Do costs of renewable energy increase generation? An empirical test across Eurasian countries
Today energy is an important resource in every nation. The countries conduct various energy policies to distribute daily consumption to avoid shortages. According the goal SDG 7 of United Nation access to affordable energy by 2030, (UNSD, 2021) and models of World Energy Model (WEM), Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP), Global Energy and Climate (GEC) which adopted by International Energy Agency (IEA) to refer transition for renewable energy by 2050.(IEA, 2022) Hence, renewables are developing sector-by-sector and region-by-region to transform from traditional into alternative energy and replace to diversify the energy sector.
Implementation of renewable energy by government and investor impose in differently from both side. Financing from government require subsidizing to equalize for internal or external price of energy. The main cost of renewable energy by government is subsidizing for public power system.(Zhao et al., 2014) Government can subsidy such as interest rate, financing entirely of the project, providing in-tariff policy etc,. In previous years for constructing traditional energy power generation plants have been commissioned 61% state-owned enterprise and 35% from private companies.(Steffen, 2018).
Additionally it depends on government budget to allocate expenditure for realization of electricity or energy plants. In terms of government expenditure, investment incentives are the main important indicator to finance Renewable Energy Sources projects respectively. Moreover, projects of RE should be considered with stakeholders and government in different stages (Lam & Law, 2018) and accept Energy Service and Power Purchase Agreements. (Ottinger & Bowie, 2016) But, Power Purchase Agreement in some countries is not implemented and this risk to financing RE projects, the costs which include capital flow can be decreasing concerning investment of private sector that give the result decreasing of development RE plants.(Taghizadeh-hesary & Yoshino, 2020) According financing by government, RE supports by international organizations on the frame of SDG 7(International Renewable Energy Agency, 2022).
So, initial capital or investment define the government expenditure and finance flows by international organization (some emerging countries receive).Considering the cost of renewable energy we can explore the improvement and implementation the projects of RE. Compare with creation RE technology with today’s update equipment, it is differ from with price decreasing and installation is cheaper than previous technology and it has increased confidence for using (Ellabban et al., 2014). Especially wind energy supposed one of the low cost technology (Østergaard et al., 2020)(Blaabjerg et al., 2014)
Operation and maintenance cost for RE installation is more sensitive because of different type soft energy, such as, solar PV, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass etc,. Thus, estimation and analysis reveal some uncertainty.(Wilson, 1984) We used a cross-country dataset of 72 Eurasian countries for the period 2019 and our proxy variable is capital cost the other variables are independent vector variables which reveal the significance to the model.
In our study we take one proxy variable: initial cost for installation RE or capital cost that understanding with government and investor costs, investments from international organization that we use jointly as capital investment. Operation and maintenance (thereafter O&M) cost we omit because of opacity distribution in this case and it derives from capacity of generation installation in total.(Wilson, 1984) According the positive relationship between RE generation and costs, we find that costs are the main indicator and without any investment have not development in this field.
Our results show that capital cost has a positive relationship with RE generation. Moreover, this study impact to invest on RE generation to achieve for sustainable and affordable energy resources. This finding not only substantially contribute to the extent literature, but also pay attention for policy and decision makers to increase the share of generation RE among Eurasian countries especially nations that dependent to traditional energy. Finally, we use OLS econometrics method and check for robustness standard error tests to avoid heteroscedasticity.
Daniyor Gulomjanov was born on August 5, 2007 in Namangan district, Namangan region.
16 years old, 10th grader of Namangan District Presidential Specialized School
Winner of the “Pride of Education” badge
Awardee of the “For Achievements in Education” badge
AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS: A SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE
Halimova Nilufar Hakimovna
A student of Bukhara state university
Abstract: Linguistics is a vast disciplinary field that explores the structure, acquisition, and usage of language. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main branches in linguistics from a scientific standpoint. The branches discussed include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. Each branch is described in terms of its primary focus, methodologies, and contributions to our understanding of language. Additionally, the article highlights the interconnectedness of these branches and their relevance in various research domains.
The interplay between language and science has played a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of linguistic phenomena. This introduction outlines the significance of scientific approaches in the study of language and introduces the main branches of linguistics that will be explored in this article.
Phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech. It involves analyzing and categorizing the different sounds, known as phonemes, that are used in spoken language. Phonetics examines the physical properties of speech sounds, such as how they are produced by the vocal organs, as well as the auditory properties, such as how they are perceived by the human ear. By studying phonetics, linguists can gain insights into the patterns and variations of speech sounds across different languages and dialects.
