us daily.

Sayani Mukherjee rests within a Romantic poet’s verdant natural dreamscape. Bekmirzayeva Aziza’s tale reminds us not to forget as we grow up that we can find happiness through simple pleasures and days in nature. Maja Milojkovic reminds us to care for the planet, asking us some hard questions in the process. Writer and literary critic Z.I. Mahmud compares Michael Crichton’s Jurassic Park to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in its critique of humanity’s quest to micromanage and control nature.

Idris Sheikh looks to the awakening and rebirth of Nigeria from poverty and violence. Joseph Ogbonna mourns the Ottoman Empire’s genocide of the Armenian people. Marjona Bahodirova’s story illustrates the pain and loss many women in Central Asia endure, due to class prejudice and intimate partner violence. Bill Tope’s short story explores the evolution of a formerly open-minded person into a bigot and the long-lasting harm that does to his family and ultimately, himself. Taylor Dibbert recollects an encounter with an aggressive and clueless neighbor as Bill Tope and Doug Hawley’s collaborative short story humorously addresses social misunderstandings accentuated by our society’s prejudices. Patricia Doyne’s poem laments political aggression, power grabs, and the rise of autocracy as Daniel De Culla laments the political danger posed to democracies by a culture of brash ignorance.

Shahnoza Ochildiyeva explores the impact of literature on the lives of characters in Markus Zusak’s novel The Book Thief. Even though books cannot save them from the Nazis, they consider literature worth the risk of their lives. Lilian Dipasupil Kunimasa calls on humanity to seek knowledge and cultural advancement in the pursuit of peace.

Tarane Turan Rahimli speaks to the burgeoning literary scene and cultural heritage of her native Azerbaijan. Alex Johnson’s poem celebrates the enduring literary legacy of Patti Smith and William S. Burroughs and the Beat generation. Malika Abdusamat suggests possibilities for the role of artificial intelligence in language learning. Grock outlines the work and career of Indian poet Dr. Jernail S. Anand and considers his originality and suitability for a Nobel prize.

Christopher Bernard reviews Cal Performances’ production of William Kentridge’s The Great Yes, The Great No, praising the vibrant stagecraft while questioning the value of celebrating the absurd in a time of real political absurdity. Chimezie Ihekuna observes that the world’s ways have become upside-down, strange, and unusual.

Dr. Andrejana Dvornic, in a presentation at the Belgrade Book Festival, explores themes of love, longing, and loneliness in the works of Umid Najjari. Teacher Liu Xingli sends in poetry from the elementary school students of the Xiaohe Poetry Society in China’s Hunan Province, which explores themes of nature and society, love and compassion, and heroism and sacrifice.

Federico Wardal honors the legacy of actor Marcello Mastroianni. Texas Fontanella sends up some vibrant, avant-garde music. Cristina Deptula reviews the anthology White on White: A Literary Tribute to Bauhaus, edited by Alex S. Johnson with a foreword from Poppy S. Brite.

Vernon Frazer plays with splashy words and images. Rizal Tanjung situates the paintings of Anna Keiko in the developing history of world art. Scott Holstad probes Husserl’s philosophical understanding of phenomena and being.

Norman J. Olson evokes the wonderment and curiosity we can experience when we look at art and history. Isabel Gomez de Diego’s photography honors the Spanish heritage of faith and craft. Erkin Vahidov reflects on Uzbekistan’s proud cultural heritage. Toxirova Ruxshona highlights advances in modern world modern medicine in her piece on diagnostics and treatment for a variety of skin diseases.

Bangladeshi writer Mahbub Alam expresses his respect and humility before God in his Ramadan poem. Jake Sheff draws on mythology and history as he memorializes his family members and other figures from the past. Nilufar Anvarova’s poem tells the story of an elder encouraging modern people to remember the past.

Dr. Lalit Mohan Sharma reviews Dr. Jernail Anand Singh’s epic work “From Siege to Salvation,” comparing the battles of the Mahabharata with the siege of Troy and affirming commonalities of our human experience. Cristina Deptula interviews Nigerian poet Uchechukwu Onyedikam about transcending cultural barriers through his international haiku collaborations.

We hope that this issue will draw you out to peek at the world from different cultural and generational vantage points, then pull you inward to consider the value and wonder of your own thoughts and psyche.

Spectator Sport

Been watching from a distance

For a while now. Life does that

To us, makes us spectators

Assigns us back-row seats and

Just leaves us there. There I go

Again restating the obvious, just

Holding it up to look at again, as

If I hadn’t been paying attention.

I like to say “us.” I like to say “we.”

But I don’t really know if I’m here

Alone or with others, the us and we.

The show has been going on for

Quite some time. The players all

Know their parts. The curtains open

And close. The theme music for all

This keeps playing. The audience

If there is one beyond me is getting

Restless. How many more times?

