Nasulloyeva Feruzabonu Akmalovna  

Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute  

Faculty of Foreign Language and Literature

Nasulloyeva Feruzabonu

First-year student, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature

Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan

Scientific Innovation and National Development

Abstract

Scientific innovation has become one of the most significant forces shaping national development in the modern world. In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement and global competition, nations increasingly rely on scientific research and innovation to strengthen their economies, improve social welfare, and ensure sustainable development. This article explores the relationship between scientific innovation and national development, emphasizing the role of research and development, education, technological progress, and government policies. The study analyzes how scientific innovation contributes to economic growth, social transformation, environmental sustainability, and global competitiveness. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of supporting young scientists, investing in education, and fostering innovation-friendly environments. Through theoretical analysis and real-world examples, the article demonstrates that countries prioritizing scientific innovation achieve long-term stability and prosperity. The findings suggest that scientific innovation is not only a tool for economic advancement but also a key factor in addressing global challenges and ensuring inclusive national development.

Key Words

Scientific innovation, national development, technology, economic growth, research and development, sustainability

Introduction

In the 21st century, the concept of national development has expanded beyond traditional economic indicators such as gross domestic product and industrial output. Today, development is closely linked to a nation’s ability to innovate, adapt, and apply scientific knowledge to solve complex problems. Scientific innovation plays a central role in shaping economic structures, improving living standards, and enhancing global competitiveness. Countries that prioritize science and technology tend to experience faster growth, stronger institutions, and greater resilience to global challenges.

Scientific innovation refers to the process of developing new ideas, technologies, and methods through systematic research and experimentation. It is the foundation of technological progress and a key driver of modernization. National development, on the other hand, encompasses economic growth, social progress, political stability, and environmental sustainability. The interaction between scientific innovation and national development is dynamic and mutually reinforcing.

In a globalized world, nations compete not only in terms of natural resources or labor but also in scientific capacity and innovative potential. Advances in information technology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy have transformed economies and redefined development strategies. As a result, understanding the role of scientific innovation in national development is essential for policymakers, educators, and researchers.

This article aims to analyze the contribution of scientific innovation to national development by examining its impact on economic growth, social welfare, education, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. It also discusses the challenges faced by developing countries in promoting innovation and suggests strategies for building innovation-driven economies.

The Concept of Scientific Innovation

Scientific innovation is a multifaceted concept that involves the creation, application, and diffusion of new knowledge. It is rooted in scientific research, which seeks to understand natural and social phenomena through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Innovation occurs when scientific discoveries are transformed into practical solutions that improve efficiency, productivity, or quality of life.

Innovation can be classified into several types, including technological innovation, organizational innovation, and social innovation. Technological innovation involves the development of new products, processes, or systems, such as advanced machinery, digital platforms, or medical devices. Organizational innovation focuses on improving management practices and institutional structures, while social innovation addresses societal challenges through creative solutions.

Scientific innovation is not a linear process. It requires collaboration between researchers, industries, governments, and educational institutions. Universities and research centers play a crucial role in generating knowledge, while industries apply this knowledge to create marketable products and services. Governments support innovation through policies, funding, and infrastructure development.

The effectiveness of scientific innovation depends on a country’s innovation ecosystem. This ecosystem includes research institutions, skilled human capital, financial resources, legal frameworks, and cultural attitudes toward creativity and risk-taking. Countries with strong innovation ecosystems are better positioned to achieve sustainable development.

Scientific Innovation and Economic Growth

One of the most significant contributions of scientific innovation to national development is economic growth. Innovation increases productivity by enabling firms to produce more output with fewer resources. Technological advancements reduce production costs, improve efficiency, and enhance product quality. As a result, innovative economies tend to grow faster and create more employment opportunities.

Research and development (R&D) is a key component of innovation-driven growth. Investments in R&D lead to the development of new technologies and industries, such as information technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy. These industries generate high value-added products and contribute to export competitiveness.

Moreover, scientific innovation promotes entrepreneurship and the emergence of startups. Innovative startups introduce disruptive technologies and business models that challenge traditional industries. This dynamic process fosters competition, drives efficiency, and stimulates economic diversification.

Developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan have demonstrated the importance of innovation in sustaining economic growth. Their strong emphasis on scientific research, technological development, and education has enabled them to maintain leadership in global markets. Similarly, emerging economies that invest in innovation can accelerate their development and reduce dependence on raw materials.

Innovation and Social Development

Beyond economic growth, scientific innovation plays a vital role in social development. It improves living standards by enhancing access to healthcare, education, and essential services. Innovations in medical science, for example, have led to the development of vaccines, advanced diagnostic tools, and effective treatments for diseases. These advancements increase life expectancy and improve quality of life.

In education, scientific innovation has transformed learning methods and expanded access to knowledge. Digital technologies, online platforms, and artificial intelligence enable personalized learning and distance education. These innovations are particularly important for developing countries, where access to traditional educational resources may be limited.

Scientific innovation also contributes to social inclusion by addressing the needs of vulnerable populations. Assistive technologies support people with disabilities, while innovative social programs help reduce poverty and inequality. By promoting inclusive development, innovation strengthens social cohesion and stability.

The Role of Education in Innovation

Education is the foundation of scientific innovation and national development. A well-educated population is essential for generating new ideas, conducting research, and applying knowledge effectively. Education systems that emphasize critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills prepare individuals to participate in innovation-driven economies.

Higher education institutions play a central role in scientific research and innovation. Universities conduct fundamental research, train scientists and engineers, and collaborate with industries on applied projects. Strong links between academia and industry facilitate knowledge transfer and commercialization of research results.

STEM education (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) is particularly important for fostering innovation. Countries that invest in STEM education develop skilled workforces capable of driving technological progress. At the same time, interdisciplinary education that integrates social sciences and humanities helps address ethical and societal aspects of innovation.