Phonology is a subfield of linguistics that studies the systematic organization of sounds in language. It focuses on the ways in which sounds function and interact within a particular language or languages. Phonology examines the rules and patterns governing the sound structure of words, phrases, and sentences, including the study of phonemes, phonological processes, phonotactics, and the prosodic features of language such as stress, intonation, and rhythm.
Phonology involves analyzing the inventory of sounds in a language, known as phonemes, and understanding their distribution and patterns. Phonemes are abstract units of sound that can be contrasted to distinguish meaning in a particular language. For example, the sounds /p/ and /b/ in English are phonemes because they can differentiate words like “pat” and “bat.”
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of words. It examines how words are constructed from smaller units called morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language. Morphemes can be classified into two types: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words (e.g., “cat,” “run”), and bound morphemes, which are attached to other morphemes to create words (e.g., “un-” in “undo,” “-ed” in “walked”).
Morphology analyzes the different ways in which morphemes can combine to form words. This includes studying affixation, which involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words (e.g., adding “un-” to “happy” to create “unhappy”), as well as other processes such as compounding (e.g., combining “black” and “board” to form “blackboard”) and derivation (e.g., adding “-er” to “teach” to create “teacher”).
Syntax delves into the arrangement of words to form grammatical sentences. It studies the rules and principles governing sentence structure and the relationships between words and phrases. This section explores various theoretical frameworks in syntax, such as generative grammar and dependency grammar.
Semantics examines the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences in language. It explores how meaning is constructed and interpreted, focusing on lexical and compositional semantics. This section provides an overview of semantic theories and the tools used in semantic analysis.
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context influences the meaning and interpretation of language. It focuses on the ways in which people use language in actual speech situations to achieve their communication goals.
Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics examines how meaning is constructed through the use of language in specific contexts. It explores how speakers and listeners make inferences, convey intentions, and interpret meaning based on shared knowledge, social norms, and cultural conventions.
Pragmatics also investigates various aspects of language use, such as deixis (the way language refers to the context in which it is used), implicature (the implied meaning that goes beyond the literal meaning of words), speech acts (the actions performed through speech, such as making requests or giving orders), and politeness strategies.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society intersect. It examines how language is influenced by various social factors such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, as well as how language use reflects and shapes social identity and relationships. Sociolinguists investigate language variation and change, language attitudes and ideologies, multilingualism, language policy and planning, and language in interaction. They use a variety of methods, including surveys, interviews, and observations, to analyze language use in different social contexts and communities. The field of sociolinguistics helps us understand how language is used and interpreted in different social settings, and how it contributes to social cohesion or inequality.
Psycholinguistics investigates how language and cognition interact. It explores processes involved in language comprehension, production, and acquisition. This section delves into psycholinguistic experimental paradigms, language processing models, and language disorders.
Psycholinguistics combines knowledge from various fields, including linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience, to explore the mental processes underlying language. Researchers in this field often conduct experiments to investigate topics such as language development in children, language processing in adults, language disorders, and the relationship between language and thought.
Psycholinguistics has practical applications in fields such as education, speech therapy, and language technology. By understanding the cognitive processes involved in language, researchers can develop interventions and tools to facilitate language learning and communication.
Neurolinguistics studies the neural basis of language processing and production. It examines how the brain processes linguistic information and the neural correlates of language disorders. The section highlights neuroimaging techniques, language localization, and theories of language representation in the brain.
This concluding section emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of linguistics and the importance of scientific methods in advancing our understanding of language. It summarizes the key contributions and interconnections between the main branches of linguistics, paving the way for future research and discoveries in this dynamic field.
References:
1. Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Walter de Gruyter.
2. Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2011). A course in phonetics. Cengage Learning.
3. Hayes, B. (2009). Introductory phonology. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh University Press.
5. Saeed, J. (2009). Semantics. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
7. Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons.
8. Field, J. (2003). Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge.
9. Poeppel, D., & Hickok, G. (2004). Towards a new functional anatomy of language. Cognition, 92(1-2), 1-12.
10. Campbell, L. (2013). Historical linguistics: An introduction. MIT Press.
KHALIMOVA NILUFAR HAKIMOVNA
is the student of Bukhara State University, Foreign languages faculty. Active participant of more than 200 national and international competitions, conferences, forums, winner of a number of competitions.