How long does this go on? When

Will the house lights come on, and

I get to finally walk away?

                   Stopping

A stop sign, another piece of our day

A pause on our way getting there or

Getting back from wherever we were.

I like to stop as if I am on a timer, just

A second or two when I’m the only one

In line. I like to come to a complete stop

Like someone fresh from drivers’ ed, stop

Then go, a prescribed measure. I stop to

See if someone is crossing in the cross

Walk just then or a car’s going through or

Turning. If they are I feel that the purpose

For the sign has been served. There are

Reasons for things. Things are put in our

Way because sometimes we need to be

Reminded that other folks are coming or

Going too. We need to be reminded to stop

And admit to our place in things. We are

Just another car filling space, rolling or

Racing on, turning, timing getting where

We are going in a group of others doing

Exactly the same damn thing.

                Of Course

The inevitable is sitting mid-desk

Lined up properly, as you would

Expect. An envelope with a letter

To the effect that the inevitable has

Come this way. At least it’s not

An email or one of those meetings

That was obviously put together at

The last minute, with all your co-

Workers elbow to elbow knowing

That the Inevitable has finally come

To you/to them. You wonder at this

Difference, a letter left conspicuously

Mid-desk top, waiting to tell you what

You know it will. They even spelled

Your name wrong, the way they do so

Often. The misspelling was a joke for

So long, but now it just adds insult to

Injury. You think about waiting to open

The inevitable later, after you’re home

Or sitting in Patty’s, three sheets to

The wind. But no, you’ll open it now.

This is private and immediate. You’ll have

To face alone like this, alone like this.

Ma Yongbo was born in 1964, Ph.D, representative of Chinese avant-garde poetry,and a leading scholar in Anglo-American poetry. He has published over eighty original works and translations since 1986 included 6 poetry collections. He focused on translating and teaching Anglo-American poetry and prose including the work of Dickinson, Whitman, Stevens, Pound, Williams and Ashbery. He recently published a complete translation of Moby Dick, which has sold over half a million copies. He teaches at Nanjing University of Science and Technology. The Collected Poems of Ma Yongbo (four volumes, Eastern Publishing Centre, 2024) comprising 1178 poems, celebrate 40 years of writing poetry.

Please share your thoughts about the future of literature.

As long as the human spirit remains alive, literature (poetry) will endure, serving as the most faithful companion to the soul. The power of poetry to console and uplift the human spirit will always remain indispensable.

When did you start writing?

I began writing poetry, plays, and novels in 1979 during my first year of high school. My works were officially published starting in 1986. Writing poetry is a form of spiritual practice for me; my goal is not to secure a place in literary history.

The Good and the Bad.

Nature is good; humans are bad.

Who is winning nowadays?

Petty people dominate in every field. Yet evil only prevails temporarily, for Christ has already overcome the world.

How many books have you written?

I have published six poetry collections (including The Complete Collection of Poetry, which comprises four volumes), two essay collections, three academic monographs, two biographies, and two prose-poetry collections.

And where can we find your books?

Most of my 80 original and translated works have been published in mainland China, with a few released in traditional Chinese editions in Taiwan. They are available on Dangdang, JD.com, and in physical bookstores. Public libraries worldwide also hold copies. My bilingual poetry collections with Indian poet Anand, my another bilingual poetry collections with Greek poet Eva and Mexican poet Jeanette are sold on Amazon. A select few works, such as my three-volume bilingual translation of John Ashbery’s selected poems, can also be found there.

The book: E-book or Hardcover book? What will be the future?

Physical books will become increasingly expensive, eventually turning into collectibles for a small minority. E-books aid dissemination and conserve energy.

A wish for 2025.

May my friends find peace and joy, and may they write poetry abundantly. I also hope to leverage my translation skills to introduce more outstanding poets from other languages into Chinese, building a rainbow bridge to overcome cultural barriers.

A phrase from your book.

“Refining light from one’s own darkness.”

Solipsistic Haiku by Maurizio Brancaleoni

in the outside world —
all my sins
in red and white

nel mondo esterno:
rosso su bianco
tutti i miei peccati

*

at the nursing home —
the old lady asleep
with a packed suitcase

all’ospizio:
la vecchia dorme
con la valigia pronta

*

waiting for death
the cat passes by
to say hi

aspettando la
morte il gatto passa per
un salutino

*

Via Marsala —
among the pigeons the bum
talks to himself

Via Marsala:
tra i piccioni il barbone
parla da solo

*

the dog’s moaning
is persistent —
my fate

il lamento del cane
è persistente:
il mio destino

*

after sleeping on it
I haven’t solved it yet —
undertow of cars

dormendoci su
non ho ancora risolto:
risacca d’auto

*

in the face of
my decline the bats
laugh their jaws off

di fronte al mio
declino i pipistrelli
si sganasciano

*

end of April —
a black trash bag
dragged by the wind

fine d’aprile:
la busta nera
trascinata dal vento

Maurizio Brancaleoni is a poet and translator. He lives near Rome, Italy. His haiku have appeared in a wide variety of journals over the past few years. Maurizio manages “Leisure Spot”, a bilingual blog where he posts interviews, reviews and translations: https://leisurespotblog.blogspot.com/p/interviste-e-recensioni-interviews-and.html

