The development of Uzbek literature: historical periods, processes of formation and prospects

Abstract: The article analyzes the formation of Uzbek literature, stages of development, examples of classical and modern literature, changes and prospects that occurred during the period of independence from a scientific and literary point of view. Issues such as the sources of literature, stages of formation, high examples of classical literature, literature of the 20th century, literature of the period of independence, factors influencing the development of literature, and prospects of literature are considered.

Keywords: Uzbek literature, history, development, classical literature, modern literature, independence, literary studies, literary criticism, perspectives.

Uzbek literature is an integral part of the rich cultural heritage of the peoples of Central Asia and has a long history. During this history, our literature has undergone various socio-political and cultural changes, developing through its own directions, genres and styles. This article analyzes the stages of formation of Uzbek literature, development trends, examples of classical and modern literature, as well as the changes and prospects that have occurred in our literature during the period of independence from a scientific and literary point of view.

The roots of Uzbek literature go back to ancient times. Examples of oral literature include epics such as “Alpomish”, “Go’ro’g’li”, proverbs, riddles, legends, and tales that reflect the lifestyle, worldview, dreams, and moral values of the Uzbek people. These examples of oral literature have been passed down from generation to generation, laying the foundation for the formation of the Uzbek literary language and the development of artistic thought.

The formation of written literature mainly dates back to the 9th-12th centuries. During this period, literary works created in the Turkic language based on the Arabic alphabet, in particular, Yusuf Khos Hajib’s “Kutadgu bilig” (“Knowledge Leading to Happiness”), are considered one of the first written examples of Uzbek literature. “Kutadgu bilig” raises issues such as state administration, morality, justice, and acquiring knowledge, and provides important information about the socio-political and cultural life of that era.

Although there was some stagnation in literary life as a result of the Mongol invasion in the 13th-14th centuries, our literature rose to a new level in subsequent periods. In particular, the era of Amir Temur and the Temurids is recognized as the “golden age” of Uzbek literature. During this period

Great attention was paid to the development of culture and science, and cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Herat became major cultural centers.

In the 15th century, the literary activity of Alisher Navoi opened a new page in the development of Uzbek literature. Navoi turned the Uzbek language into a literary language and demonstrated its potential. His epic poem “Khamsa” (“The Five”), the divan “Khazoyin ul-maoniy” (“The Treasury of Meanings”), and the work “Muhokamat ul-lug’atayn” (“The Discussion of Two Languages”) are considered high examples of Uzbek literature. Navoi’s works widely cover such themes as humanistic ideals, justice, enlightenment, love, friendship, and patriotism.

Uzbek literature continued to develop in the post-Navoi era. Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur’s “Boburnoma”, translations and ghazals by Muhammad Riza Ogahiy, and the works of poets such as Munis Khorezmiy, Kamil Khorezmiy, Rojiy, Nodira, and Uvaysiy enriched the treasury of Uzbek literature.

The 20th century is characterized by modernization, the emergence of new directions, genres and styles for Uzbek literature. During this period, such movements as realism, romanticism, and modernism became widespread in literature. Writers such as Fitrat, Chulpon, Abdulla Qodiriy, Oybek, Gafur Ghulom, Hamid Olimjon, Zulfiya, Mirtemir, Abdulla Oripov, and Erkin Vohidov made a great contribution to the development of Uzbek literature.

Works such as Fitrat’s “O’g’uzxon”, “True Love”, Chulpon’s “Night and Day”, Abdulla Qodiriy’s “Bygone Days”, “Mehrobdan Shayon”, Oybek’s “Kutlug’ blood”, Gafur Ghulam’s “Shum Bola”, Hamid Olimjon’s “Zaynab and Amon”, Zulfiya’s “Men Seni Sevaman”, Shukur Kholmirzayev’s “On’n-sixga kirmagan kim bor”, and Abdulla Oripov’s “O’zbekiston” are considered among the finest examples of Uzbek literature.