A graduate of the Bukhara School of Young Journalists, the youngest ambassador in Uzbekistan, a member of the international organization “Noel Lorenz House of Fiction” (NLHF), the organization “APEU” of El Salvador, the international organizations “Wisdom University”. She is the author of the “CREATIVE YOUTH” project organized on the scale of the republic. IELTS certificate holder. Nilufar Khalimova is author of “My sun is my mother” (2018), “My shiny Homeland (2019). “Adventure’s of Aral (2020) books and the translator of called “Telechild” which was written by uzbek children’s writer Khudayberdi Tukhtaboyev.
She is author of scientific articles called: “Convenient mechanisms to further increase the quality of education in the form of distance education”; “The psychology of modern education”; “The role of women in society”; “Formation of fluent speech in children”; “Patriotism and its importance in involving young people in the armed forces”; “Ancient Khorezm State scientific research on the terms of “BIG KHOREZM”, “ANCIENT KHOREZM” and “KHOREZM” and others. She took the award “Nelson Mandela 2022” of the German Writers’ Association. Participant and grand prize winner of the “Great Silk Road International Literary and Scientific Festival” held by the Writers’ Union of Germany, Ukraine and Turkey. Her poems and articles are published on the district, regional and national level, as well as published in newspapers, magazines and literary websites of countries such as USA, Turkey, India, Germany, Ukraine, Malaysia.
My trip to the Amudarya district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan prompted me to write an article on this topic. At the entrance to the Amudarya district, I watched the surroundings with interest as the cars moved slowly along the Panton Bridge (a floating bridge designed for the passage of people and vehicles) over the Amudarya. the bridge is a little old (built in 1938) and due to its narrowness, cars pass in a row. At the beginning of the bridge, a beautiful wall like a tall monument caught my attention. I was happy to see that “Uzbekistan is the land of the happy” written on this monument. These words did not leave my mind during the whole trip.
Indeed, happy Uzbekistan is the country of the happiest and happiest people. Our country was ranked among the 50 happiest countries out of 156 countries in the world and took 44th place. Among the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Uzbekistan ranks first as the country of the happiest people. On March 20, “World Happiness” published a new report entitled “The happiest Uzbeks among the CIS countries”.
What do we mean by happiness or a happy person? Happiness cannot be measured by wealth.
Happiness is an inner feeling, we cannot grasp it with our hands, but we feel it with our heart. Everyone has a different interpretation of happiness. Happiness can be found only in a country where peace and tranquility prevail. Happy people live free and free in a beautiful land like paradise. The sky of Uzbekistan is clear, the waters are clear, the people are kind and hospitable. If anyone doubts our happiness, let them come to a paradise-like country like Uzbekistan and see with their own eyes that people live happily in the arms of happiness!
During the development of modern technology, the description of beautiful Uzbekistan spread to the whole world. Foreign tourists who have heard about the incomparable beauty of our country dream of traveling to our heavenly homeland.
I am proud to be a child of a peaceful and prosperous, beautiful paradise-like country called Uzbekistan, and to be a happy citizen of this country.
The answer
Each winged heart has its own world full of questions! The heart and the mind are always looking for answers to these questions hand in hand. In fact, sometimes I am surprised by the questions that my heart sends to my mind. I can't wait to find answers to them. A few years ago, I faced one of these questions - it was as if I wandered around the world in my imagination. How happy a person
lived in life?
Of course, this question, which many people could not answer, was difficult for me. I searched, thought and read a lot. But I couldn't find the answer I was looking for. There are various thoughts and wise words of scientists, writers, and poets about life in the right books and works of art. But they were not the best answer in my opinion.
One day, while reading the poems of Zulfiyakhanim Israilova, the beloved poetess of our people, I came across the answer I was looking for.
This is life. It is a habit of man to wait,
Tomorrow is better than today.
Bliss as expected in the hole
The future is visible to everyone.
Don't fall in love, I'm already at peace,
Your happiness and greatness is in your peace.
Than a life spent carelessly
The pain of hatred is more sweet.
After all, life is an opportunity. It is a great gift given to us to take a bold step towards goodness, to be a good person and to do meritorious deeds. Those who can understand this happiness are the happiest people!
However, people use this opportunity in different ways. As it is said in Zulfiya Khanim's poem, the days full of hard work, full of sweet pains, and awake nights are happiness and greatness for them. They are happy. Because such people, after their hard work, one day they will be happy.
There are also such people for whom fleeting pleasures and pleasures are their happiness. They prefer carelessness in the guise of pleasure over hard work and patience. But this kind of life is regrettable and regrettable in my opinion.
Moreover, it is a waste of precious life. When I come across such people wrapped in ignorance, I thank God who decorates my every day with hardships and changes.
Also, I wish every person who wants a happy life and a good luck always sweet pains of life!
Ochildiyeva Shahnoza
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan 
