From slander’s stones, abruptly crushed and bruised,
In silent nights it wept, unseen, alone.
The heart still yearns to rise and live once more,
It cries aloud: O Lord Almighty, hear!
Though innocent, I stand condemned, O God,
From You alone I beg for refuge now.
If nothing’s left of me but brittle bones,
Let that remain — I ask for nothing more.
The heart still longs, still aches to be reborn.
Orinboyeva Madinabonu is a first-year student of Group 25.23, majoring in Pedagogy, at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Art Studies of Fergana State University. She is a holder of a National Certificate and the author of numerous articles.
The life and work of Alexander Feinberg and the world’s recognition of him
Ubaydullayeva Saodat
First-year student, Faculty of English Philology,
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Annotation
An article about the life and work, achievements, and poems of A.Feinberg .People’s poet of Uzbekistan and Russian-language writer of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
A. Feinberg [1939-2009] was a great poet, writer, and master of literary translation who lived and worked in Uzbekistan. He was also recognized as “poet of the era,” meaning “poet of the epoch.” After graduating from Tashkent University, he studied in the correspondence department of the Faculty of Journalism of the Faculty of Philology and worked at a student newspaper. The name of A. Faynberg is still a symbol of interethnic literary friendship and cultural closeness.
Main parts
The famous Uzbek poet Alexander Arkadyevich Feinberg was born on November 2, 1939, in the city of Tashkent. His father, Arkady Lvovich Feinberg, was from Gatchina. Graduated from the Institute of Higher Education and Technology. His mother, Anastasia Alexandrovna, was born in Moscow. His parents worked as chief engineers and machinists at an alcohol plant. After school, Feinberg studied at the Tashkent Topography Technical School, then served in the military in Tajikistan. He wrote poetry in Russian and could read and understand both Uzbek and Navoi’s language – Chagatai.
Literary translation constitutes an important part of Feinberg’s work. He paid great attention and strived to convey the spirit of Uzbek poetry to Russian readers. In addition, he translated Navoi’s ghazals, poems and epics of Erkin Vahidov, Abdulla Aripov, Omon Matjon, Rauf Parfi, and others, excerpts from Fitrat’s works, and Abdulla Kahhar’s prose works into Russian. Erkin Vakhidov and Abdulla Aripov called him “one of the most refined translators in the Russian language.”Faynberg headed the seminar of young writers of Uzbekistan in Tashkent and worked as a consultant at the Writers’ Union of Uzbekistan. His poems were published in the magazines “Smena,””Yoshlik,””Yangi dunyo,””Yangi Volga, “as well as in periodicals of a number of foreign countries: Canada, the USA, Israel.
He is the author of fifteen poetry collections (published in Tashkent, Moscow, and St. Petersburg), including “Etude,” “Seconds,” “Poems,” “Distant Bridges,” “Short Wave,” and “Free Sonnets, “including a two-volume posthumously published work. His poems embodied a unique artistic world. He is considered a great personality who fully preserved his human essence in his time and was always ready to show mercy and support to others, not being indifferent to unpleasant events occurring in society.
His words are a vivid example of this:”Я видел мир глазами вечной дали”.”That is, “I saw the world through the eyes of eternity.” His work has captivated people’s hearts with its depth, philosophy, and charm.
Дождь ошалел. И не наступит утро
Мрат фары по дороге сталбовой
Ну хоть одна остановись попутка!
Из ночи забери меня с собой
It should be especially noted that films and animation projects were created using his poems and scripts. Based on A. A. Feinberg’s screenplay, films such as “My Brother,” “Under the Scorching Sun,” “Hardened in Kandahar,” “The Criminal and the Lawyers, “and others were filmed at the “Uzbekfilm” studio. Based on his screenplay, 4 feature films and about 20 cartoons were created. In 1999, in connection with the 20th anniversary of the death of the football team “Pakhtakor” in a car accident, the film “Stadium in the Sky” was shot based on Feinberg’s screenplay.
In 1999, he was awarded the title “Honored Cultural Worker of Uzbekistan,” and in 2004, Alexander Faynberg was awarded the honorary title “People’s Poet of Uzbekistan” for his contribution to the development of literature. Four years later, for his contribution to strengthening Russian culture and Uzbek-Russian literary ties, he was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation – the “Pushkin Medal.”
In order to perpetuate the poet’s memory, a monument to Faynberg was erected on the Alley of Writers. On the dates associated with his life, poetry evenings and events are held and widely celebrated annually. Also, G.V. Malikhina’s master’s dissertation “The Structure of Artistic Images and Thematic Dominants in A.A. Feinberg’s Lyrics” is devoted to the study of Feinberg’s work. In addition, a scholarship named after the talented translator and screenwriter A. Feinberg has been established.
Alexander Feinberg died on October 14, 2009. According to the information, he was buried in the Botkin Cemetery, and a monument was erected in his mausoleum. His name is forever etched not only on the pages of history, but also on the streets of Tashkent, in the centers of literature, in the hearts of our people with his free spirit, pure heart, and profound thoughts.
Conclusion
Indeed, A.A. Feinberg was considered a creator who was able to look at his time and era with an open eye, looked at the truth directly, and praised it in his works. To this day, it lives forever in the hearts not only of the Uzbek people, but also of the Russian people.