Encouraging youth participation in science and innovation is also crucial. Young people bring fresh perspectives and creative ideas that can lead to breakthrough innovations. Supporting young scientists through scholarships, research grants, and mentorship programs strengthens a nation’s innovation capacity.

Scientific Innovation and Environmental Sustainability

Environmental sustainability has become a major challenge for national development. Climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation threaten economic and social stability. Scientific innovation offers solutions to these challenges by promoting sustainable practices and green technologies.

Renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Innovations in energy storage and efficiency further enhance the viability of clean energy systems. These advancements contribute to sustainable development and energy security.

In agriculture, scientific innovation improves productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Precision farming, biotechnology, and sustainable irrigation techniques help conserve resources and ensure food security. Environmental monitoring technologies enable better management of natural ecosystems.

By integrating sustainability into innovation strategies, nations can achieve development that meets present needs without compromising the future. Scientific innovation thus plays a critical role in balancing economic growth and environmental protection.

Government Policies and Innovation

Government policies are essential for creating an environment conducive to scientific innovation. Public investment in research and development provides the foundation for innovation activities. Governments fund universities, research institutes, and innovation programs that generate knowledge and technological breakthroughs.

Innovation-friendly policies include intellectual property protection, tax incentives for R&D, and support for startups and small enterprises. These measures encourage private sector investment in innovation and reduce risks associated with research activities.

National innovation strategies align scientific priorities with development goals. By identifying key sectors such as information technology, healthcare, or renewable energy, governments can focus resources on areas with high growth potential. Effective governance and coordination among stakeholders enhance the impact of innovation policies.

Challenges for Developing Countries

Despite the benefits of scientific innovation, many developing countries face challenges in promoting innovation-driven development. Limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak educational systems hinder research and innovation activities. Brain drain, where skilled professionals migrate to developed countries, further reduces innovation capacity.

Institutional barriers, such as bureaucratic inefficiencies and lack of coordination, also impede innovation. In some cases, cultural attitudes toward risk-taking and entrepreneurship discourage creative initiatives. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive strategies that strengthen education, infrastructure, and governance.

International cooperation can help developing countries overcome innovation gaps. Partnerships with foreign universities, research institutions, and international organizations facilitate knowledge transfer and capacity building. By learning from global best practices, developing nations can accelerate their innovation efforts.

The Future of Scientific Innovation and National Development

The future of national development will increasingly depend on scientific innovation. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and nanotechnology are reshaping economies and societies. Nations that adapt to these changes and invest in innovation will gain competitive advantages.

Innovation will also play a crucial role in addressing global challenges, including pandemics, climate change, and resource scarcity. Collaborative research and international cooperation will be essential for developing effective solutions. As innovation becomes more interconnected, national development strategies must balance global integration and local priorities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, scientific innovation is a fundamental driver of national development in the modern world. It supports economic growth, enhances social welfare, promotes environmental sustainability, and strengthens global competitiveness. The relationship between scientific innovation and national development is dynamic and mutually reinforcing, as innovation fuels development and development creates opportunities for further innovation.

To achieve sustainable national development, countries must invest in education, research, and innovation ecosystems. Governments, educational institutions, industries, and individuals all play vital roles in fostering innovation. By prioritizing scientific innovation and addressing existing challenges, nations can ensure long-term progress, stability, and prosperity.

References

UNESCO. (2022). Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development.

World Economic Forum. (2023). Innovation and Economic Growth.

OECD. (2021). National Innovation Systems.

Smith, J. (2020). Science, Technology and Development. Academic Press.

United Nations. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals Report.

Support Systems in Dysfunctional Families

The Role of Schools, Local Communities, and Psychological Services

Termez State University

Field of Study: Psychology

Second-Year Student

Eshmatova Marjona Kamol qizi

Abstract

This article examines the factors affecting child development in dysfunctional families and highlights the collaborative role of schools, local community institutions, and psychological services in supporting such families. The effectiveness of existing systems in early identification, prevention, and rehabilitation processes is analyzed, and the advantages of an integrated approach are emphasized.

Keywords: dysfunctional family, support system, school, local community, psychological services, prevention, rehabilitation, child development.

Introduction

The family is the most important social institution in society, within which an individual’s emotional, social, and moral development is formed. Therefore, the stability of the psychological climate within the family is one of the fundamental criteria of a child’s well-being. However, practice shows that in some families, dysfunctional conditions arise as a result of conflicts, violence, neglect, economic hardship, mental illness, or negative parental behaviors. Children raised in such families often face emotional instability, academic difficulties, high levels of anxiety, aggressive behavior, and low self-esteem.

The phenomenon of dysfunctional families has been widely studied in various scientific studies. In particular, American psychologist Murray Bowen, in his Family Systems Theory, views the family as a unified system and emphasizes that any disruption within it affects the entire system. Similarly, Salvador Minuchin, the founder of Structural Family Therapy, notes that dysfunctional families are characterized by blurred role boundaries, unhealthy communication patterns, and authoritarian or neglectful parenting styles, which lead to numerous psychological problems.

In the context of Uzbekistan, the family is closely interconnected with the local community, which increases the importance of social support mechanisms. From this perspective, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of schools, local communities, and psychological services in identifying dysfunctional families, providing assistance, and implementing preventive measures.

Psychological Characteristics of Dysfunctional Families

In studying dysfunctional families, socio-psychological factors play a crucial role. According to Attachment Theory developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, children who do not feel secure within their families tend to develop insecure or ambivalent attachment styles. This leads to distrust, anxiety, and difficulties in social adaptation in later relationships.

Dysfunctional families are typically characterized by the following features:

1. Emotional Instability

Frequent parental conflicts, aggression, violence, or emotional coldness increase anxiety and fear in children.

