PLACENTA: STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS
Abstract:
This thesis discusses the embryonic development, morphological structure, and main functional significance of the placenta. The placenta is an important temporary organ that performs metabolic exchange, hormonal regulation, and protective functions between the mother and the fetus.
Keywords: placenta, fetus, trophoblast, chorion, hormones, blood circulation
Introduction
The placenta is a temporary organ formed during pregnancy that ensures the physiological connection between the mother and the fetus. Its proper development plays a crucial role in the normal growth and development of the fetus.
Main part
Development of the placenta
The placenta is formed as a result of implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine mucosa after fertilization. Trophoblast cells differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. Through these layers, metabolic exchange between the mother and the fetus is established.
Morphological structure
The placenta has a disc-like shape and consists of two main parts:
Maternal part — decidua basalis
Fetal part — chorion frondosum
The placenta contains numerous villi (chorionic villi), which are richly supplied with blood vessels. Through these structures, exchange occurs without direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood.
Functions
The placenta performs the following main functions:
Transport function – delivers oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients to the fetus
Excretory function – removes carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
Endocrine function – produces hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Protective function – acts as an immunological barrier against certain harmful agents
Clinical significance
The location and functional state of the placenta directly affect the course of pregnancy. Conditions such as placenta previa and placental insufficiency can lead to serious complications in fetal development.
Conclusion
The placenta is an essential temporary organ that ensures fetal viability. Any disturbances in its structure or function can negatively affect pregnancy. Therefore, studying the development and function of the placenta is of great importance in medicine.
Mamadiyorova Durdona
Uzbekistan