First-year student, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature
Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Scientific Innovation and National Development
Abstract
Scientific innovation has become one of the most significant forces shaping national development in the modern world. In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement and global competition, nations increasingly rely on scientific research and innovation to strengthen their economies, improve social welfare, and ensure sustainable development. This article explores the relationship between scientific innovation and national development, emphasizing the role of research and development, education, technological progress, and government policies. The study analyzes how scientific innovation contributes to economic growth, social transformation, environmental sustainability, and global competitiveness. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of supporting young scientists, investing in education, and fostering innovation-friendly environments. Through theoretical analysis and real-world examples, the article demonstrates that countries prioritizing scientific innovation achieve long-term stability and prosperity. The findings suggest that scientific innovation is not only a tool for economic advancement but also a key factor in addressing global challenges and ensuring inclusive national development.
Key Words
Scientific innovation, national development, technology, economic growth, research and development, sustainability
Introduction
In the 21st century, the concept of national development has expanded beyond traditional economic indicators such as gross domestic product and industrial output. Today, development is closely linked to a nation’s ability to innovate, adapt, and apply scientific knowledge to solve complex problems. Scientific innovation plays a central role in shaping economic structures, improving living standards, and enhancing global competitiveness. Countries that prioritize science and technology tend to experience faster growth, stronger institutions, and greater resilience to global challenges.
Scientific innovation refers to the process of developing new ideas, technologies, and methods through systematic research and experimentation. It is the foundation of technological progress and a key driver of modernization. National development, on the other hand, encompasses economic growth, social progress, political stability, and environmental sustainability. The interaction between scientific innovation and national development is dynamic and mutually reinforcing.
In a globalized world, nations compete not only in terms of natural resources or labor but also in scientific capacity and innovative potential. Advances in information technology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy have transformed economies and redefined development strategies. As a result, understanding the role of scientific innovation in national development is essential for policymakers, educators, and researchers.
This article aims to analyze the contribution of scientific innovation to national development by examining its impact on economic growth, social welfare, education, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. It also discusses the challenges faced by developing countries in promoting innovation and suggests strategies for building innovation-driven economies.
The Concept of Scientific Innovation
Scientific innovation is a multifaceted concept that involves the creation, application, and diffusion of new knowledge. It is rooted in scientific research, which seeks to understand natural and social phenomena through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Innovation occurs when scientific discoveries are transformed into practical solutions that improve efficiency, productivity, or quality of life.
Innovation can be classified into several types, including technological innovation, organizational innovation, and social innovation. Technological innovation involves the development of new products, processes, or systems, such as advanced machinery, digital platforms, or medical devices. Organizational innovation focuses on improving management practices and institutional structures, while social innovation addresses societal challenges through creative solutions.
Scientific innovation is not a linear process. It requires collaboration between researchers, industries, governments, and educational institutions. Universities and research centers play a crucial role in generating knowledge, while industries apply this knowledge to create marketable products and services. Governments support innovation through policies, funding, and infrastructure development.
The effectiveness of scientific innovation depends on a country’s innovation ecosystem. This ecosystem includes research institutions, skilled human capital, financial resources, legal frameworks, and cultural attitudes toward creativity and risk-taking. Countries with strong innovation ecosystems are better positioned to achieve sustainable development.
Scientific Innovation and Economic Growth
One of the most significant contributions of scientific innovation to national development is economic growth. Innovation increases productivity by enabling firms to produce more output with fewer resources. Technological advancements reduce production costs, improve efficiency, and enhance product quality. As a result, innovative economies tend to grow faster and create more employment opportunities.
Research and development (R&D) is a key component of innovation-driven growth. Investments in R&D lead to the development of new technologies and industries, such as information technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy. These industries generate high value-added products and contribute to export competitiveness.
Moreover, scientific innovation promotes entrepreneurship and the emergence of startups. Innovative startups introduce disruptive technologies and business models that challenge traditional industries. This dynamic process fosters competition, drives efficiency, and stimulates economic diversification.
Developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan have demonstrated the importance of innovation in sustaining economic growth. Their strong emphasis on scientific research, technological development, and education has enabled them to maintain leadership in global markets. Similarly, emerging economies that invest in innovation can accelerate their development and reduce dependence on raw materials.
Innovation and Social Development
Beyond economic growth, scientific innovation plays a vital role in social development. It improves living standards by enhancing access to healthcare, education, and essential services. Innovations in medical science, for example, have led to the development of vaccines, advanced diagnostic tools, and effective treatments for diseases. These advancements increase life expectancy and improve quality of life.
In education, scientific innovation has transformed learning methods and expanded access to knowledge. Digital technologies, online platforms, and artificial intelligence enable personalized learning and distance education. These innovations are particularly important for developing countries, where access to traditional educational resources may be limited.
Scientific innovation also contributes to social inclusion by addressing the needs of vulnerable populations. Assistive technologies support people with disabilities, while innovative social programs help reduce poverty and inequality. By promoting inclusive development, innovation strengthens social cohesion and stability.
The Role of Education in Innovation
Education is the foundation of scientific innovation and national development. A well-educated population is essential for generating new ideas, conducting research, and applying knowledge effectively. Education systems that emphasize critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills prepare individuals to participate in innovation-driven economies.