2. Communication Disorders

According to Minuchin, such families exhibit “blurred boundaries,” which manifest either as excessive parental intrusion or complete neglect of the child.

3. Parental Dysfunction

Alcohol and substance abuse

Mental health disorders

Excessive punishment

Strict control or absolute neglect

4. Economic and Social Stress

Research by James Garbarino indicates that economic hardship intensifies family stress and negatively affects the quality of parenting.

Many scholars emphasize that identifying and addressing these factors requires a systematic approach.

The Role of Schools in the Support System

Schools are one of the most important institutions requiring focused attention within the support system. As places where children spend most of their time and where their psychological state can be continuously observed, schools are often the earliest institutions to identify children from dysfunctional families.

1. Observation and Diagnosis

School psychologists regularly assess factors such as temperament, emotional stability, academic motivation, social adaptation, behavioral disorders.

2. The Role of Teachers

Teachers are often the first to notice changes in a child’s daily behavior, including: lack of attention in class, social withdrawal, aggression, excessive irritability.

3. School Psychological Services

Family counseling based on Bowen’s and Minuchin’s theories, individual sessions with children, and group training programs produce positive outcomes.

4. Working with Parents

One of the school’s most important tasks is providing psychological support to parents through pedagogical training, counseling, and seminars. The more attention parents give to their children, the more effective the child’s upbringing becomes.

The Importance of the Local Community Institution

In Uzbekistan’s social system, the local community serves as one of the most influential institutions for identifying and resolving family-related problems.

1. Monitoring the Family’s Social Condition

Community leaders, women’s activists, and prevention inspectors thoroughly assess economic conditions, parenting environment, social relationships.

2. Early Intervention

Many social problems can be prevented from escalating into dysfunction if identified early at the community level.

3. Support Mechanisms include financial assistance, psychological guidance, social support services, awareness-raising activities during community meetings.

4. School–Community Cooperation

Joint monitoring of a child’s condition by both systems enhances the effectiveness of support.

The Role of Psychological Services

Psychological services represent the core professional component in addressing family problems. The works of psychologists such as Nathan Ackerman, Virginia Satir, and Carl Rogers serve as foundational resources in family therapy.

1. Individual Psychotherapy

Working with children focuses on emotional regulation, stress reduction, restoring self-esteem, developing social skills.

2. Family Therapy

Based on Minuchin’s model, regulating roles and boundaries within the family significantly reduces problems.

3. Working with Parents

Training programs include anger management, effective communication, non-violent parenting, understanding children’s needs.

4. Rehabilitation and Counseling Centers

Psychological centers provide ongoing monitoring and offer comprehensive rehabilitation programs for dysfunctional families.

Conclusion

Children growing up in dysfunctional families constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in society. Their emotional, social, and psychological development is seriously threatened due to instability in the family environment. Therefore, providing support to such families should not be the responsibility of a single institution but should require coordinated cooperation among schools, local communities, and psychological services.

Scholars such as Bowen, Minuchin, Satir, and Bowlby emphasize that the stability of the family system is a decisive factor in a child’s personal development. Thus, in the context of Uzbekistan, implementing a systematic approach, early identification, prevention, and continuous psychological support remains a critical task.

Through an integrated support model, it is possible to reduce family dysfunction, ensure children’s safe and healthy development, and strengthen social stability within society.

References

Bowen, M. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.

Minuchin, S. Families and Family Therapy. Harvard University Press, 1974.

Minuchin, S., & Fishman, C. Family Therapy Techniques. Harvard University Press, 1981.

Satir, V. Conjoint Family Therapy. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1964.

Yuldoshev, J. Family Psychology. Tashkent: National Publishing House of Uzbekistan, 2019.

Sobirova, N. Child Upbringing and Psychology in the Family. Tashkent, 2020.

Abduqodirov, A. Educational Psychology. Tashkent: Fan Publishing House, 2018.

Jabborov, R. Foundations of Social Pedagogy. Tashkent: TDPU Publishing House, 2017.

Qoshoqov, M. Culture of Communication in the Family. Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi, 2015.

Materials and methodological manuals of the Research Institute “Mahalla and Family” (various years).

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMOTIONAL STATE OF CHILDREN FROM DIVORCED FAMILIES

Turon University

Department of Psychology

3rd-year Student

Nurboboyeva Dilshoda Nodir qizi

ABSTRACT

This article provides a psychological analysis of the emotional states observed in children from divorced families. During the divorce process, children often experience various emotional reactions such as grief, fear, anger, anxiety, and difficulties in social relationships. The article examines age-related differences in these reactions, including low self-esteem, changes in parental interactions, deficiencies in personal coping mechanisms, and failures in social relationships. Additionally, the study explores methods of psychological adaptation and stress management for children through parental involvement and professional psychological support. The findings indicate that appropriate psychological approaches help enhance children’s emotional stability and contribute to the formation of healthy social relationships in the future.

KEYWORDS

Divorce, children, emotional state, psychological analysis, mental health, parents, stress management.

INTRODUCTION

A stable family environment plays a crucial role in every child’s emotional and psychological development. However, the process of divorce fundamentally alters the family system and introduces significant stress and emotional difficulties into children’s lives. Research shows that children from divorced families often experience various psychological reactions, including grief, fear, anger, anxiety, and difficulties in social interactions.

These reactions vary depending on the child’s age. Younger children tend to experience anxiety and uncertainty, middle school-aged children often face social difficulties and low self-esteem, while older children may struggle with personal conflicts and stress-related behaviors. In addition, changes in parental relationships, lack of family support, and negative environmental factors significantly affect children’s psychological stability.

