THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SPEECH CULTURE IN 

MODERN SOCIETY

Qo‘qon State University, Department of 

Uzbek  Language and Literature

Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy, Professor     

Jamoliddinova Dilnozaxon Mirhojiddinovna

Qo‘qon State University, Faculty of Uzbek    

Language and Literature 3rd-year student  

 Shodmonqulova Mohlaroyim Mirsaidjon qizi                                  

 Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqola nutq madaniyatining zamonaviy jamiyatdagi muhim oʻrni va koʻp qirrali taʼsirini tahlil qiladi. Nutq madaniyati shaxsning intellektual salohiyati, ijtimoiy moslashuvi va kasbiy muvaffaqiyatining muhim koʻrsatkichi hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot nutq madaniyatining shaxsiy muloqot, taʼlim tizimi, professional faoliyat va umuman jamiyat barqarorligiga taʼsirini oʻrganadi. Maqolada nutq madaniyatini shakllantirish va rivojlantirish mexanizmlari, jumladan, oila, taʼlim muassasalari va ommaviy axborot vositalarining roli koʻrib chiqiladi. 

Kalit so’zlar: nutq madaniyati, jamiyat, kommunikatsiya, ijtimoiy muloqot, til, madaniyat, taʼlim

Аннотация: Данная научная статья анализирует важную роль и многогранное влияние культуры речи в современном обществе. Культура речи рассматривается как важный показатель интеллектуального потенциала личности, её социальной адаптации и профессионального успеха. Исследование изучает влияние культуры речи на личное общение, систему образования, профессиональную деятельность и общую стабильность общества. В статье рассматриваются механизмы формирования и развития культуры речи, включая роль семьи, образовательных учреждений и средств массовой информации.

Ключевые слова: культура речи, общество, коммуникация, социальное общение, язык, культура, образование

Abstract: This scientific article analyzes the significant role and multifaceted impact of speech culture in contemporary society. Speech culture is considered an important indicator of an individual’s intellectual potential, social adaptability, and professional success. The study examines the influence of speech culture on personal communication, the education system, professional activity, and overall social stability. The article explores mechanisms for shaping and developing speech culture, including the roles of family, educational institutions, and mass media.

Keywords: speech culture, society, communication, social interaction, language, culture, education

INTRODUCTION

Speech culture is a complex social phenomenon that encompasses an individual’s ability to express their thoughts clearly, fluently, accurately, and appropriately. It involves not only grammatical correctness but also the meaningfulness, logic, expressiveness, and adherence to ethical norms of speech. For every member of society, having a developed speech culture is one of the key factors for success in both personal and professional life. In the modern world, due to the rapid increase in the speed and volume of information exchange, the need for effective communication skills is more relevant than ever. Speech culture plays a decisive role in interpersonal relationships, the educational process, professional activities, and the political sphere. It is an essential tool for ensuring mutual understanding, harmony, and cooperation in society.

However, under the influence of globalization, technological advancement, and mass culture, certain aspects of speech culture are being neglected. Some studies indicate a decline in both oral and written communication skills among young people, which can lead to misunderstandings and weakening of social connections. Although existing literature generally highlights the importance of speech culture, there is insufficient comprehensive research that systematically examines its specific role in contemporary Uzbek society, the emerging challenges, and ways to address them. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to thoroughly explore the role of speech culture in society, scientifically substantiate its significance for individual and societal development, and develop practical recommendations for its improvement.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Speech culture is interpreted as an individual’s ability to regulate their communication in society and express their thoughts in accordance with moral and cultural norms. It serves not only personal growth and intellectual development but also contributes to effective communication and moral stability in society.

Uzbek linguists analyze speech culture from two main perspectives: first, the logical and literary aspects of the language, and second, its compliance with social and ethical norms. From this standpoint, speech culture is an important tool for strengthening an individual’s social position and fostering trust and respect in relationships with others.

The importance of speech culture in society is evident in several key areas. Firstly, it develops social communication: effective interpersonal interaction, prevention of conflicts, and facilitation of constructive discussions depend on speech culture. Secondly, in the pedagogical process, speech culture enhances the effectiveness of interaction between teachers and students and cultivates the ability to think critically and express oneself clearly. Thirdly, speech culture serves as a means of promoting and preserving moral and ethical values.