Higher education institutions play a central role in scientific research and innovation. Universities conduct fundamental research, train scientists and engineers, and collaborate with industries on applied projects. Strong links between academia and industry facilitate knowledge transfer and commercialization of research results.
STEM education (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) is particularly important for fostering innovation. Countries that invest in STEM education develop skilled workforces capable of driving technological progress. At the same time, interdisciplinary education that integrates social sciences and humanities helps address ethical and societal aspects of innovation.
Encouraging youth participation in science and innovation is also crucial. Young people bring fresh perspectives and creative ideas that can lead to breakthrough innovations. Supporting young scientists through scholarships, research grants, and mentorship programs strengthens a nation’s innovation capacity.
Scientific Innovation and Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability has become a major challenge for national development. Climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation threaten economic and social stability. Scientific innovation offers solutions to these challenges by promoting sustainable practices and green technologies.
Renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Innovations in energy storage and efficiency further enhance the viability of clean energy systems. These advancements contribute to sustainable development and energy security.
In agriculture, scientific innovation improves productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Precision farming, biotechnology, and sustainable irrigation techniques help conserve resources and ensure food security. Environmental monitoring technologies enable better management of natural ecosystems.
By integrating sustainability into innovation strategies, nations can achieve development that meets present needs without compromising the future. Scientific innovation thus plays a critical role in balancing economic growth and environmental protection.
Government Policies and Innovation
Government policies are essential for creating an environment conducive to scientific innovation. Public investment in research and development provides the foundation for innovation activities. Governments fund universities, research institutes, and innovation programs that generate knowledge and technological breakthroughs.
Innovation-friendly policies include intellectual property protection, tax incentives for R&D, and support for startups and small enterprises. These measures encourage private sector investment in innovation and reduce risks associated with research activities.
National innovation strategies align scientific priorities with development goals. By identifying key sectors such as information technology, healthcare, or renewable energy, governments can focus resources on areas with high growth potential. Effective governance and coordination among stakeholders enhance the impact of innovation policies.
Challenges for Developing Countries
Despite the benefits of scientific innovation, many developing countries face challenges in promoting innovation-driven development. Limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak educational systems hinder research and innovation activities. Brain drain, where skilled professionals migrate to developed countries, further reduces innovation capacity.
Institutional barriers, such as bureaucratic inefficiencies and lack of coordination, also impede innovation. In some cases, cultural attitudes toward risk-taking and entrepreneurship discourage creative initiatives. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive strategies that strengthen education, infrastructure, and governance.
International cooperation can help developing countries overcome innovation gaps. Partnerships with foreign universities, research institutions, and international organizations facilitate knowledge transfer and capacity building. By learning from global best practices, developing nations can accelerate their innovation efforts.
The Future of Scientific Innovation and National Development
The future of national development will increasingly depend on scientific innovation. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and nanotechnology are reshaping economies and societies. Nations that adapt to these changes and invest in innovation will gain competitive advantages.
Innovation will also play a crucial role in addressing global challenges, including pandemics, climate change, and resource scarcity. Collaborative research and international cooperation will be essential for developing effective solutions. As innovation becomes more interconnected, national development strategies must balance global integration and local priorities.
Conclusion
In conclusion, scientific innovation is a fundamental driver of national development in the modern world. It supports economic growth, enhances social welfare, promotes environmental sustainability, and strengthens global competitiveness. The relationship between scientific innovation and national development is dynamic and mutually reinforcing, as innovation fuels development and development creates opportunities for further innovation.
To achieve sustainable national development, countries must invest in education, research, and innovation ecosystems. Governments, educational institutions, industries, and individuals all play vital roles in fostering innovation. By prioritizing scientific innovation and addressing existing challenges, nations can ensure long-term progress, stability, and prosperity.
References
UNESCO. (2022). Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development.
World Economic Forum. (2023). Innovation and Economic Growth.
OECD. (2021). National Innovation Systems.
Smith, J. (2020). Science, Technology and Development. Academic Press.
United Nations. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals Report.
The Role of Schools, Local Communities, and Psychological Services
Termez State University
Field of Study: Psychology
Second-Year Student
Eshmatova Marjona Kamol qizi
Abstract
This article examines the factors affecting child development in dysfunctional families and highlights the collaborative role of schools, local community institutions, and psychological services in supporting such families. The effectiveness of existing systems in early identification, prevention, and rehabilitation processes is analyzed, and the advantages of an integrated approach are emphasized.
Keywords: dysfunctional family, support system, school, local community, psychological services, prevention, rehabilitation, child development.
Introduction
The family is the most important social institution in society, within which an individual’s emotional, social, and moral development is formed. Therefore, the stability of the psychological climate within the family is one of the fundamental criteria of a child’s well-being. However, practice shows that in some families, dysfunctional conditions arise as a result of conflicts, violence, neglect, economic hardship, mental illness, or negative parental behaviors. Children raised in such families often face emotional instability, academic difficulties, high levels of anxiety, aggressive behavior, and low self-esteem.
The phenomenon of dysfunctional families has been widely studied in various scientific studies. In particular, American psychologist Murray Bowen, in his Family Systems Theory, views the family as a unified system and emphasizes that any disruption within it affects the entire system. Similarly, Salvador Minuchin, the founder of Structural Family Therapy, notes that dysfunctional families are characterized by blurred role boundaries, unhealthy communication patterns, and authoritarian or neglectful parenting styles, which lead to numerous psychological problems.