This article aims to psychologically analyze the emotional states of children from divorced families, identify age-specific psychological characteristics, and explore ways to improve stress management and emotional adaptation. The findings demonstrate that proper psychological approaches enhance emotional stability and support the development of healthy social relationships.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND JUSTIFICATION

The main objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth psychological analysis of the emotional states experienced by children from divorced families, identifying their emotional reactions, sensitivity to stress, and social and psychological adaptation characteristics. The research seeks to determine how the divorce process affects children’s mental well-being, examine age- and gender-related differences in these effects, and identify effective directions for psychological support.

Modern psychological research indicates that family separation significantly impacts children’s psychological development, leading to increased difficulties in the following areas:

1. Emotional Uncertainty and Grief

Children from divorced families often experience heightened anxiety, grief, and feelings of loneliness due to parental conflict, tension during the divorce process, and changes in family relationships.

In younger children, these emotions primarily manifest as anxiety and sadness.

In middle school-aged children, depressive moods, low self-esteem, and loneliness are more common.

In older children, emotional struggles and internal conflicts are frequently observed.

2. Difficulties in Social Adaptation

Children may experience challenges in communicating with peers, classmates, and teachers. Family-related stress and uncertainty can cause social withdrawal or increased irritability, negatively affecting academic performance and social success.

3. Stress and Behavioral Changes

When experiencing psychological discomfort, children develop various stress-coping mechanisms, such as displaying anger, withdrawing into sadness, or engaging in attention-seeking behaviors. These behaviors directly affect psychological stability and require continuous support throughout development.

4. Age- and Gender-Specific Differences

Younger children often struggle to verbalize their emotions, leading stress and grief to manifest through behavior. Middle school-aged children commonly exhibit depressive symptoms and low self-esteem, negatively affecting school performance and social adjustment. Older children may face internal conflicts, emotional struggles, and difficulties in independent decision-making.

5. Necessity of Psychological Support

The research findings provide parents, educators, and psychologists with practical recommendations for improving children’s emotional well-being. Such support enhances emotional stability, improves social adaptation, and reduces the negative impact of divorce.

Thus, the psychological analysis of emotional states in children from divorced families holds not only scientific but also practical significance. It enables the identification of developmental challenges, analysis of age- and gender-specific characteristics, and formulation of strategies to reduce stress and emotional discomfort.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION

In contemporary society, the increasing rate of family divorce has become a pressing social and psychological issue. Emotional changes in children from divorced families negatively affect not only their personal development but also their social adaptation. Psychological studies indicate that children’s emotional well-being is influenced by several factors:

1. Changes in Parental Relationships

Parental separation affects children’s worldview, sense of security, and trust. Some children experience heightened anxiety and depression, while others develop emotional withdrawal.

2. Emotional and Psychological Stress

Divorce serves as a major source of stress for children. The duration and intensity of stress depend on the child’s age, gender, and the circumstances of the divorce.

3. Social and School Environment Challenges

Children may face difficulties interacting with classmates, withdraw socially, or become passive. In some cases, anger and aggressive behavior emerge, negatively affecting social integration.

4. Decreased Psychological Resilience

Divorce negatively influences children’s emotional responses, behavior regulation, and stress tolerance, potentially leading to long-term consequences for mental health and personal development.

A key scientific problem lies in the lack of systematic and evidence-based approaches to analyzing the emotional states of children from divorced families. Many existing studies are limited to individual cases or lack statistical generalization, highlighting the need for comprehensive and in-depth psychological analysis.

WAYS TO ADDRESS THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM

1. Psychological Assessment and Monitoring

Specialized tests, observational methods, and interviews are used to assess children’s emotional states, including stress, grief, anger, anxiety, and social adaptation. Diagnostic approaches are tailored to age and gender differences.

2. Consideration of Age and Individual Characteristics

Children respond emotionally in different ways depending on their developmental stage. Younger children may not understand divorce and experience intense anxiety, while older children may feel loneliness or emotional isolation. This approach is essential for individualized psychological support.

3. Development of Social and Psychological Support Programs

Based on research findings, individual and group counseling sessions, psychological training, and therapy programs can be implemented to enhance emotional stability, self-regulation, and social adaptation.

4. Recommendations for Parents and Educators

Parents and educators should better understand children’s emotional states and apply supportive strategies such as regular communication, emotional support, positive reinforcement, and stress-reducing activities.

5. Generalization of Scientific and Practical Findings

Research outcomes can be used to develop academic articles, methodological guidelines, and practical recommendations, systematizing psychological approaches for working with children from divorced families.

Studying the emotional states of children from divorced families and establishing psychological support systems is a crucial scientific and practical task. The results contribute to improving emotional resilience, reducing stress, enhancing social adaptation, and mitigating the negative impact of family separation.

CONCLUSION

Psychological analysis of the emotional states of children from divorced families is a highly relevant and important issue. Family separation significantly affects children’s emotional and psychological development. Research indicates that children from divorced families frequently experience anxiety, grief, anger, and emotional withdrawal, and in some cases exhibit social aggression.

Age and individual characteristics play a critical role in this process. Younger children may experience greater stress due to limited understanding of divorce, while older children often face loneliness, emotional isolation, and academic difficulties. Therefore, psychological interventions must be tailored to individual needs.

The findings show that psychological training, group activities, and individual counseling are effective in supporting children, while parental and educator involvement significantly enhances emotional stability. This study holds both scientific and practical value, offering a systematic framework for psychological support and intervention.

Overall, the research highlights the importance of analyzing emotional states, providing targeted support, and developing appropriate psychological programs to ensure healthy emotional and social development. It contributes to reducing the negative psychological effects of divorce, improving stress management, and promoting social adaptation in children from divorced families.

REFERENCES

Ahmadaliev, S. (2018). Child Psychology and Family Influence. Tashkent: Fan va Tekhnika.

