MORPHOLOGICAL FORMATION OF NOUNS IN UZBEKI, RUSSIAN AND KORAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Abstract. This article examined the morphological way horses in Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages are made, their comparison, similarities and differences.
Keywords: Noun, object, affix, thing, weapon, measure, object, work-action, verb, ravish, pronoun, number, imitation words.
In Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages, the noun means an object. In all 3 languages, the meaning of the noun is different, it refers to living objects (dog-собака-iyt, cat-кошка-pishiq) (child-ребёнок-bala, bird-птица-qus), things, objects and events. (milk-молоко-sut), (rain-дожд-jawin), (notebook-тетрадь-da'pter, kitab-книга-kitap), (majlis-собрание-jiynalıs).
In the current Uzbek language, the noun group makes up the number of words in the tugat. Because the noun word group is a group that gets rich quickly due to new words compared to other word groups. In the Uzbek language, nouns are formed by morphological, syntactic and abbreviation methods. Below we will look at the morphological formation of nouns in the Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages, as well as their similarities and differences.
In the Uzbek language, according to the morphological method, a new noun is formed by adding special noun-forming affixes to the base of the word. Noun-forming affixes are made from independent word groups such as noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb, adverb, as well as modal and imitative word bases. Morphologically, noun-forming affixes semantically form nouns of the following group:
1. Affixes forming personal and professional nouns.
2. Affixes forming nouns of things, weapons, units of measurement.
3. Affixes forming place-time nouns.
4. Affixes forming abstract nouns.
Affixes forming personal and professional nouns are mainly added to the root of the noun to form personal nouns related to the object understood from the root and professional nouns engaged in a certain field and profession. These affixes include: -chi: o’qituvchi, -dosh: kursdosh, -gar,-kor: zargar, -bon,-boz: bogʻbon, -paz: oshpaz, -kash: suratkash, -dor: chorvador, -shunos: tilshunos, -soz: soatsoz, -xon: kitobxon, -doʻz: etikdoʻz, -xoʻr: choyxoʻr. Among the personal and professional affixes, the affix -chi is one of the most frequently used affixes.
Affixes forming the nouns of a thing, a weapon, a unit of measurement, are mainly added to the base of the verb, which is the result of the action and situation understood from the base, or the thing that is used to perform the action, forms the noun of the weapon . These affixes include: -k, -ak, -q, -oq: kurak, teshik, soʻroq, -gich: suzgich, -gi: supurgi, -m: toʻplam, -ma: qiyma, -don: qalamdon, -indi: yuvindi, -qin: toshqin, -in: yigʻin, -a: jizza, -os: chuvvos, -moq: quymoq, -cha: olacha, -chiq: yopinchiq, -ildoq: shaqildoq, -noma: taklifnoma
The affixes that make place nouns are mainly added to the noun root and form the nouns of place where there is an object understood from the root. These affixes include: -zor: olmazor, -loq: qumloq, -iston; Oʻzbekiston, -goh: oromgoh, -xona: choyxona.
Abstract noun-forming affixes noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb, adverb are sometimes added to modal word bases to form a noun with an abstract meaning related to the concept represented by the base. These include affixes such as -liq(-lik): goʻzallik, -ch(-inch): sevinch, -chilik: paxtachilik, -gilik: koʻrgilik.
In Russian, it is more possible to create new words by morphological method, because in Russian, in addition to suffixes, new words are created with prefixes or with the simultaneous use of prefixes and suffixes. For example: -ник: колхозник, -ак: рыбак, при-ход, за-пись, вы-крой-ка, под-готов-ка, etc.
The Russian language is very rich in suffixes. Even the same meaning is expressed by different suffixes. For example: -тель: писатель, -щик: стекольщик, -чик: лётчик, -ник: колхозник, -ист: тракторист, -ец: борец, -ак(-як): рыбак suffixes form the noun of a person engaged in a profession.
In the Russian language, it is possible to express unrelated meanings with the help of one suffix . For example: with the suffix - -ниц, nouns are formed as follows: a) a noun denoting a woman with a profession: колхоз-ниц-а, b) names of dishes: -сахар-ниц-а c) names of special buildings used by the public: бол-ниц-а, гости-ниц-а, d) sick names: such as -груд-ниц-а.
In the Russian language, when new words are formed with some suffixes, some phonetic changes occur in the word structure that are characteristic of Russian grammar. For example: друг-дружба, партия-партиец. In the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages, such phenomena are very rare: son-sana - san-sana, ulugʻ-ulgʻay, isi-issiq, - isi-issiqlash, etc.