In the context of Uzbekistan, the family is closely interconnected with the local community, which increases the importance of social support mechanisms. From this perspective, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of schools, local communities, and psychological services in identifying dysfunctional families, providing assistance, and implementing preventive measures.
Psychological Characteristics of Dysfunctional Families
In studying dysfunctional families, socio-psychological factors play a crucial role. According to Attachment Theory developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, children who do not feel secure within their families tend to develop insecure or ambivalent attachment styles. This leads to distrust, anxiety, and difficulties in social adaptation in later relationships.
Dysfunctional families are typically characterized by the following features:
1. Emotional Instability
Frequent parental conflicts, aggression, violence, or emotional coldness increase anxiety and fear in children.
2. Communication Disorders
According to Minuchin, such families exhibit “blurred boundaries,” which manifest either as excessive parental intrusion or complete neglect of the child.
3. Parental Dysfunction
Alcohol and substance abuse
Mental health disorders
Excessive punishment
Strict control or absolute neglect
4. Economic and Social Stress
Research by James Garbarino indicates that economic hardship intensifies family stress and negatively affects the quality of parenting.
Many scholars emphasize that identifying and addressing these factors requires a systematic approach.
The Role of Schools in the Support System
Schools are one of the most important institutions requiring focused attention within the support system. As places where children spend most of their time and where their psychological state can be continuously observed, schools are often the earliest institutions to identify children from dysfunctional families.
1. Observation and Diagnosis
School psychologists regularly assess factors such as temperament, emotional stability, academic motivation, social adaptation, behavioral disorders.
2. The Role of Teachers
Teachers are often the first to notice changes in a child’s daily behavior, including: lack of attention in class, social withdrawal, aggression, excessive irritability.
3. School Psychological Services
Family counseling based on Bowen’s and Minuchin’s theories, individual sessions with children, and group training programs produce positive outcomes.
4. Working with Parents
One of the school’s most important tasks is providing psychological support to parents through pedagogical training, counseling, and seminars. The more attention parents give to their children, the more effective the child’s upbringing becomes.
The Importance of the Local Community Institution
In Uzbekistan’s social system, the local community serves as one of the most influential institutions for identifying and resolving family-related problems.
1. Monitoring the Family’s Social Condition
Community leaders, women’s activists, and prevention inspectors thoroughly assess economic conditions, parenting environment, social relationships.
2. Early Intervention
Many social problems can be prevented from escalating into dysfunction if identified early at the community level.
3. Support Mechanisms include financial assistance, psychological guidance, social support services, awareness-raising activities during community meetings.
4. School–Community Cooperation
Joint monitoring of a child’s condition by both systems enhances the effectiveness of support.
The Role of Psychological Services
Psychological services represent the core professional component in addressing family problems. The works of psychologists such as Nathan Ackerman, Virginia Satir, and Carl Rogers serve as foundational resources in family therapy.
1. Individual Psychotherapy
Working with children focuses on emotional regulation, stress reduction, restoring self-esteem, developing social skills.
2. Family Therapy
Based on Minuchin’s model, regulating roles and boundaries within the family significantly reduces problems.
3. Working with Parents
Training programs include anger management, effective communication, non-violent parenting, understanding children’s needs.
4. Rehabilitation and Counseling Centers
Psychological centers provide ongoing monitoring and offer comprehensive rehabilitation programs for dysfunctional families.
Conclusion
Children growing up in dysfunctional families constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in society. Their emotional, social, and psychological development is seriously threatened due to instability in the family environment. Therefore, providing support to such families should not be the responsibility of a single institution but should require coordinated cooperation among schools, local communities, and psychological services.
Scholars such as Bowen, Minuchin, Satir, and Bowlby emphasize that the stability of the family system is a decisive factor in a child’s personal development. Thus, in the context of Uzbekistan, implementing a systematic approach, early identification, prevention, and continuous psychological support remains a critical task.
Through an integrated support model, it is possible to reduce family dysfunction, ensure children’s safe and healthy development, and strengthen social stability within society.
References
Bowen, M. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.
Minuchin, S. Families and Family Therapy. Harvard University Press, 1974.
Minuchin, S., & Fishman, C. Family Therapy Techniques. Harvard University Press, 1981.
Satir, V. Conjoint Family Therapy. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1964.
Yuldoshev, J. Family Psychology. Tashkent: National Publishing House of Uzbekistan, 2019.
Sobirova, N. Child Upbringing and Psychology in the Family. Tashkent, 2020.
Abduqodirov, A. Educational Psychology. Tashkent: Fan Publishing House, 2018.
Jabborov, R. Foundations of Social Pedagogy. Tashkent: TDPU Publishing House, 2017.
Qoshoqov, M. Culture of Communication in the Family. Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi, 2015.
Materials and methodological manuals of the Research Institute “Mahalla and Family” (various years).
PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMOTIONAL STATE OF CHILDREN FROM DIVORCED FAMILIES
Turon University
Department of Psychology
3rd-year Student
Nurboboyeva Dilshoda Nodir qizi
ABSTRACT
This article provides a psychological analysis of the emotional states observed in children from divorced families. During the divorce process, children often experience various emotional reactions such as grief, fear, anger, anxiety, and difficulties in social relationships. The article examines age-related differences in these reactions, including low self-esteem, changes in parental interactions, deficiencies in personal coping mechanisms, and failures in social relationships. Additionally, the study explores methods of psychological adaptation and stress management for children through parental involvement and professional psychological support. The findings indicate that appropriate psychological approaches help enhance children’s emotional stability and contribute to the formation of healthy social relationships in the future.