Boboev, R. (2016). Family Divorce and Emotional Development of Children. Tashkent: Yoshlar Publishing House.

Kaplan, H., Sadock, B. (2012). Psychiatry and Psychology. Moscow: Mir.

Petrova, E. V. (2015). Children in Divorce: Psychological Consequences. Saint Petersburg: Piter.

Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1269–1287.

Kelly, J. B., Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352–362.

Sun, Y., Li, Y. (2009). Effects of family structure and parental involvement on children’s well-being. Social Indicators Research, 94(1), 105–120.

Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Mamedova, G. (2017). Psychological Support for Children from Single-Parent Families. Baku: Elm.

Johnson, R. (2010). Children of Divorced Families: Emotional and Social Adjustment. London: Routledge.

Effect of the Herbst Appliance on the Airway

Author: Durdona Sharifovna Ro‘ziboyeva

Email: durdonaroziboyeva22@gmailcom

Address: Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Educational Institution: Tashkent State Dental Institute

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Herbst apparatidan yuklash yuqori nafas yo’llari funktsional holatiga ko’rsatgan ta’siri ilmiy tibbiy tahlil. Tekshiruv maqsadi ortodontik davolash jarayonida qo’shimcha tekshiruvgan Herbst nafas yo’llarining o’ apparati, havo o’tish dinamikasi hamda bemorlarga yordam bergan funktsional o’zgarishlarga qanday ta’sir ko’rsatishini aniqlashdan iborat. Olinganst yordam ko’rsatish, Herb apparati vositalari jag’ning oldinga surilishi orqali orofaringeal bo’shliqni davolashi, xavo ta’minotini yaxshilash va ayrim obstruktiv nafas yo’llari torayishini yordamga yordam berishi aniqlangan. Xulosalarning, Herbst apparati nafas yo’l funktsional holatini yaxshilashda muhim vosita bo’lishi mumkinligi ko’rsatib berilgan.

Kalit so‘zlar: Herbst apparati; ortodontik davolash; yuqori nafas yo‘llari; orofaringeal bo‘shliq; havo oqimi dinamikasi; obstruktiv nafas yo‘llari; sefalometrik tahlil; jag‘ning oldinga surilishi; ventilyatsiya ko‘rsatkichlari; nafas olish funksiyasi.

Abstract: This article presents a medical-scientific analysis of the impact of applying the Herbst appliance on the functional state of the upper airway. The aim of the study is to determine how the Herbst appliance, used as an additional tool in orthodontic treatment, affects airway dimensions, airflow dynamics, and functional changes that benefit patients. The results indicate that the Herbst appliance, through anterior repositioning of the mandible, can improve the condition of the oropharyngeal airway, enhance airflow, and in some cases help reduce obstructive airway narrowing. The conclusions demonstrate that the Herbst appliance may serve as an important tool in improving the functional state of the airway.

Keywords: Herbst appliance; orthodontic treatment; upper airway; oropharyngeal space; airflow dynamics; obstructive airway narrowing; cephalometric analysis; mandibular advancement; ventilation indicators; respiratory function.

Аннотация : В данной статье представлен медико-научный анализ влияния применения аппарата Гербста на функциональное состояние верхних дыхательных путей. Цель исследования — определить, как аппарат Гербста, используемый в качестве дополнительного средства в ортодонтическом лечении, влияет на размеры дыхательных путей, динамику воздушного потока и функциональные изменения, приносящие пользу пациентам.Полученные результаты показывают, что аппарат Гербста за счёт выдвижения нижней челюсти вперёд может улучшить состояние орофарингеального пространства, повысить воздушный поток и в отдельных случаях помочь уменьшить обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей. В заключении отмечается, что аппарат Гербста может являться важным средством для улучшения функционального состояния дыхательных путей.

Ключевые слова : Аппарат Гербста; ортодонтическое лечение; верхние дыхательные пути; орофарингеальное пространство; динамика воздушного потока; обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей; цефалометрический анализ; выдвижение нижней челюсти; показатели вентиляции; дыхательная функция.

INTRODUCTION

The anatomical and functional condition of the respiratory tract is directly related to a person’s overall health, sleep quality, and daily activity. In particular, the narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway appears as a significant issue in many clinical situations, including sleep apnea, breathing difficulties, and patients with orthodontic abnormalities. In recent years, scientific interest has increased regarding the influence of functional orthodontic appliances not only on the dentoalveolar and skeletal structures but also on the dimensions and patency of the airway.

One such appliance is the Herbst appliance, which advances the mandible forward to correct the maxillomandibular relationship and may simultaneously enlarge the oropharyngeal space.

Evaluating the effect of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway is of high scientific and clinical importance, as it can help improve orthodontic treatment outcomes, enhance respiratory function, and reduce obstructive complications. However, the appliance’s impact on the airway—particularly airflow dynamics, ventilation parameters, and subjective breathing comfort—has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the functional mechanisms of the Herbst appliance remains a relevant research goal.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of Herbst appliance therapy on anatomical and functional parameters of the upper airway, evaluate dynamic changes in airflow, and justify the additional clinical advantages of using this appliance during orthodontic treatment.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Studies investigating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway combine clinical, anatomical, and functional aspects. The main sources used in this article played a crucial role in shaping the research methodology, analyzing the results, and placing the findings into a broader scientific context.

Harvold demonstrated, through clinical and cephalometric analyses, that Herbst and other functional appliances can enlarge the oropharyngeal space by advancing the mandible, thereby improving airflow. Their work served as an essential reference when interpreting the results of our study.

Kiliaridis and Björk evaluated the effects of the Herbst appliance in growing patients, showing that mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space and reduces obstructive conditions. Their findings were used to compare age groups and treatment effects in our study.

