Short stories from Paul Cordeiro

Beyond A Reasonable Doubt

He was the newly polished diamond like the one soon-to-be lost ring dropped between sideboard and mattress

His teeth were straighter and polished whiter than his Grady White and sleeker than his smooth Armani suit and lawyer-ease 

Wouldn’t she find a six-figure

attorney a quiet listener and a pleaser of womankind by nature

So she thought a man with means would welcome someone more substantial than a summer fling a bartender hip to rap and  conversation who was yet an articulate university graduate like himself and a soon-to-be pharmacist worthy of his status 

A trustworthy attorney might be the catch of the day one evening

on Federal Hill so she thought

Though she found him engaging on various subjects unavailable to twenty-year old boys she was used to dating 

His knowledge of wine lists 401k’s and luxurious getaways

in the Caribbean and hidden hideaways was more superior than her own father’s experience 

Though he proved to be lost in his own pleasures riding into her body’s erogenous zones and no less uncaring than the fumbling boys of her university dorm

When the ring was lost after

less than a half hour of grunting blindness and hip grinding she surely was perplexed that he may have been no champion of foreplay and ethical manners and was only a rich swindler and pretender

Authorities took down the  information two days later and a nurse unwrapped the rape kit that sent his world spiraling into debt and infamy

Would there be another political  campaign?

His corporate lawyer job was lost

to gossip and media shaming along with the Grady White sold to pay for the hot shot female Boston defender

Tennis would we played not at the private men’s club if even that now as his friends kept finding other engagements 

In the end he found his freedom more precious than the open sea

crying like a kindergartener on their first day when he was acquitted

And she found her slimmed down frame left the found diamond looser  than before when inexplicably it had somehow slipped off her finger on that Tinder rather than tender night

And the jury who had only hearsay of the prosecution lawyer’s dramatics to go by and no DNA no security camera footage to convict her Tinder date of her intoxication and lack of consent 

The jury would wonder was she wiser in the ways of modern hooking up now or frightened into depression never to overcome anorexia and trauma 

to find love.

    Widow At The Council On Aging

Her father’s ghost is always circling like a butterfly ready to alight on a round table with miss seventy-eight year old widow showing up uninvited to the noon time meal which is usually a meat product splashed with gravy that a vegan like herself cannot eat 

She has a newly self-published book out that again has her child of innocence praising her fathers musicianship and kindness

This may all be true like a President being more sainted than Mother Teresa in the vanity of illusions that memory reshapes into a variety of wildflowers that will await her in heaven as the face of her butterfly father hovers above our unholy heads 

What I found most surprising though was her unthinkable story of her eleven year old self babysitting a chimpanzee in the infield of a race track

The chimp was the pet of one of the hairdressers for the famous Rockettes who kicked up a lot of gossip and pheromones behind the scenes around the saxophone player her father who was evidently as spotless as she remembers

      After A Bourgeois Marriage 

     I was no Kerouac not one of those beaten journeying authors of miraculous encounters in the night neither of risk nor meager means except with their wits traveling west like thrift shop hobos of stream of consciousness devices.

My own divine madness would sit reading and never cross the high plains on a locomotive nor settle into a commune of ocean bathers in the jagged movie theater that is the dreamland of underachievers and panhandlers and religious fanatics. 

Ironically I have found the egg over easy comfort of a single bed without a companion to wish a goodnight to in the dark and it’s more tedious than an unpublished diary manuscript of fantasies from a lionhearted drunk.

Essay from Gafurova Mahbuba

Basic concepts and terms of translation theory and practice

Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages

4th year student Gafurova Mahbuba

mahbubaalisherovna@gmail.com

Supervisor: Kadirova Nargiza

АННОТАЦИЯ; В данной статье рассматриваются ключевые понятия и терминология теории и практики перевода. Особое внимание уделяется определению, классификации и применению переводческих понятий и терминов в различных видах перевода. Анализируется роль базовых понятий в переводческом процессе, а также их влияние на качество и точность перевода. Статья предназначена для студентов, преподавателей и практикующих переводчиков.

Ключевые слова: перевод, теория перевода, терминология, переводческая практика, лингвистика, семантика, эквивалентность.

AONNOTATIN:This article explores the key concepts and terminology of translation theory and practice. Special attention is paid to the definition, classification, and application of translation concepts and terms in different types of translation. The article analyzes the role of basic concepts in the translation process and their impact on translation quality and accuracy. It is intended for students, teachers, and professional translators.

Keywords: translation, translation theory, terminology, translation practice, linguistics, semantics, equivalence.