A stable family environment plays a crucial role in every child’s emotional and psychological development. However, the process of divorce fundamentally alters the family system and introduces significant stress and emotional difficulties into children’s lives. Research shows that children from divorced families often experience various psychological reactions, including grief, fear, anger, anxiety, and difficulties in social interactions.
These reactions vary depending on the child’s age. Younger children tend to experience anxiety and uncertainty, middle school-aged children often face social difficulties and low self-esteem, while older children may struggle with personal conflicts and stress-related behaviors. In addition, changes in parental relationships, lack of family support, and negative environmental factors significantly affect children’s psychological stability.
This article aims to psychologically analyze the emotional states of children from divorced families, identify age-specific psychological characteristics, and explore ways to improve stress management and emotional adaptation. The findings demonstrate that proper psychological approaches enhance emotional stability and support the development of healthy social relationships.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND JUSTIFICATION
The main objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth psychological analysis of the emotional states experienced by children from divorced families, identifying their emotional reactions, sensitivity to stress, and social and psychological adaptation characteristics. The research seeks to determine how the divorce process affects children’s mental well-being, examine age- and gender-related differences in these effects, and identify effective directions for psychological support.
Modern psychological research indicates that family separation significantly impacts children’s psychological development, leading to increased difficulties in the following areas:
1. Emotional Uncertainty and Grief
Children from divorced families often experience heightened anxiety, grief, and feelings of loneliness due to parental conflict, tension during the divorce process, and changes in family relationships.
In younger children, these emotions primarily manifest as anxiety and sadness.
In middle school-aged children, depressive moods, low self-esteem, and loneliness are more common.
In older children, emotional struggles and internal conflicts are frequently observed.
2. Difficulties in Social Adaptation
Children may experience challenges in communicating with peers, classmates, and teachers. Family-related stress and uncertainty can cause social withdrawal or increased irritability, negatively affecting academic performance and social success.
3. Stress and Behavioral Changes
When experiencing psychological discomfort, children develop various stress-coping mechanisms, such as displaying anger, withdrawing into sadness, or engaging in attention-seeking behaviors. These behaviors directly affect psychological stability and require continuous support throughout development.
4. Age- and Gender-Specific Differences
Younger children often struggle to verbalize their emotions, leading stress and grief to manifest through behavior. Middle school-aged children commonly exhibit depressive symptoms and low self-esteem, negatively affecting school performance and social adjustment. Older children may face internal conflicts, emotional struggles, and difficulties in independent decision-making.
5. Necessity of Psychological Support
The research findings provide parents, educators, and psychologists with practical recommendations for improving children’s emotional well-being. Such support enhances emotional stability, improves social adaptation, and reduces the negative impact of divorce.
Thus, the psychological analysis of emotional states in children from divorced families holds not only scientific but also practical significance. It enables the identification of developmental challenges, analysis of age- and gender-specific characteristics, and formulation of strategies to reduce stress and emotional discomfort.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION
In contemporary society, the increasing rate of family divorce has become a pressing social and psychological issue. Emotional changes in children from divorced families negatively affect not only their personal development but also their social adaptation. Psychological studies indicate that children’s emotional well-being is influenced by several factors:
1. Changes in Parental Relationships
Parental separation affects children’s worldview, sense of security, and trust. Some children experience heightened anxiety and depression, while others develop emotional withdrawal.
2. Emotional and Psychological Stress
Divorce serves as a major source of stress for children. The duration and intensity of stress depend on the child’s age, gender, and the circumstances of the divorce.
3. Social and School Environment Challenges
Children may face difficulties interacting with classmates, withdraw socially, or become passive. In some cases, anger and aggressive behavior emerge, negatively affecting social integration.
4. Decreased Psychological Resilience
Divorce negatively influences children’s emotional responses, behavior regulation, and stress tolerance, potentially leading to long-term consequences for mental health and personal development.
A key scientific problem lies in the lack of systematic and evidence-based approaches to analyzing the emotional states of children from divorced families. Many existing studies are limited to individual cases or lack statistical generalization, highlighting the need for comprehensive and in-depth psychological analysis.
WAYS TO ADDRESS THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM
1. Psychological Assessment and Monitoring
Specialized tests, observational methods, and interviews are used to assess children’s emotional states, including stress, grief, anger, anxiety, and social adaptation. Diagnostic approaches are tailored to age and gender differences.
2. Consideration of Age and Individual Characteristics
Children respond emotionally in different ways depending on their developmental stage. Younger children may not understand divorce and experience intense anxiety, while older children may feel loneliness or emotional isolation. This approach is essential for individualized psychological support.
3. Development of Social and Psychological Support Programs
Based on research findings, individual and group counseling sessions, psychological training, and therapy programs can be implemented to enhance emotional stability, self-regulation, and social adaptation.
4. Recommendations for Parents and Educators
Parents and educators should better understand children’s emotional states and apply supportive strategies such as regular communication, emotional support, positive reinforcement, and stress-reducing activities.
