The role of breath in expressive reading of texts

Kattakurgan State Pedagogical Institute
Uzbek language and literature
25.03-Group student Aliyeva Zulaykho

Annotatsiya: Maqolada til va adabiyot yo‘nalishi talabalari uchun muhim bo‘lgan ifodali o‘qish praktikumi haqida,uning spetsifik xususiyatlari to‘g‘risida bayon qilingan. Bundan maqsad bo‘lajak o‘qituvchi-pedagoglarda nutqiy savodxonlikni oshirish,ifodali o‘qish ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishdir. Nafas,ovoz va tembrdan foydalanish yo‘llari bo‘yicha tadqiqot natijalari bilan bo’lishish.
Kalit so‘zlar: Mashq,ovoz,tembr,urg‘u,nafas,pauza,tadqiqot,nafas olish yo‘llari.

Аннотация: В статье описывается практика выразительного чтения, актуальная для студентов филологического факультета, и её особенности. Целью статьи является повышение речевой грамотности и развитие навыков выразительного чтения у будущих учителей. Представлены результаты исследований по использованию дыхания, голоса и тембра.
Ключевые слова: Упражнение, голос, тембр, акцент, дыхание, пауза, исследование, дыхательные пути.

Abstract: The article discusses important issues for students of language and literature. The expressive reading practicum and its specific features are described. The goal is to improve speech literacy and develop expressive reading skills in future teachers. Sharing the results of research on the use of breath, voice, and timbre.
Keywords: Exercise, voice, timbre, accent, breath, pause, research, respiratory tract.

INTRODUCTION

To read texts, works of art in an expressive, expressive way, it is necessary to pay attention to such physiological phenomena as Breath, pronunciation, voice, timbre-that is, the most important of these is breath. In the process of speech, breath adjustments between words and sentences arise-from the need to take a new reserve of air and restore a weakened breath.

Professor Nizamiddin Mahmudov,in his book “Culture of Teacher Speech”, cites the information that the famous ancient Greek orator Demosthenes could not speak beautifully and impressively, initially with a low voice, poor pronunciation, short breath. In social communication intervention, beautiful, clean and touching speech has always taken its place from the center of topical issues. Even today, there are such shortcomings among young speakers, that is, educators. Most of our scholars have conducted their own research on these issues. In particular, the teaching manual “Basics of expressive reading”, created by the S.Inomkhojayev and A.Zunnunov, recommended certain types of breathing exercises to improve breathing activity. In today’s study, we used an experimental study and tried to find solutions to issues such as breathing methods, how to get it right. This study was conducted among members of the community who were just starting to study speech science, and the results were obtained.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this experimental study, two high school seniors were selected, and during an expressive reading session, breathing exercises were performed in two different ways, and then the text was taught, in order to check who had a deeper breath, did not break quickly. In this, the first teenager was compared with the method of concentrating breathing through a counting exercise, and the second-with methods of collecting breathing through a abdominal pulling exercise. That is, a counting exercise is an exercise that initially counts from one to five. After one to five counts, the breath is taken and the exercise is continued again. The number is then increased to ten, followed by 15.20.25.The next abdominal pull-up exercise was also mastered by the second student. In this case, air will accumulate, filling the lungs with the abdomen pulled into it, and the resulting breath will have to be exhaled in sections. Through these two types of exercises, the skills of getting, Holding and controlling breathing correctly are generated. And proper control of breathing is the basis of expressive reading practice.

REVIEW OF USED LITERATURE

In the literature of medicine, three different types of breathing are indicated: 1.Breathing from the gift; 2.Chest – breathing through the abdomen; 3. Mixed breathing. When speaking, it is necessary to breathe smoothly, naturally without hoarseness, spend it at the request of the desired tone. In the tutorial “Basics of expressive reading”, created by S.Inomkhojayev and A.Zunnunov, the following five different breathing exercises are recommended to improve breathing activity:

1.Control exercise. In this case, it is carried out with the aim of controlling the correct intake of breath in a diaphragm-mixed way. In this case, while standing freely and pressing two ribs with both hands, a slow, deep breath is taken, and again slowly exhale. A deep breath raises the arm placed on the rib to two sides.