One of the main tasks of translation theory and practice is to study the concepts and terms used in the translation process, determine their essence and analyze their impact on the translation process. Each translator should be able to build practical skills that are theoretical. This requires an in-depth understanding of the key concepts and terms used in translation theory. This article provides details on the most common concepts and terms in translation theory and practice, their origin, classification, and practical application. Translation refers to the equivalent transfer of language units of different degrees into another language. To do this, the translator must have good knowledge of the theoretical foundations and linguistic knowledge.

1. Definition and essence of translation Translation is the process of complete and precise translation of speech of one language in written or spoken form into another language. Translation requires not only changing words, but also preserving content, style, context. The main task of translation is to ensure equivalence between the source text and the translated text.

2. Translation theory and its basic concepts Translation theory is a science that studies the scientific foundations of translation activity, its main concepts include:

Equivalence – the degree of semantic and functional equivalence between the source language and the target language;

Adequacy – the degree of correspondence of the translation to the source text;

Interference – errors that occur as a result of the influence of one language to another;

Transformation is the correct expression of meaning through grammatical and lexical changes in the translation process.

3. Types of translation Translation is mainly divided into the following types:

Document translation; Oral interpretation, which is also divided into sequential and synchronous types;

Literary translation – translation of works of fiction;

Technical translation – translation of scientific and technical texts;

Audiovisual translation – translation of film, TV series, video content.

4. Linguistic knowledge and competence of the translator Each translator shall:

phonetic, lexical and grammatical units;

the basics of stylistics and pragmatics;

cross-cultural communication;

must be well versed in terminology. The cultural, psychological, and ethical competence of the translator is also important.

5. Linguistic aspects of translation The levels of language units – phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic – present various problems in the translation process. At each level, the interpreter employs certain strategies. For example, at the semantic level, it will be important to choose synonyms, and on a pragmatic level, it will be important to choose the option that fits the context.

6. The role of terminology Terminology is a system of terms specific to a particular field. The correct choice and use of terms in translation determines the accuracy of the text. In particular, in areas such as medicine, law, technology, the translator should work with the help of specialized dictionaries and databases.

7. Analyzing Concepts Through Practical Examples The following are some translation methods with examples:

Kalkalash: “skyscraper” – “osmono’par bino”;

Adaptatsiya: “He kicked the bucket” – “U olamdan o‘tdi”;

Synonymous substitution: “big” – “big”, “great”, “large” (depending on the context).

Conclusion

An in-depth study of key concepts and terms in translation theory and practice is an important factor in improving the quality of translation. Every translator should be familiar with these terms and be able to practice them. Translation acts not only as a bridge between languages, but also between cultures. Therefore, translation theory is in constant development and requires new approaches and research.

References:

Komissarov V.N. “Teoriya perevoda” – Moscow, 1990.

Gafurov O. “Fundamentals of translation theory” – Tashkent, 2015.

Baker M. “In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation” – Routledge, 2011.

Newmark P. “A Textbook of Translation” – Prentice Hall, 1988.

Hatim B. and Mason I. “Discourse and the Translator” – Longman, 1997.

Shokirova D. “Translation Practice: Theory and Experience” – Samarkand, 2021

Tan-Renga Poetry from Christina Chin and Uchechukwu Onyedikam

Uchechukwu Onyedikam (italic) 

Christina Chin (plain) 

1

harp-lute

a run of melody 

widening 

the baby lulled 

to sleep

2

watching

two shadows

behind the stacked 

wood pile

newborn puppies 

3

the soul

entwined with

Gángan

the rhythm of pounding 

prophecies 

4

harmonic 

phrasing of a dialect

unfamiliar jargons

scripted in my 

prescription slips

5

twilight corner 

all the memories 

in the shade 

skylight glimmers

the illipe nut canopy 

Poetry from Eva Petropoulou Lianou

Eva Petropolou Lianou, middle aged white European woman with reddish brown hair, hazel eyes, and lipstick.

Broken 

We are broken from previous years

We are broken and weak

Do not come with gifts and close mind

We cannot believe words

Because was never said

We are broken

With several wounds

We try to fix ourselves

Love

Is a word

That nobody understands the same way

Love

Give

Protect

Understand

Respect

Heal

Rebirth

We are broken

Not ready to move

In this life 

Don’t play with Human hearts

Essay from Nozima Gofurova

Young Central Asian woman with long straight dark hair stands in a room with a piano and a bunch of diplomas and awards on the wall. She's holding a certificate and a trophy.