In Russian, the formation of new words with suffixes depends on the grammatical stem category. Therefore, when expressing the same meaning, suffixes are added depending on the grammatical stem of the word. For example: мужской род: колхоз-ник, учи-тель; женский род: колхоз-ниц-а, учи-тель-ниц-а etc.
There is no rod category in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. If it is necessary to emphasize that the owner of the profession is a woman, the syntactic method is used, that is, one of the words girl, wife, woman is added to the personal word and it is written like this. For example: traktorchi qiz – трактористка – traktorshı qiz, kolxozchi xotin – колхозница – kolxozshı hayal.
In Russian, the relationship of a person to his place of birth and residence is expressed by suffixes such as -ец, -анец, -янец, -як, -ин, -ич, -анин, -янин, -чанин. For example: Испания- испанец, Грузия- грузин, север- северянин, etc. In the Uzbek language, instead of these affixes, the suffix -lik is used, and in the Karakalpak language, the affix -liq is used. For example: Amerika- Amerikalik – Amerikaliq, Ispaniya – Ispaniyalik – Ispaniyaliq.
In the Karakalpak language, as in other Turkic languages, one of the main methods of creating new words is the morphological method. In the Karakalpak language, noun-forming affixes are semantically divided into 3 different types:
1. Affixes forming personal and professional nouns.
2. Affixes forming nouns of things, weapons, units of measurement.
3. Affixes forming place-time nouns.
The affixes forming personal and professional nouns are -shı, -shi, which are added to the base of the noun and denote an object or a person engaged in some work: balıqshı, suwshı, etikshi, etc.
Added to a noun, it refers to a subject, a job or a person who works in social organizations: Leninshi, kolxozshı, bozshı, etc.
Added to the noun base, it means a person with a certain character: sedentary, stubborn, etc.
It is add oʻtirikshi, urlıqshı ad to the words that express the meaning of action or are related to the action by content, and is applied to the person who performs the action or performs this task: oqıtıwshı, boyawshı, terimshi, etc.
The affixes -ker, -ger, -kesh are very close in meaning to the meanings of the affixes -shı, -shi. Nouns formed with these affixes are also used to refer to a person performing a specific profession: zerger, pidaker, xizmetker, etc.
The suffix -man, -ban means a person who keeps or takes care of the object represented by the noun root: bagʻman, daʻrwazaman, etc.
The suffix -paz means a person who deals a lot with the object represented by the noun root or creates this object: aspaz, oyınpaz, etc.
The meanings of the affixes -das, -des, -las, -les are the same. That is, in all of these, it means partnership: joldas, kewilles, etc.
-purysh affix indicates a person engaged in the sale of an object understood through the root of a noun: shaypurısh, otınpurısh, etc.
The affixes -lik, -lik, -laq are also added to a number of nouns, indicating that the subject is abundant in this place: tawlik, togaylik, etc.
In short, the most productive of the methods of forming nouns in Uzbek, Russian and Karakalpak languages is the morphological method. Morphological formation of nouns is different in all 3 languages. Morphologically, in Uzbek, noun-forming affixes are semantically divided into 4 different types, in Karakalpak language into 3 different types. When forming a noun, suffixes and prefixes also form a noun in Russian. It is even possible to combine suffixes and prefixes to form words in Russian.
The Russian language is very rich in suffixes. Even the same suffix can have different meanings. There is no rod category in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. In the Russian language, the formation of new words with suffixes depends on the root category. In Uzbek, -lik and -liq affixes in Karakalpak indicate a person's relationship to the place of birth and residence, while in Russian there are several - -ец, -анец, -янец, -як, -ин, -ич, -анин, -янин, -чанин suffixes are reported. The meanings of noun-forming affixes in the Karakalpak and Russian languages are shown in full. In the Uzbek language, it is understood only with the help of examples. This, of course, can cause some inconveniences, and in turn, it can cause certain difficulties not only for representatives of other nationalities, but also for ourselves in the comparative study of the language.
REFERENCES:
1. Azizov O. and others Comparative grammar of Uzbek and Russian languages Tashkent: "Teacher" publishing house, 1965.
2. Hamroyev M and others. Mother tongue . ‒ Tashkent: "Economy-Finance" publishing house. 2007.
3. Nasirov D. and others. Modern Karakalpak language Nokis: "Qarakalpakstan" publishing house. 1981.
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
First level student of Uzbek language
foreign language groups
Faculty of Turkish Languages
USANOVA QADEMAY MURATBAY QIZI
Phone: +99891 305 69 79
Email: qademayusanova@gmail.com