2.Abdominal pulling exercise. This is an exercise in pulling the abdomen up while “holding “ the air filled with the lungs.
3.Counting exercise (in which the methodology of studies was given in part).
4.Musajja ‘ exercise. In this case, the saj’ texts are pronounced freely, taking a breath in two or three places, and then a long breath is taken.
In S.Karimov’s book” The culture of speech and the art of Mutola”, it is said about breathing: the correct way to breathe-release is the physical basis of sound resonance. Incorrect breathing negatively affects the sound ringing, sound polishing is impaired. By developing the skill of diaphragmatic-rib breathing and using sound amplification devices, you can improve the quality of sound and make it more resonant.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Experimental research results: breath-holding skills in expressive reading of texts have tested positive through both exercises. However, it should be noted-that the second of these methods, that is, the control of breathing through a counting exercise, showed a relatively superior result. After the rehearsals, both testers were given the text of the lecture and a request was made to read it expressively. Recent results have shown that the student who breathed through the counting exercise did not make false interruptions in the text. The purpose of this was not to read the text in one breath, but to reach the point where the thought completion was given, not to “patch” the end of the text, and in this the second method prevailed. This is due to the fact that in a counting exercise, there is a gradual increase, that is, a state of holding the breath for a longer period of time, so that each breathing interval is extended. When speaking with an expression, it is recommended to do such exercises regularly, and not at that time frame.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the characteristic that determines the spiritual status of a person is his speech. When speech loses its affectivity, logic, clarity and purity, and expressiveness, it also spontaneously affects our level among society. And in order to increase the concentration of these signs in our speech, we need to regularly perform the exercises presented above. In order to properly control breathing, it is recommended to mention riddles in combination with the above exercises, also increasing the number in one breath. Of course, there are also special guides and exercise books for speakers, the use of which will not be of use to ourselves. The platform” you tube “also has ten” Lesson of Sukhandon ” of the speaker and singer Shuhrat Qayumov. It was also in these lessons that breathing techniques were taught in detail. Hence, the main weapon of expressive speech is the ability to control breathing.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI

1.Nizomiddin Mahmudov (2009). O‘qituvchi nutqi madaniyati. Alisher Navoiy nomidagi O‘zbekiston Milliy kutubxonasi nashriyoti.
2.Nor’qul Bekmikrzayev (2007).Nutq madaniyati va notiqlik asoslari.O’zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar Akademiyasi ‘Fan” nashriyoti.
3.R.Rasulov, Q.Mo‘ydinov (2015).Nutq madaniyati va notiqlik san’ati.Toshkent. 4.Suyun Karimov (2020).Nutq madaniyati va mutolaa san’ati.Samarqand:SamDu nashri.
5.Ziyoda Masharipova (2011).Ifodali o‘qish praktikumi.Alisher Navoiy nomidagi O‘zbekiston Milliy kutubxonasi nashriyoti.
6.Suxandonlik darslari. You Tube Registon TV. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2TP8Mg_Nyw

Somebody, light this

joint for me so we can pass

zen in a circle.

a bottle of red wine

in primordial forest:

man’s next telescope

I live, a Buddhist.

Is this why your manger chills,

plastic baby Christ?

pick me up

pick 

again on touch: because you do it so 

around and again and never on me! you 

frustration in my life, built up of time 

zones and oceans and the seams of 

when there’s a you and a

me

type of sea, 

for fish for fish for fish in my pocket

wiggling with eyes and tries 

to grow biceps and triceps.

for fish for fish for fish for you, your

rivers that built the canoes we kiss tonight and

tomorrow night we kiss the rivers for lying about building 

them and us

up 

high on the squishness of the waves that built 

your skill at good-byeing away again seam

ripping my rivers 

and rivers of joints apart from when we met 

hoards of boats ago yet you hoard only 

my joints of all things?

hunched over me as i hunch over 

what i associate with you? 

what could i associate with you 

other than your posture as you’re watching 

me. maybe a physical thing 

that i hate the way i hate the way 

rivers build canoes and 

canoes build nothing and

nothing builds 

again on touch, of all things.

First Sonnet

I love writing as a personal ability

I can use it and make whatever I want as I see fit

It feels enlightening, and has the capacity to be frightening

There is no way I will use the term “lit”

No, there are no terms to describe it for me

I use it every day, or at least think about it, I am not obsessed with it

Coming up with such ideas is always good with a cup of British tea

For my level of skill despite being only above average I do not contest it

Creations Encompassed

Singular, I am one singular being?

I disagree, I am many, and many am I

That belief always sways while I flip a dime

“Will these thoughts change with enough time?”

There is no one to answer but myself

The mind both does and does not have such wealth

I hear the silence as music

Although off-topic, I peer through the darkness

The light shines through and I am in a world of white

Too bright, then too dark

It is no walk in the park

This is my mind, why not have a look inside

I disagree with me being one

I live in all of my creations who will not be undone.