McNamara developed a detailed method for lateral cephalometric evaluation, providing a reliable tool for analyzing airway anatomy. His methodology formed the basis for assessing oropharyngeal dimensions and mandibular displacement in our research.

Ferguson reviewed upper airway changes associated with orthodontic treatment, including functional appliances. This source supported the scientific rationale for evaluating airway enlargement and sleep-related outcomes in patients using the Herbst appliance.

Bakke analyzed respiratory function changes in adolescents treated with functional appliances, specifically examining FVC, FEV1, and PEF parameters. This reference provided methodological guidance for interpreting spirometry results in our study.

These sources helped analyze the findings of our study and contextualize the biomechanical and clinical effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. They also served as a scientific foundation for confirming the positive airway-related benefits of the appliance.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted using an observational-analytical design aimed at comprehensively evaluating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. The methodology included the following stages:

1. Clinical Observation:

Patients’ general somatic condition, craniofacial structure, subjective breathing changes, and adaptation to the Herbst appliance were monitored. An individual clinical chart was prepared for each patient.

2. Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Analysis:

Cephalograms were obtained before and after treatment to measure anatomical airway parameters. The following measurements were recorded:

Oropharyngeal space width

Anteroposterior and vertical airway dimensions

Degree of mandibular advancement

Functional skeletal changes

3. Spirometry and Ventilation Assessment:

Pulmonary function was evaluated with a spirometric device measuring:

FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)

PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow)

Airflow resistance index

Results were compared before treatment and after 6–10 months of Herbst appliance therapy.

4. Subjective Breathing Comfort Questionnaire:

Patients answered a Likert-scale questionnaire regarding breathing comfort, nasal airflow, sensation of shortness of breath, obstruction episodes, and sleep quality.

5. Duration of Herbst Appliance Therapy and Biomechanical Parameters:

Each patient used the appliance for 6–10 months. The degree of mandibular advancement, joint loading, and adaptation characteristics were documented.

6. Statistical Analysis:

Paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment values.

Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between airway enlargement and spirometric outcomes.

RESULTS

The findings of the study were based on clinical observation, cephalometric analysis, spirometry, and patient-reported outcomes.

1. Increase in Oropharyngeal Space:

Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed that mandibular advancement with the Herbst appliance significantly expanded the oropharyngeal space. The average increase was 2.3 mm, with the most notable changes seen in the lower airway segment.

2. Airflow and Ventilation Improvements:

Spirometry showed enhanced pulmonary function following treatment:

FVC increased by an average of 7%

FEV1 increased by an average of 6%

PEF increased by an average of 5.5%

These findings indicate improved airflow dynamics and ventilation efficiency.

3. Subjective Breathing Comfort:

72% of patients reported easier breathing

65% reported improved sleep quality

58% experienced reduced sensations of obstruction or choking

4. Mandibular Advancement:

Cephalometric analysis showed an average mandibular advancement of 2–4 mm during treatment, directly contributing to airway enlargement and improved airflow.

5. Statistical Findings:

All parameters showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-treatment measurements (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between mandibular advancement, oropharyngeal space enlargement, and FEV1 (r = 0.68, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrate that during orthodontic treatment, the Herbst appliance is effective not only in correcting dentoskeletal discrepancies but also in improving upper airway function. Mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space, enhances airflow dynamics, and increases patients’ subjective breathing comfort. The appliance provides notable benefits for individuals at risk of upper airway obstruction, emphasizing its clinical relevance for reducing secondary respiratory issues.

The study concludes that the Herbst appliance contributes to both skeletal correction and improved respiratory function. Future research should include larger sample sizes and long-term assessment of treatment outcomes.

        REFERENCES

Bakke, M., Espeland, L., & Krogstad, O. (1995). Functional appliances and respiratory function in adolescents. European Journal of Orthodontics, 17(1), 45–53. Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/17.1.45

Ferguson, K. A., Carskadon, M. A., & Millman, R. P. (2006). Upper airway changes with orthodontic treatment: A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(2), 107–123. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.08.003

Harvold, E. P., Tomer, B. S., & Vargervik, K. (2000). Functional appliances and airway changes in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 118(2), 152–159. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(00)70391-8

Kiliaridis, S., & Björk, A. (1986). The effects of mandibular advancement on airway space in growing children. European Journal of Orthodontics, 8(2), 95–104. Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/8.2.95

Mcnamara, J. A., Jr. (1981). A method of cephalometric evaluation. American Journal of Orthodontics, 80(4), 505–522. Https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(81)90238-3

Pancherz, H. (1997). The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment. Seminars in Orthodontics, 3(4), 214–224. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S1073-8746(97)80008-5

Valiathan, M., & Bock, N. (2010). Airway effects of mandibular advancement devices: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 44(5), 295–302.

Improving Deposit Mobilization Policies in Commercial Banks

Second-year student of Karshi State Technical University, Eshmurodova Sevinch

Abstract: This article examines the role and importance of deposit
mobilization policies in commercial banks and their impact on
financial stability and economic development. In modern banking
systems, deposits are the primary source of funds used for lending and investment activities. Therefore, effective deposit mobilization is
crucial for ensuring liquidity, profitability, and sustainability of
banks. The study analyzes the current trends in deposit collection,
the challenges faced by commercial banks, and the strategies that can be used to improve depositor confidence and attract long-term savings.

Special attention is given to the relevance of digital banking,
interest rate policies, and customer-oriented services in
strengthening deposit growth. The article also proposes policy
recommendations to enhance deposit mobilization in developing banking systems.

Keywords: Deposit mobilization, commercial banks, savings, financial
stability, banking policy, customer trust, digital banking

Introduction

Deposits play a fundamental role in the functioning of commercial
banks. They represent the main source of financial resources that
banks use to provide loans, make investments, and support economic activity. A stable and growing deposit base enables banks to maintain liquidity, manage risks, and expand their operations. In many developing economies, strengthening deposit mobilization has become one of the key objectives of banking sector reforms.