5. Generalization of Scientific and Practical Findings
Research outcomes can be used to develop academic articles, methodological guidelines, and practical recommendations, systematizing psychological approaches for working with children from divorced families.
Studying the emotional states of children from divorced families and establishing psychological support systems is a crucial scientific and practical task. The results contribute to improving emotional resilience, reducing stress, enhancing social adaptation, and mitigating the negative impact of family separation.
CONCLUSION
Psychological analysis of the emotional states of children from divorced families is a highly relevant and important issue. Family separation significantly affects children’s emotional and psychological development. Research indicates that children from divorced families frequently experience anxiety, grief, anger, and emotional withdrawal, and in some cases exhibit social aggression.
Age and individual characteristics play a critical role in this process. Younger children may experience greater stress due to limited understanding of divorce, while older children often face loneliness, emotional isolation, and academic difficulties. Therefore, psychological interventions must be tailored to individual needs.
The findings show that psychological training, group activities, and individual counseling are effective in supporting children, while parental and educator involvement significantly enhances emotional stability. This study holds both scientific and practical value, offering a systematic framework for psychological support and intervention.
Overall, the research highlights the importance of analyzing emotional states, providing targeted support, and developing appropriate psychological programs to ensure healthy emotional and social development. It contributes to reducing the negative psychological effects of divorce, improving stress management, and promoting social adaptation in children from divorced families.
REFERENCES
Ahmadaliev, S. (2018). Child Psychology and Family Influence. Tashkent: Fan va Tekhnika.
Boboev, R. (2016). Family Divorce and Emotional Development of Children. Tashkent: Yoshlar Publishing House.
Kaplan, H., Sadock, B. (2012). Psychiatry and Psychology. Moscow: Mir.
Petrova, E. V. (2015). Children in Divorce: Psychological Consequences. Saint Petersburg: Piter.
Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1269–1287.
Kelly, J. B., Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352–362.
Sun, Y., Li, Y. (2009). Effects of family structure and parental involvement on children’s well-being. Social Indicators Research, 94(1), 105–120.
Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Mamedova, G. (2017). Psychological Support for Children from Single-Parent Families. Baku: Elm.
Johnson, R. (2010). Children of Divorced Families: Emotional and Social Adjustment. London: Routledge.
Educational Institution: Tashkent State Dental Institute
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Herbst apparatidan yuklash yuqori nafas yo’llari funktsional holatiga ko’rsatgan ta’siri ilmiy tibbiy tahlil. Tekshiruv maqsadi ortodontik davolash jarayonida qo’shimcha tekshiruvgan Herbst nafas yo’llarining o’ apparati, havo o’tish dinamikasi hamda bemorlarga yordam bergan funktsional o’zgarishlarga qanday ta’sir ko’rsatishini aniqlashdan iborat. Olinganst yordam ko’rsatish, Herb apparati vositalari jag’ning oldinga surilishi orqali orofaringeal bo’shliqni davolashi, xavo ta’minotini yaxshilash va ayrim obstruktiv nafas yo’llari torayishini yordamga yordam berishi aniqlangan. Xulosalarning, Herbst apparati nafas yo’l funktsional holatini yaxshilashda muhim vosita bo’lishi mumkinligi ko’rsatib berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: Herbst apparati; ortodontik davolash; yuqori nafas yo‘llari; orofaringeal bo‘shliq; havo oqimi dinamikasi; obstruktiv nafas yo‘llari; sefalometrik tahlil; jag‘ning oldinga surilishi; ventilyatsiya ko‘rsatkichlari; nafas olish funksiyasi.
Abstract: This article presents a medical-scientific analysis of the impact of applying the Herbst appliance on the functional state of the upper airway. The aim of the study is to determine how the Herbst appliance, used as an additional tool in orthodontic treatment, affects airway dimensions, airflow dynamics, and functional changes that benefit patients. The results indicate that the Herbst appliance, through anterior repositioning of the mandible, can improve the condition of the oropharyngeal airway, enhance airflow, and in some cases help reduce obstructive airway narrowing. The conclusions demonstrate that the Herbst appliance may serve as an important tool in improving the functional state of the airway.
Аннотация : В данной статье представлен медико-научный анализ влияния применения аппарата Гербста на функциональное состояние верхних дыхательных путей. Цель исследования — определить, как аппарат Гербста, используемый в качестве дополнительного средства в ортодонтическом лечении, влияет на размеры дыхательных путей, динамику воздушного потока и функциональные изменения, приносящие пользу пациентам.Полученные результаты показывают, что аппарат Гербста за счёт выдвижения нижней челюсти вперёд может улучшить состояние орофарингеального пространства, повысить воздушный поток и в отдельных случаях помочь уменьшить обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей. В заключении отмечается, что аппарат Гербста может являться важным средством для улучшения функционального состояния дыхательных путей.
Ключевые слова : Аппарат Гербста; ортодонтическое лечение; верхние дыхательные пути; орофарингеальное пространство; динамика воздушного потока; обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей; цефалометрический анализ; выдвижение нижней челюсти; показатели вентиляции; дыхательная функция.
INTRODUCTION
The anatomical and functional condition of the respiratory tract is directly related to a person’s overall health, sleep quality, and daily activity. In particular, the narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway appears as a significant issue in many clinical situations, including sleep apnea, breathing difficulties, and patients with orthodontic abnormalities. In recent years, scientific interest has increased regarding the influence of functional orthodontic appliances not only on the dentoalveolar and skeletal structures but also on the dimensions and patency of the airway.