WINGLESS ANGEL

I was born in a kingdom with underground passages. The king was a tyrant and the queen a woman made up of lies. Poverty, lowliness, and humiliation. I was raised like a guinea pig for experiments. I was raised with the seed of a soul. I have wanted wings since I was a child.

Since I was a child, I wished to fly away from the harshness and darkness of this life. An old man once said to me: “I want to fly. Nothing is certain in this world, but whoever denies heaven will be denied by heaven. I believed it.

I began to have a will to the sun. I knew that even in the land of underground passageways, we are made up of the power of the heavens and the earth. It is not a flight to the top. Rather, we fly to the bottom. To the very depths of humanity.

The ugliness of human beings, their meanness toward the upper class and their pride toward the lower class, became my strength. Wingless flight. I descended to the bottom of the underground passage. There, the living had no purpose, and their souls were as good as dead. Here it became clear to me for the first time that I was an angel without wings.

I planted the seeds of my soul in them without reserve. The will to the sun. With their last strength, they ran up the underground passageway and escaped to the earth. To a land without a tyrannical king and a false queen.

Burnt by the sun and with blinded eyes, they ran up to a high cliff. Then, arms outstretched, they soared toward the sun, one after the other, light and full of happiness.

Received the Rekitei Shinei Award in Japan, 2019. Invited by Master Ngo of Taiwan to write haiku for World Haiku and started writing haiku on the internet. In 2020 Richard Vallance of Ottawa, Canada invited me to write here as well, spreading my haiku around the world. In Arabic-speaking countries, Mahmound Al-Rajabi and Ragbi published a collection of my haiku. Starting in 2019, they published four books of haiku in the Arabic-speaking world. 

I’m the winner of the Arab Golden Planet Award for 2022. Arabic-speaking countries awarded me the title of Doctor of Literature in 2023.

My poems were published in the Albanian magazine “Orfew.al” in 2024. My poem is published in “Daily Global Nation” in Bangladesh. My poem will be published in Polis Magazine, Greece. I’ve received a letter of commendation from Poets UK. My poems were published in a Korean magazine. I have a poem published in Kolkata Jishu International Poetry Magazine, India, and a poem published in a Greek electronic magazine. 

I’ve had a poem published in Poetry Planetariat, Nepal. A collection of my poems were published in Bengali-speaking countries. Three of my poems were published in Half-Yearly magazine in India. Three of my poems were published in Raft of Dreams Literary Magazine. One of my poems was published in Hyperpoem, Nepal. A poem was published in Sophy Chen’s Translation World Poetry Yearbook in China. 

My poem was published in Polis Magazine, courtesy of Eva Lianou Petropou, a Nobel Peace Prize nominee from Greece and a kind friend. My poems are published in the British art media. My poems will be published in Resonance and Roots Poetry Anthology. (I seem to have forgotten the names of magazines and newspapers in which my poems appeared due to my negligence. My apologies）.

The English poetry collection ‘The Silence of Time’ is currently available on Amazon.  Japanese Poetry Collections: The Boat on the Mountain, The Soul Book / The Cripple of My Soul, Poem to the Fools, Eternal Tower, an Arabic language haiku collection, Snowy Night, Buson’s Brush, Whereabouts of the River, and The Number of my Sorrows

Empowered Women Empower Women

Women’s empowerment is the process by which women become aware of gender-based unequal power relationships and acquire a greater voice in which to speak out against the inequality found in the home, workplace, and community. An empowered woman not only changes her life but also uplifts her family and contributes to society. Though millions of women worldwide are still denied education — a reality that limits not only their potential but also their societies. 

Today women empowerment plays a vital role in societies. From economic growth to social stability, the benefits of empowering women reverberate across every aspect of society. One of the most compelling reasons to empower women is its direct correlation with economic prosperity. When women are empowered with education, access to resources, opportunities, entire economies flourish. According to studies, investing women’s empowerment leads to increase in productivity and growth of a country.

Additionally, women’s empowerment is crucial for gender equality and discrimination. Despite the actions taken in this, still women around the world are facing barriers in education, violence, disdain and rights. Empowering women means challenging entrenched norms and stereotypes that perpetuate gender inequality. It involves creating inclusive policies, providing access to justice, and promoting women’s leadership at all levels of society. All in all, women empowerment takes the important part in all fields – healthcare, economics, education, industry.