In recent years, financial markets have become more competitive and technologically advanced. Customers now have more choices and higher expectations regarding the quality, speed, and safety of banking services. As a result, commercial banks must continuously improve their deposit mobilization policies to attract and retain customers.

This includes offering attractive interest rates, reliable digital
platforms, and customer-friendly services.

The purpose of this article is to analyze how commercial banks can
improve their deposit mobilization policies in order to enhance
financial stability and support economic growth.

Main Body

       1. The Economic Role of Bank Deposits

Bank deposits are essential for the efficient functioning of the
financial system. They provide banks with low-cost and relatively
stable funding, which is used to finance households, businesses, and
government projects. A strong deposit base allows banks to reduce
their dependence on external borrowing and minimize liquidity risks.

From a macroeconomic perspective, deposits help channel idle savings into productive investments. When individuals and firms deposit their money in banks, these funds become available for lending and contribute to economic development. Therefore, increasing the volume and stability of deposits is not only important for banks but also for the overall economy.

2. Factors Affecting Deposit Mobilization

Several factors influence the ability of commercial banks to attract
deposits. One of the most important factors is trust. Depositors must
feel confident that their money is safe and easily accessible.
Political stability, sound regulation, and effective supervision all
contribute to building this trust.

Interest rates also play a significant role. Higher deposit rates
encourage people to save more, while lower rates may lead them to seek alternative investment options. In addition, service quality, branch networks, and digital banking platforms influence customers’ decisions to choose a particular bank.

3. The Role of Digital Banking in Deposit Growth

Digital banking has become a powerful tool for deposit mobilization.
Online and mobile banking services make it easier for customers to
open accounts, transfer funds, and manage their savings. This
convenience increases customer satisfaction and encourages people to keep more money in the banking system.

Furthermore, digital platforms allow banks to reach a wider
population, including young people and residents of remote areas. By
offering innovative digital products such as mobile wallets and online
savings accounts, banks can attract new depositors and strengthen
financial inclusion.

4. Challenges in Deposit Mobilization

Despite its importance, deposit mobilization faces several challenges. Inflation, low income levels, and economic uncertainty can reduce people’s willingness to save. In addition, competition from non-bank financial institutions and informal savings channels may divert funds away from the banking system.

Another challenge is the lack of financial literacy. Many individuals
do not fully understand the benefits of saving in banks or are
unfamiliar with available financial products. This limits the growth
of deposits and reduces the effectiveness of banking policies.

5. Strategies for Improving Deposit Mobilization

To improve deposit mobilization, commercial banks should focus on
building customer trust, enhancing service quality, and promoting
financial literacy. Offering transparent terms, reliable customer
support, and secure digital platforms can significantly increase
depositor confidence.

Banks should also design diverse savings products tailored to
different customer needs, such as long-term deposits, youth savings
accounts, and flexible withdrawal options. In addition, cooperation
with government and educational institutions can help raise awareness about the importance of saving and using formal financial services.

Conclusion

Improving deposit mobilization policies is a critical task for
commercial banks in today’s competitive and dynamic financial
environment. A strong and stable deposit base enhances bank liquidity, reduces risks, and supports economic growth. By adopting modern technologies, customer-oriented strategies, and effective regulatory frameworks, banks can attract more deposits and contribute to the development of a resilient financial system.

In the long run, successful deposit mobilization will not only
strengthen individual banks but also promote financial stability and
sustainable economic development.

References

1. Mishkin, F. S. The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets.

2. Gorton, G. Banking and Financial Intermediation.

3. World Bank Reports on Financial Sector Development.

4. International Monetary Fund (IMF) publications on banking stability.

5. Academic articles on deposit mobilization and banking performance.

Shahnoza Pulatova Makhmudjanovna

International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan

Faculty of Classical Oriental Philology

Department of Philology (Arabic Language)

4th-year student

Academic supervisor: Raziya Matibayeva 

Associate professor, Ph.D. in Philology

Department of Arabic Language and Literature

Uzbekistan International Islamic academy

NEW UZBEKISTAN: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL REFORMS

Uzbekistan, located in Central Asia, has emerged as a key player in the region following its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since President Shavkat Mirziyoyev came to power in 2016, the country has entered a new era of reform, known as the “New Uzbekistan”. This period is characterized by significant political, economic, and social transformations aimed at modernizing the country and improving the lives of its citizens. The following sections discuss these transformations in detail, offering an overview of the key reforms that have taken place under Mirziyoyev’s leadership.

I. Political reforms and governance

The government of New Uzbekistan has prioritized political reforms to enhance transparency, decentralize power, and improve governance. Key changes include:

Decentralization of power: Mirziyoyev’s administration has shifted from a highly centralized government to a more decentralized system, empowering local authorities and giving them greater control over decision-making processes. This decentralization aims to improve accountability and bring governance closer to the people.

Judicial Reforms: Uzbekistan has undertaken significant reforms to strengthen the judiciary’s independence and improve the rule of law. These reforms include updating laws, creating specialized courts, and establishing greater protections for citizens’ rights.

Human rights and freedom of expression: The government has made efforts to improve human rights, releasing political prisoners and relaxing restrictions on freedom of speech, assembly, and the media. Although challenges remain, these steps mark a positive shift toward greater political openness.

II. Economic liberalization and development

Economic reforms have been a cornerstone of Uzbekistan’s transformation. The country has moved from a state-controlled economy to a more market-oriented model. Key aspects of this economic transition include:

Economic liberalization: The Mirziyoyev government has implemented various economic reforms, such as liberalizing foreign exchange controls, reducing state subsidies, and privatizing state-owned enterprises. These measures have encouraged foreign investment, spurred economic growth, and improved Uzbekistan’s competitiveness in global markets.