The Problem of Emptiness and Loneliness of the Modern Individual in Chekhov’s Dramaturgy

Philology and History Faculty

Department of Native Language and Literature: Russian Language Specialization, Group 242

Annotation: this article analyzes the theme of existential emptiness and loneliness of the modern individual in Anton Pavlovich Chekhov’s dramaturgy. The author examines Chekhov’s plays such as “Uncle Vanya,” “Three Sisters,” “The Seagull,” and “The Cherry Orchard,” focusing on the characters’ inner emptiness, instability, and alienation from society. The paper draws parallels between literary characters and the philosophical-psychological views of J.-P. Sartre, E. Fromm, and V. Frankl. It demonstrates how Chekhov artistically portrays the loss of human vitality, inner suffering, communicative incapacity, and the search for meaning in modern life.

Аннотация: в данной статье анализируется тема экзистенциальной пустоты и одиночества современного человека в драматургии Антона Павловича Чехова. Автор рассматривает пьесы Чехова, такие как «Дядя Ваня», «Три сестры», «Чайка» и «Вишнёвый сад», сосредотачивая внимание на внутренней пустоте, нестабильности и отчуждённости персонажей от общества. В статье проводится параллель между литературными образами и философско-психологическими взглядами Ж.-П. Сартра, Э. Фромма и В. Франкла. Показано, как Чехов художественно отражает утрату жизненной энергии человека, его внутренние страдания, неспособность к коммуникации и поиск смысла жизни в условиях современной реальности.

Keywords: Chekhov’s dramaturgy, emptiness, loneliness, existentialism, modern individual, psychological crisis, communication, search for meaning.

Ключевые слова: драматургия Чехова, пустота, одиночество, экзистенциализм, современный человек, психологический кризис, коммуникация, поиск смысла.

The transformations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries left a profound imprint on human consciousness. Scientific progress, the crisis of spiritual values, and the contradiction between personal freedom and social restrictions raised new questions in the minds of individuals. It was precisely during this period that Anton Pavlovich Chekhov’s dramaturgy offered a deep expression of the modern individual’s spiritual state, inner emptiness, and loneliness. Through the characters’ inner torments, unfulfilled dreams, instability, and difficulty in establishing human connection, Chekhov reveals the universal problems of his time [1]. In plays such as Three Sisters, Uncle Vanya, The Seagull, and The Cherry Orchard, the absurdity of life, the lack of purpose, and the inevitability of loneliness become central themes. Chekhov’s characters seem to act, but they fail to achieve real change [2]. Their passivity, inner contradictions, and inaction align closely with modern existentialist philosophy [3].

In Chekhov’s work, the emptiness and loneliness of the modern individual are portrayed not only as personal but also as social problems, analyzed from psychological perspectives as well. Erich Fromm emphasized that loneliness and the lack of meaning in modern society are consequences that emerge alongside the acquisition of freedom [4]. Viktor Frankl showed that when a person loses meaning in life, emptiness and inner suffering arise [5]. Chekhov’s characters face precisely this kind of meaninglessness. This article examines how Chekhov’s dramaturgy portrays the emptiness and loneliness of the modern individual, analyzing the artistic representation and philosophical foundations of these states. Through the inner world of his characters, Chekhov addresses the most pressing issues of our time.

Chekhov’s dramaturgy is distinguished by its psychological depth and subtle artistic expression of socio-philosophical issues. One of the central problems in his plays is the emptiness and loneliness of the modern human being. This theme acquires a unique aesthetic and philosophical layer in plays such as Three Sisters, Uncle Vanya, The Seagull, and The Cherry Orchard.

The Psychological State of Chekhov’s Characters and the Sense of Emptiness

In Uncle Vanya, the protagonist comes to realize that his life has been wasted. Vanya experiences anger, despair, and deep inner torment upon realizing that he has spent his life serving others, only to be left with nothing. He declares, “I have squandered my life…” – thus transforming loneliness from a mere social condition into a deeply personal tragedy [6].

This state of inner emptiness resembles Jean-Paul Sartre’s concept of “freedom without ownership.” Sartre argues that although man is free, he is alone in the face of choices [7]. This very loneliness underlies the inaction and internal imbalance of Chekhov’s characters.