Although literature was under ideological pressure during the Soviet era, our writers tried to reflect the pain, hopes, and national values of the people in their works. The literary works created during this period served to enrich the spiritual world of the Uzbek people and preserve their national identity.

A new generation of young writers is emerging, trying to reflect the pressing problems of modern life, the dreams and hopes of young people, and human relationships in their works.

During the period of independence, great attention is also paid to translation work in Uzbek literature. The best examples of world literature are translated into Uzbek, which serves to enrich the spiritual world of Uzbek readers. At the same time, the best works of Uzbek literature are also translated into world languages, and efforts are being made to introduce Uzbek literature to the world.

The development of Uzbek literature is closely related to many factors. Factors such as socio-political changes, cultural renewal, technological developments, improvement of the education system, development of literary criticism, activities of publishing houses, and the rise of reading culture have a positive impact on the development of our literature.

In the context of globalization, the integration of Uzbek literature with world literature, the expansion of literary ties, and the participation of our writers in international literary forums are serving to increase the prestige of Uzbek literature.

The future of Uzbek literature is bright. The achievements made during the period of independence, the opportunities created, the emergence of a new generation of writers, and the integration of our literature with world literature inspire confidence in the further development of Uzbek literature and its rise to new heights.

In the future, Uzbek literature will continue to develop such trends as understanding national identity, deeply reflecting the spiritual world of man, highlighting the urgent problems of modern life, and keeping pace with world literature. New genres, styles, and directions will emerge in Uzbek literature, a new generation of young writers will emerge, and a unique place for Uzbek literature in world literature will be formed.

In conclusion, Uzbek literature has a long and rich history, and has developed in different directions, each of which has its own characteristics. During the period of independence, our literature has reached a new level and has great potential for further development in the future. The development of Uzbek literature is closely related to the spiritual maturity of the Uzbek people, the process of understanding their national identity. Therefore, it is the duty of each of us to pay attention to our literature, support it, encourage young writers, and improve the culture of reading.

Literary studies and criticism are important in the development of literature. Literary scholars analyze literary works from a scientific perspective, determining their artistic value, ideological direction, genre characteristics, and stylistic peculiarities. Critics, on the other hand, evaluate literary works, point out their positive and negative aspects, give advice to writers, and guide the literary process.

During the period of independence, significant changes also took place in the field of literary studies and criticism. Our literary scholars gained the opportunity to analyze literary works objectively, free from ideological pressure. Our critics, in turn, gained freedom in evaluating literary works. The development of literary studies and criticism serves the qualitative growth of our literature, the improvement of the skills of writers, and the formation of the literary taste of readers.

References:

1. History of Uzbek Literature (5 volumes) Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 1977-1980. (The main source of Uzbek literature, a classic work of literary criticism)

2. Alisher Navoi. Khamsa Tashkent: Gafur Ghulam Literature and Art Publishing House, 1968. (Navoi’s life and work, analysis of the epic poem “Khamsa”)

3. Abdulla Qodiriy. Days gone by – Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House, 2019. (Analysis of the novel, the life and work of the writer)

4. Oybek. Kutlug’ kón Tashkent: Uzbekistan Publishing House, 2017. (Analysis of the novel, the life and work of the writer)

5. Erkin Vohidov. Selection Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House, 2016. (The poet’s life and work, analysis of his poems)

6. Abdulla Oripov. Selected Works Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House, 2018. (The poet’s life and work, analysis of his poems)

7. Zulfiya. Pages of Life Tashkent: Gafur Ghulam Literature and Art Publishing House, 1985. (The poet’s life and work, analysis of her poems)

8. Journal “Uzbek language and literature” – Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. (Articles on literary studies)

9. “World Literature” magazine, Writers’ Union of Uzbekistan.

(Articles on world literature, translations)

10. ZIYO.UZ website (www.ziyouz.uz) Information about Uzbek literature, the life and work of writers.

11. Wikipedia (uz.wikipedia.org) Information about Uzbek literature, the life and work of writers.

12. Kitob.uz website (www.kitob.uz) – information about Uzbek literature and books

13. Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) academic articles on literary studies. Uzbek