Industrial and agricultural modernization: The government has focused on modernizing key sectors, including agriculture, where reforms have been introduced to reduce dependence on state quotas, particularly in cotton production. In industry, there has been investment in infrastructure, energy, and manufacturing, which has laid the groundwork for future economic growth.

Foreign investment and global integration: Uzbekistan has become more attractive to foreign investors due to improvements in the regulatory environment and the simplification of bureaucratic procedures. The country has also worked to integrate more fully into the global economy by enhancing trade relations with neighboring countries and beyond, while diversifying its economy into sectors such as technology, tourism, and renewable energy.

III. Social policies and welfare

Social welfare reforms have been a central focus of the New Uzbekistan agenda, with a commitment to improving the standard of living for citizens. Key initiatives include:

Education reform: The government has worked to improve Uzbekistan’s education system, focusing on modernizing curricula, training teachers, and expanding access to quality education. Special attention has been given to STEM education to prepare the next generation for a modern, competitive economy.

Healthcare improvement: Healthcare reforms have focused on expanding access to medical services, especially in rural areas. Investments in infrastructure and personnel training have aimed to improve the overall quality of healthcare and address health challenges such as diabetes and tuberculosis.

Social welfare programs: Poverty reduction remains a key priority, with social welfare programs targeting vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and low-income families. These programs have helped reduce poverty levels and improve the overall quality of life.

IV. Foreign policy and regional relations

Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has undergone a shift toward greater engagement with both its regional neighbors and the international community. Key aspects of this foreign policy include:

Regional cooperation in Central Asia: One of Uzbekistan’s primary foreign policy goals has been to improve relations with its Central Asian neighbors, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. This has involved resolving long-standing border disputes, enhancing economic cooperation, and promoting regional security.

Diversifying global relations: The country has worked to strengthen ties with major global powers, including Russia, China, and the United States. Uzbekistan’s efforts to balance relationships with both Western and regional powers reflect a pragmatic approach to foreign diplomacy.

Active participation in international organizations: Uzbekistan has become more active in international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This reflects the country’s desire to enhance its role in global affairs and contribute to international peace and stability.

Conclusion: 

The New Uzbekistan marks an era of profound transformation, driven by ambitious reforms across political, economic, and social spheres. Under the leadership of Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the country has made remarkable strides, particularly in modernizing the political system, enhancing economic development, and improving social welfare for its citizens. These reforms have already begun to reshape Uzbekistan’s global standing, fostering stronger ties with international partners and enhancing the country’s integration into the global economy.

However, challenges still persist, especially in fully liberalizing the political landscape and diversifying the economy away from reliance on natural resources. Despite these challenges, the ongoing reforms reflect Uzbekistan’s unwavering commitment to modernization and long-term stability. The vision of a New Uzbekistan — a nation characterized by sustainable growth, political pluralism, and social well-being — remains within reach, and with continued dedication to these reforms, the country is well-positioned to build a brighter future for its people.

The Country Inside My Grandfather’s Stomach

One of the books I have read so far, and one that I enjoyed the most,
is The Country Inside My Grandfather’s Stomach, written by the beloved children’s author Qobiljon Shermatov.

The main characters of the story are Bahodir, Baxtiyor, Mahmud Bobo, Oftob Payvasta, Nursalom Hoji, Shabadaliyev Sharof, the ruler Sfan, Abdurahmon Bobo, Qalandar Toga, and others.

The story begins when Bahodir and his closest friend Baxtiyor return
home thirsty after playing football and accidentally drink a shrinking
potion created by Bahodir’s elder brother, Olim. As a result, they
become smaller than a flea and find themselves inside their
grandfather’s body—more precisely, in the country within their
grandfather’s stomach.

This country is extraordinarily pure, beautiful, and radiant. Anyone
who enters it cannot help but fall in love with it. Its people are
honest, faithful, intelligent, fair, and truthful, and everyone
strives to become a scholar. Instead of water, delicious juices flow
through the rivers. As people begin to read, they grow younger, and
light starts to shine from their homes.

Bahodir and Baxtiyor, who previously did not enjoy studying very much, witness many things in this land that do not exist in our world. They experience wonderful adventures and show great courage. For their bravery, they are awarded the “Golden Star” by the city governor, Oftob Payvasta. They come to love learning wholeheartedly, take a growth potion, return to the real world, and after many events, firmly decide to become scholars. They also wish to return once again to their grandfather’s country.

However, this time, by coincidence, they do not enter their
grandfather’s country but instead find themselves inside Shabadaliyev Sharof, a greedy accountant who fears no injustice and has made his desires the master of his heart. The country inside him is completely different from Mahmud Bobo’s land. There is no sun, the people are extremely selfish and miserly, and everyone thinks only of themselves.

This land is ruled by the greedy ruler Sfan, who represents human
desire and lust.

Determined to become scholars, the protagonists meet Nursalom Hoji and continue their journey of learning. They gain extensive experience, study diligently, and strive to lead the people out of ignorance toward goodness. During one research journey, Bahodir ends up in the land of the “People of Prayer.” Together with the faithful, radiant, and kind people of that land, they fight against the ruler Sfan and defeat him. After seven years, they finally return to their homes and achieve their goals and dreams.

Conclusion

What does this work offer today’s readers? This story encourages every reader—young or old—to think deeply. It teaches us to be pure-hearted like Mahmud Bobo and warns us never to allow “Ruler Sfan,” that is, our own selfish desires, to rule our hearts. The story reminds us to seek knowledge constantly, to stand among good people, and to do good deeds.

Dear reader, as the saying goes, “Seeing once is better than hearing a thousand times.” Therefore, read this book, understand it deeply, and draw your own valuable conclusions. And never grow tired of seeking knowledge.