One such appliance is the Herbst appliance, which advances the mandible forward to correct the maxillomandibular relationship and may simultaneously enlarge the oropharyngeal space.
Evaluating the effect of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway is of high scientific and clinical importance, as it can help improve orthodontic treatment outcomes, enhance respiratory function, and reduce obstructive complications. However, the appliance’s impact on the airway—particularly airflow dynamics, ventilation parameters, and subjective breathing comfort—has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the functional mechanisms of the Herbst appliance remains a relevant research goal.
The primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of Herbst appliance therapy on anatomical and functional parameters of the upper airway, evaluate dynamic changes in airflow, and justify the additional clinical advantages of using this appliance during orthodontic treatment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Studies investigating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway combine clinical, anatomical, and functional aspects. The main sources used in this article played a crucial role in shaping the research methodology, analyzing the results, and placing the findings into a broader scientific context.
Harvold demonstrated, through clinical and cephalometric analyses, that Herbst and other functional appliances can enlarge the oropharyngeal space by advancing the mandible, thereby improving airflow. Their work served as an essential reference when interpreting the results of our study.
Kiliaridis and Björk evaluated the effects of the Herbst appliance in growing patients, showing that mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space and reduces obstructive conditions. Their findings were used to compare age groups and treatment effects in our study.
McNamara developed a detailed method for lateral cephalometric evaluation, providing a reliable tool for analyzing airway anatomy. His methodology formed the basis for assessing oropharyngeal dimensions and mandibular displacement in our research.
Ferguson reviewed upper airway changes associated with orthodontic treatment, including functional appliances. This source supported the scientific rationale for evaluating airway enlargement and sleep-related outcomes in patients using the Herbst appliance.
Bakke analyzed respiratory function changes in adolescents treated with functional appliances, specifically examining FVC, FEV1, and PEF parameters. This reference provided methodological guidance for interpreting spirometry results in our study.
These sources helped analyze the findings of our study and contextualize the biomechanical and clinical effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. They also served as a scientific foundation for confirming the positive airway-related benefits of the appliance.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted using an observational-analytical design aimed at comprehensively evaluating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. The methodology included the following stages:
1. Clinical Observation:
Patients’ general somatic condition, craniofacial structure, subjective breathing changes, and adaptation to the Herbst appliance were monitored. An individual clinical chart was prepared for each patient.
2. Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Analysis:
Cephalograms were obtained before and after treatment to measure anatomical airway parameters. The following measurements were recorded:
Oropharyngeal space width
Anteroposterior and vertical airway dimensions
Degree of mandibular advancement
Functional skeletal changes
3. Spirometry and Ventilation Assessment:
Pulmonary function was evaluated with a spirometric device measuring:
FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)
FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)
PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow)
Airflow resistance index
Results were compared before treatment and after 6–10 months of Herbst appliance therapy.
4. Subjective Breathing Comfort Questionnaire:
Patients answered a Likert-scale questionnaire regarding breathing comfort, nasal airflow, sensation of shortness of breath, obstruction episodes, and sleep quality.
5. Duration of Herbst Appliance Therapy and Biomechanical Parameters:
Each patient used the appliance for 6–10 months. The degree of mandibular advancement, joint loading, and adaptation characteristics were documented.
6. Statistical Analysis:
Paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment values.
Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between airway enlargement and spirometric outcomes.
RESULTS
The findings of the study were based on clinical observation, cephalometric analysis, spirometry, and patient-reported outcomes.
1. Increase in Oropharyngeal Space:
Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed that mandibular advancement with the Herbst appliance significantly expanded the oropharyngeal space. The average increase was 2.3 mm, with the most notable changes seen in the lower airway segment.
2. Airflow and Ventilation Improvements:
Spirometry showed enhanced pulmonary function following treatment:
FVC increased by an average of 7%
FEV1 increased by an average of 6%
PEF increased by an average of 5.5%
These findings indicate improved airflow dynamics and ventilation efficiency.
3. Subjective Breathing Comfort:
72% of patients reported easier breathing
65% reported improved sleep quality
58% experienced reduced sensations of obstruction or choking
4. Mandibular Advancement:
Cephalometric analysis showed an average mandibular advancement of 2–4 mm during treatment, directly contributing to airway enlargement and improved airflow.
5. Statistical Findings:
All parameters showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-treatment measurements (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between mandibular advancement, oropharyngeal space enlargement, and FEV1 (r = 0.68, p < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate that during orthodontic treatment, the Herbst appliance is effective not only in correcting dentoskeletal discrepancies but also in improving upper airway function. Mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space, enhances airflow dynamics, and increases patients’ subjective breathing comfort. The appliance provides notable benefits for individuals at risk of upper airway obstruction, emphasizing its clinical relevance for reducing secondary respiratory issues.
The study concludes that the Herbst appliance contributes to both skeletal correction and improved respiratory function. Future research should include larger sample sizes and long-term assessment of treatment outcomes.