The Crisis of Communication and Futile Aspirations

In Three Sisters, the protagonists are dissatisfied with their current lives and dream of returning to Moscow. However, their longing never turns into real action. Their dialogues are filled with melancholy, loneliness, and emptiness. Often, their conversations fail to connect — a clear sign of the communication crisis [8].

Vladimir Kataev notes that behind their dreams, Chekhov presents the individual as a “mysterious being in the world.” According to him, for Chekhov’s characters, “a dream is not an action, but a desire for salvation” [9].

The Seagull and the Tragedy of Non-recognition

In The Seagull, Treplev’s artistic aspirations and attempts to assert himself end in rejection and failure. His life loses meaning, leading to one of Chekhov’s first clear depictions of suicide. Treplev finds no meaning in life and recognizes the absurdity of existence [10].Albert Camus, in The Myth of Sisyphus, declares life absurd – meaningless but still to be continued. Treplev, however, rejects this struggle and puts an end to his life [11]. This deepens the psychological realism found in Chekhov’s plays.

The Cherry Orchard and Clinging to the Past

In The Cherry Orchard, the characters are unprepared for change. Ranevskaya and her family cannot accept the changing world. They are emotionally attached to the past and live in memories, refusing to confront real problems. This reflects the condition of a modern person detached from reality, searching for meaning but unable to find it [12].

Boris Tomashevsky described the characters of The Cherry Orchard as “a collection of individuals who failed to find their place in life.” According to him, Chekhov explores the problem of modernity not through action, but through inaction [13].

Psychological Foundations: From the Perspective of Fromm and Frankl

According to Erich Fromm, modern man’s loneliness stems from his alienation from society, abandonment of close relationships, and inability to understand himself. Chekhov’s characters experience precisely this: they speak, they dream, but they are unable to connect [14].Viktor Frankl argues that when a person cannot find meaning in life, inner emptiness and psychological stagnation follow. For Chekhov’s characters, this void leads to the loss of vitality — they live, but they do not feel alive [15].

Anton Chekhov’s dramaturgy reveals the inner world of the modern individual, especially their sense of emptiness and loneliness, through unique and unconventional artistic forms. Chekhov’s characters are those who do not act, who dream but do not strive for real change, who attempt to communicate but fail to establish connections. They are alienated from society, unable to find their place in life. These conditions align closely with modern psychological and philosophical perspectives: Sartre’s concept of loneliness within freedom, Fromm’s notion of alienation, and Frankl’s idea of lost meaning are vividly embodied in Chekhov’s literary figures.

In Uncle Vanya, suffering and inertia; in Three Sisters, passive dreams; in The Seagull, lack of recognition and lost meaning; and in The Cherry Orchard, the inability to let go of the past — all serve as artistic representations of spiritual crisis. Chekhov depicts psychological stagnation, hopelessness, and isolation against the backdrop of social upheaval. This makes his dramaturgy intimately connected to the existential concerns of the modern era.

Thus, through Chekhov’s works, we gain a profound understanding of one of the most crucial inner problems of the modern individual — the feeling of emptiness and loneliness. He is not merely a writer of his time, but a modern thinker who compels even 21st-century readers to reflect deeply. Chekhov’s characters suffer not from life itself, but from themselves — from their inaction and alienated emotions. This makes him an eternally relevant author.

References

1.Rayfield, D. (1997). Anton Chekhov: A Life. London: HarperCollins, p. 302.

2.Magarshack, D. (1960). Chekhov the Dramatist. New York: Hill and Wang, pp. 110–115.

3.Etkind, A. (1985). Chekhov’s World: A Study of His Drama. Cambridge University Press, p. 87.

4.Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from Freedom. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, p. 36.

5.Frankl, V. (1959). Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press, p. 106.

6.Chekhov, A.P. Uncle Vanya (1899) // Chekhov, A.P. M.: Nauka, 1980. Vol. 12, p. 104.

7.Sartre, J.-P. Existentialism is a Humanism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 29.

8.Chekhov, A.P. Three Sisters (1901) // Ibid. Vol. 13, p. 220.

9.Kataev, V. If Only We Could Know: An Interpretation of Chekhov. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002, p. 88.

10.Chekhov, A.P. The Seagull (1896) // Ibid. Vol. 11, p. 150.

11.Camus, A. The Myth of Sisyphus. New York: Vintage Books, 1955, pp. 11–12.

12.Chekhov, A.P. The Cherry Orchard (1903) // Ibid. Vol. 14, p. 73.

13.Tomashevsky, B. “Thematics and Style in Chekhov’s Plays” // Russian Literature Triquarterly, No. 4, 1972, p. 97.

14.Fromm, E. Escape from Freedom. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1941, p. 121.

15.Frankl, V. Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press, 1959, p. 106.