Despite clear progress, numerous obstacles continue to restrict women’s equal access to education and empowerment.

Cultural expectations, early marriage, limited resources and gender stereotypes still restrict girls’ choices and ambition. To combat this, organisations such as Women In Tech and the PORLA project are enhancing women’s employability and promoting entrepreneurial skills across remote and traditionally underserved areas. Likewise, the establishment of the Entrepreneurial Women’s Council in March 2025 under the Chamber of Commerce and Industry aims to boost legal, financial and practical support for female entrepreneurs. 

On a personal level, as a high-school student I co-founded Girls Hub, which has supported over 50 Afghan girls and is now collaborating with Nigerian peers hoping that change begins with young women taking leadership in education and solidarity.

If we truly believe that empowered women empower others, then education is the gateway to transformation. From the classrooms of Uzbekistan to global networks connecting Afghan and Nigerian girls, every investment in a young woman’s learning creates exponential returns for families, communities and nations. My journey with Girls Hub, standing alongside students who face barriers and believing in their potential, reminds me that real change comes from shared purpose, courageous action and unrelenting hope. Let us commit to policies that dismantle stereotypes, resources that expand access, and mentorship that lifts every girl toward her fullest future. Because when a woman learns, we all grow.

I am Lolaxon Sodiqxonova, a 17-year-old senior at the Specialized Boarding School in Namangan, Uzbekistan. I am passionate about empowering women and have already taken several actions toward this goal. For example, I worked as the Head Ambassador of the PORLA project, which educates women and girls on AI tools and STEM, even providing opportunities for internships. This sparked my interest in women’s empowerment and encouraged me to co-found Girls Hub, a global platform mentoring young women on scholarships, languages, and some aspects of STEM. Today, Girls Hub has two international collaborations and more than 100 alumni. Moreover, I entered the world of start-ups with this project and became the winner of the Digital Generation Girls – Start-Ups Competition. My dedication to this field also led me to success in a prestigious international program—the Women2Women International Leadership Program, hosted by Emerson College and held at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

The Intersection of Combinatorics and Biological Systems: A Computational and Molecular Analysis

Abstract

This paper explores the fundamental role of discrete mathematics, specifically combinatorics, in understanding biological structures. From the quaternary logic of DNA to the complex folding patterns of proteins, combinatorial optimization provides the necessary framework for modern bioinformatics. We analyze the mathematical constraints of the genetic code, De Bruijn graphs in genome assembly, and the combinatorial explosion in phylogenetics.

1. Introduction: The Digitization of Biology

Modern biology has transitioned from a descriptive science to an information science. The biological cell functions as a complex information processor where discrete units (nucleotides and amino acids) are arranged in specific sequences. Combinatorics, the study of counting, arrangement, and permutation, provides the language to decode this information.

2. Combinatorial Logic of the Genetic Code

The most striking example of combinatorics in nature is the triplet codon system.

2.1. Permutations with Repetitions

The DNA alphabet consists of four bases: \mathcal{A} = \{A, C, G, T\}. To code for 20 essential amino acids, the sequence length n must satisfy the condition 4^n \geq 20.

If n=2, then 4^2 = 16 (Insufficient).

If n=3, then 4^3 = 64 (Sufficient).

This redundancy (64 codons for 20 acids) allows for synonymous mutations, providing a combinatorial buffer against genetic errors.

3. Graph Theory and Genome Assembly

In DNA sequencing (Next-Generation Sequencing), the laboratory can only read short fragments (reads). Reconstructing the full genome is a combinatorial puzzle.

3.1. De Bruijn Graphs

To assemble a genome, bioinformaticians use De Bruijn graphs where:

Nodes represent (k-1)-mers.

Edges represent k-mers.

The problem of finding the original DNA sequence is transformed into finding an Eulerian Path (visiting every edge exactly once) within this massive graph. This reduces the complexity of searching through n! possible permutations of fragments.

4. Combinatorial Explosion in Phylogenetics

Phylogenetics aims to reconstruct the evolutionary tree of life. However, as the number of species (n) increases, the number of possible tree topologies grows factorially.

My name is Shahlo Rustamova, daughter of Ilhkom, a passionate and ambitious student born on June 8, 2007, in Shakhrisabz district, Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan! 

I am currently a first year student of Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute on the basis of a state grant. I have earned several educational grants and awards, and I am an owner of national Biology certificate.  

With a deep interest in leadership, public speaking, and writing, I continue to work hard toward achieving academic excellence and inspiring others in my community.