Devotion to Art — The Path to Victory


On the international success of Laziza Sherzodbek qizi Usmonova
Today, the youth of Uzbekistan are achieving great heights not only in science, but also in art, sports, and many other fields, proudly representing our nation on the international stage. It is particularly heartening to see a growing number of talented students in children’s music schools gaining recognition.


Among such gifted individuals, Laziza Sherzodbek qizi Usmonova holds a special place. She is a 6th-grade student at the Piano Department of the Andijan City Children’s School of Music and Art No. 1. With her deep love for art, dedication, and hard work, she has achieved numerous successes.


Recently, Laziza won first place at the prestigious international competition-festival “AD LIBITUM” held in our country. This victory is the result of her thorough preparation, stage confidence, and deep focus on music. All evaluation criteria of the festival confirmed her well-developed performance skills.


Laziza was admitted to the music school in 2019, and over the years, she has participated in many events and competitions at school, city, regional, and national levels. Each of her performances has captured the attention of audiences and judges. Throughout her creative journey, she has been awarded several top prizes at both national and international festivals.


Her musical education and creative development have been significantly influenced by her class teacher and mentor, Lyudmila Vasilevna Ogay. Her teacher’s guidance, pedagogical approach, and patience have become important pillars in Laziza’s artistic journey.
It is also worth noting that Laziza’s achievements are deeply supported by family love, care, and encouragement. In particular, the conditions created by her grandmother, Nodira Jabborova, play a vital role in nurturing Laziza’s musical education and realizing her creative potential.


Currently, Laziza is successfully continuing her studies both at the music school and in her general education school. Additionally, she is paying special attention to learning foreign languages — an important step toward becoming a well-rounded individual.
As part of the competition, Laziza had the unique opportunity to perform on the stage of the renowned Organ Hall of the State Conservatory. Performing in such a venue is a dream for any young artist. Therefore, sincere gratitude is extended to the organizers of the competition and to all those who are opening the path of artistic growth for the younger generation.


Undoubtedly, talented youths like Laziza are the result of the ongoing reforms in the art sector in our country. Their accomplishments are a source of pride not only for themselves, but for our entire nation.
We look forward to seeing many more achievements from Laziza Usmonova in the future. We are confident that her musical path will be bright and that through her art, she will continue to elevate Uzbekistan’s name on the international stage.

Nozima Gofurova is a student of Uzbekistan Journalism and Mass Communication University.

Poetry from Qaraboyeva Zilola

To you… 

I loved you…. 

A spring that bursts from the bosom of winter…

Our love, a symbol of blooming, fragrant flowers! 

I loved you like a sick person, 

My eyes sparkle with love. 

Others do not understand or know my pain, 

You are the medicine for my pain, my beloved… 

I am calm, if you are with me, 

My sick heart finds comfort… 

If you are with me, fear is a stranger, 

Only for you, my dear wish!

Qaraboyeva Zilola Abdumalik daughter was born on September 17, 1995 in the Sergeli district of Tashkent.

Essay from Abdullajonova Rayhona

Young Central Asian woman in a black graduation gown and hat and red sash in a doorway in a room with black walls and a white framed mirror.

The main principles of the division of words into categories in the language under study


Student of Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
Abdullajonova Rayhona Arabjon qizi
Abdullajonovarayhona874@gmail.com
+998886630603
Scientific Supervisor: Odina Ismanova


ANNOTATION. Die Klassifikation von Wörtern in Wortarten spielt eine zentrale Rolle beim Spracherwerb, insbesondere beim Erlernen der deutschen Sprache. Diese Arbeit untersucht die grundlegenden Prinzipien der Wortartenzuordnung im Deutschen unter Berücksichtigung didaktischer, linguistischer und kognitiver
Aspekte. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt der Bedeutung von grammatischen und semantischen Merkmalen sowie der Rolle des Kontextes beim Lernprozess.


Annotation. The classification of words into parts of speech is crucial in language acquisition, especially when learning German. This paper examines the core principles of word categorization in German, taking into account didactic, linguistic, and cognitive aspects. Special attention is paid to the importance of grammatical and semantic features, as well as the role of context in the learning process.


SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: Wortarten, Sprachdidaktik, Deutsch als Fremdsprache, Grammatik, Sprachlernen, Semantik, Syntax
KEYWORDS: Parts of speech, language didactics, German as a foreign language, grammar, language learning, semantics, syntax
In the process of learning a language, the ability to correctly understand words and divide them into categories is one of the main competencies for the learner.


Especially when learning German, correctly distinguishing parts of speech (Wortarten) is important for improving language structure and clarity. Each word belongs to a certain category according to its meaning, form and function in the sentence. This article analyzes the linguistic, didactic and cognitive framework for word categories in the case of the German language. It also discusses the challenges
encountered in the learning process, ways to overcome them and effective teaching strategies.