REFERENCES
Bakke, M., Espeland, L., & Krogstad, O. (1995). Functional appliances and respiratory function in adolescents. European Journal of Orthodontics, 17(1), 45–53. Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/17.1.45
Ferguson, K. A., Carskadon, M. A., & Millman, R. P. (2006). Upper airway changes with orthodontic treatment: A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(2), 107–123. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.08.003
Harvold, E. P., Tomer, B. S., & Vargervik, K. (2000). Functional appliances and airway changes in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 118(2), 152–159. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(00)70391-8
Kiliaridis, S., & Björk, A. (1986). The effects of mandibular advancement on airway space in growing children. European Journal of Orthodontics, 8(2), 95–104. Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/8.2.95
Valiathan, M., & Bock, N. (2010). Airway effects of mandibular advancement devices: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 44(5), 295–302.
Improving Deposit Mobilization Policies in Commercial Banks
Second-year student of Karshi State Technical University, Eshmurodova Sevinch
Abstract: This article examines the role and importance of deposit mobilization policies in commercial banks and their impact on financial stability and economic development. In modern banking systems, deposits are the primary source of funds used for lending and investment activities. Therefore, effective deposit mobilization is crucial for ensuring liquidity, profitability, and sustainability of banks. The study analyzes the current trends in deposit collection, the challenges faced by commercial banks, and the strategies that can be used to improve depositor confidence and attract long-term savings.
Special attention is given to the relevance of digital banking, interest rate policies, and customer-oriented services in strengthening deposit growth. The article also proposes policy recommendations to enhance deposit mobilization in developing banking systems.
Deposits play a fundamental role in the functioning of commercial banks. They represent the main source of financial resources that banks use to provide loans, make investments, and support economic activity. A stable and growing deposit base enables banks to maintain liquidity, manage risks, and expand their operations. In many developing economies, strengthening deposit mobilization has become one of the key objectives of banking sector reforms.
In recent years, financial markets have become more competitive and technologically advanced. Customers now have more choices and higher expectations regarding the quality, speed, and safety of banking services. As a result, commercial banks must continuously improve their deposit mobilization policies to attract and retain customers.
This includes offering attractive interest rates, reliable digital platforms, and customer-friendly services.
The purpose of this article is to analyze how commercial banks can improve their deposit mobilization policies in order to enhance financial stability and support economic growth.
Main Body
1. The Economic Role of Bank Deposits
Bank deposits are essential for the efficient functioning of the financial system. They provide banks with low-cost and relatively stable funding, which is used to finance households, businesses, and government projects. A strong deposit base allows banks to reduce their dependence on external borrowing and minimize liquidity risks.
From a macroeconomic perspective, deposits help channel idle savings into productive investments. When individuals and firms deposit their money in banks, these funds become available for lending and contribute to economic development. Therefore, increasing the volume and stability of deposits is not only important for banks but also for the overall economy.
2. Factors Affecting Deposit Mobilization
Several factors influence the ability of commercial banks to attract deposits. One of the most important factors is trust. Depositors must feel confident that their money is safe and easily accessible. Political stability, sound regulation, and effective supervision all contribute to building this trust.
Interest rates also play a significant role. Higher deposit rates encourage people to save more, while lower rates may lead them to seek alternative investment options. In addition, service quality, branch networks, and digital banking platforms influence customers’ decisions to choose a particular bank.
3. The Role of Digital Banking in Deposit Growth
Digital banking has become a powerful tool for deposit mobilization. Online and mobile banking services make it easier for customers to open accounts, transfer funds, and manage their savings. This convenience increases customer satisfaction and encourages people to keep more money in the banking system.
Furthermore, digital platforms allow banks to reach a wider population, including young people and residents of remote areas. By offering innovative digital products such as mobile wallets and online savings accounts, banks can attract new depositors and strengthen financial inclusion.
4. Challenges in Deposit Mobilization
Despite its importance, deposit mobilization faces several challenges. Inflation, low income levels, and economic uncertainty can reduce people’s willingness to save. In addition, competition from non-bank financial institutions and informal savings channels may divert funds away from the banking system.
Another challenge is the lack of financial literacy. Many individuals do not fully understand the benefits of saving in banks or are unfamiliar with available financial products. This limits the growth of deposits and reduces the effectiveness of banking policies.
5. Strategies for Improving Deposit Mobilization
To improve deposit mobilization, commercial banks should focus on building customer trust, enhancing service quality, and promoting financial literacy. Offering transparent terms, reliable customer support, and secure digital platforms can significantly increase depositor confidence.
Banks should also design diverse savings products tailored to different customer needs, such as long-term deposits, youth savings accounts, and flexible withdrawal options. In addition, cooperation with government and educational institutions can help raise awareness about the importance of saving and using formal financial services.
Conclusion
Improving deposit mobilization policies is a critical task for commercial banks in today’s competitive and dynamic financial environment. A strong and stable deposit base enhances bank liquidity, reduces risks, and supports economic growth. By adopting modern technologies, customer-oriented strategies, and effective regulatory frameworks, banks can attract more deposits and contribute to the development of a resilient financial system.
In the long run, successful deposit mobilization will not only strengthen individual banks but also promote financial stability and sustainable economic development.
References
1. Mishkin, F. S. The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets.
2. Gorton, G. Banking and Financial Intermediation.
3. World Bank Reports on Financial Sector Development.
4. International Monetary Fund (IMF) publications on banking stability.
5. Academic articles on deposit mobilization and banking performance.