1. The concept of Wortarten and its necessity. There are 10 main categories of words in German: Substantiv (noun), Verb (verb), Adjective (adjective), Adverb (ravish), Artikel (article), Pronomen (pronoun), Numerale (number), Präposition (preposition), Konjunktion (connective), Interjektion (vowel). These categories of
words differ according to their mutual meaning, morphological and syntactic signs.


For example, nouns always change with gender, number and verbs, respectively, according to person, tense and date.


2. Criteria for the separation of parts of speech. Formal criteria: By means of these criteria, a category is determined on the basis of the appearance of a word, that is, its morphological forms (flexions). For example, words ending in the suffixes “-heit, -keit, -ung” are considered Substantiv: “Schönheit”, “Bewegung”. Semantic criteria:
Based on the meaning of a word, it can be divided into a specific category.

For example, action words (gehen, sprechen) are usually verb. Syntactic criteria: Determined on the basis of the place of a word in a sentence and its relationship with other words. For example, nouns are most often accompanied by the article: “Der Hund”, “Ein Buch”.


3. Problems that arise in the learning process. For those who are learning, the German flexion system may seem quite complicated. Some words can be used in more than one category:
“Laufen” (verb): I run every morning.
“Das Laufen” (noun): Running is fun.
In addition, the meaning and category change depending on the context:
“Good” (adjective): a good person
“Good” (adverb): It tastes good


4. Didactic approaches. In learning German, you can increase the effectiveness of the teaching of parts of speech through didactic methods. The following approaches are particularly important:

Thematic approach: Words are selected based on topics
that are relevant to the students’ interest (e.g., “Friendship”, “Sports”, “Family”) and they are taught in context. With this approach, the student learns vocabulary on the basis of semantic groups. Gramma-based approach: The morphological features of each word group (e.g., the arrival with an article, the change of the verb with tenses)
are explained consistently. This approach allows you to thoroughly master German grammar.

Communicative Approach: Words are taught through real-life
conversations, dialogue, and role-playing. This method ensures the active participation of students and helps in the practical application of grammatical knowledge.

Visual Approach: Words are explained using pictures, diagrams, and
diagrams. This is especially effective for readers whose visual perception is strong.
Teaching via Interactive Technologies: Conducting interactive exercises, online tests, and simulation classes using multimedia tools will engage students in the classroom.

Integrative Approach: New words are taught in a way that is integrated with listening comprehension, reading, writing, and speaking competencies. This approach harmonizes activities in four languages.


5. Analysis by Case Studies. The following words are used in different categories based on context:
“Because” (conjunction): I’m staying at home because it’s raining.
“Weile” (noun): After a while he came back.
“Noch” (adverb): I still have time.
“Still” (particle): It’s even bigger than I thought.


6. Cognitive Approach and Psycholinguistic Factors. The use of schematic theory, chunking and input flood methods in dividing phrases into groups according to the process of memorization and comprehension of learners is effective. In particular, perception through sight and hearing (multimodal input) increases efficiency.


Correct recognition of parts of the German language and solid handling, play an important role in improving the language competence of the learner. Through parts of speech, the grammatical construction of the language becomes understandable, the possibility of clear expression becomes possible in the construction of sentences and speech development. A harmonious application of interactive, thematic, grammatical and communicative approaches in the learning process increases the motivation of the students.

Also, working with words that have multiple meanings and context, teaching them in a practical way in the classroom will serve to
thoroughly master the language. It is important for teachers to use modern didactic methods, to use multimodal approaches in the lessons, to offer assignments that enable students to think independently and perform grammatical analysis. Teaching
strategies based on comprehension through logical connections and context, not just memorization, give higher results. In conclusion, a deep understanding of parts of speech develops not only grammatical knowledge, but also communicative skills and makes the process of mastering the language effective.


REFERENCES
1. Duden – The Grammar. 9th edition. Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2016.
2. Helbig, G./Buscha, J. (2010): German Grammar. Ein Handbuch für den
Ausländerunterricht. Langenscheidt.
3. Eisenberg, P. (2013): Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik. Stuttgart: Metzler.
4. Zifonun, Gisela et al. (1997): Grammar of the German Language. de Gruyter.

5. Hentschel, Elke / Weydt, Harald (2002): Deutsche Grammatik. Berlin: de Gruyter.
6. Durrell, Martin (2011): Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage. Routledge.
7. Thurmair, Maria (2013): Exercises on German Grammar. Hueber Verlag.