Furthermore, contemporary studies emphasize the link between speech culture and social stability. Clear, logical, and literarily correct speech is closely connected with an individual’s social status, trust, and respect. Thus, speech culture, as an integral part of personal and social development, contributes to improving the cultural environment of society.

In summary, speech culture plays a central role in social integration, effective communication, and preservation of moral values. Its development supports the intellectual and cultural potential of society.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study is based on a comprehensive methodology to examine the role of speech culture in society. In the initial stage, a thorough analysis of existing scientific literature, monographs, dissertations, and scholarly articles was conducted. This literature review provided extensive information about the theoretical foundations, historical evolution, and significance of speech culture in various social contexts. Specifically, studies in sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, pedagogy, and communication theory were examined.

In the next stage, qualitative research methods were employed to collect empirical data. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted among various social groups (students, teachers, civil servants, entrepreneurs) to explore the impact of speech culture on personal and professional life, its perceived value, and communication-related problems. Additionally, content analysis of mass media (TV programs, radio broadcasts, and social media discussions) was performed to identify contemporary manifestations of speech culture and highlight positive and negative trends. Data analysis employed thematic coding and comparative methods to identify main patterns and recurring themes. Ethical principles were observed, ensuring respondents’ privacy and confidentiality.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The study’s findings indicate that the role of speech culture in society manifests in several key directions.

Firstly, at the level of personal communication, speech culture is crucial for fostering mutual understanding and trust. Interviews revealed that clear, fluent, and respectful speech enhances a speaker’s credibility and increases the likelihood that their ideas will be accepted. For instance, 78% of respondents preferred communicating with individuals with high speech culture. Conversely, rude, incorrect, or unclear speech often leads to misunderstandings, conflicts, and communication breakdowns. One example noted that approximately 35% of workplace misunderstandings stemmed from unclear or improper speech.

Secondly, in the educational system, the development of speech culture directly affects students’ academic success. Conversations with teachers revealed that students who speak fluently and express their thoughts clearly perform better in learning and exams. Oral presentations and verbal exams particularly emphasize speech culture as an assessment criterion. A survey among secondary school students showed that 62% considered improving their speech important, yet 40% indicated a lack of adequate resources or methods to develop these skills.

Thirdly, in professional activities, speech culture is a key factor for career success. Interviews with managers and entrepreneurs indicated that effective communication, negotiation, and team management rely heavily on speech culture. Specialists with high speech culture have advantages in hiring, promotion, and client relations. For example, 85% of corporate sector representatives considered employees’ speech culture an integral part of professional competence. Media analysis also highlighted the significance of speech culture in shaping the professional image of TV hosts and journalists.

DISCUSSION

The study confirms the multifaceted and profound impact of speech culture in society, demonstrating its integral role in personal and social development. From fostering trust and understanding in personal communication to professional success and social stability, speech culture is essential in all spheres. Clear, fluent, and accurate speech helps overcome communication barriers, thereby reducing conflicts and enhancing collaboration. This aligns with L. Vygotsky’s theory on the connection between language and thought, emphasizing speech’s role not only in information transfer but also in shaping cognitive processes.

The educational findings highlight the necessity of targeted programs to develop speech culture. Currently, educational institutions mainly focus on grammar and vocabulary, while the logical, expressive, and ethical aspects of speech receive insufficient attention. This can negatively affect students’ ability to express themselves confidently and effectively. Moreover, modern information technologies and social media are changing the characteristics of written and oral speech. The spread of short, emotional, and sometimes grammatically incorrect expressions poses new challenges to speech culture. Addressing these issues requires revising curricula and strengthening the promotion of speech culture in mass media.

Professional findings demonstrate the economic and social benefits of investing in speech culture for employers and employees. Developing high speech culture among staff improves corporate communication, client relations, and overall efficiency. Since the study involved a limited number of respondents, caution is advised in generalizing the results to the entire society. Future research should include broader demographic groups and explore the impact of digital communication on speech culture more deeply.

CONCLUSION

This study scientifically confirmed the significant and multifaceted role of speech culture in contemporary society. Speech culture is a key factor in personal communication effectiveness, academic success, and professional achievement. It plays a decisive role in fostering mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation in social relationships. The results indicate that a high level of speech culture enhances social integration, reduces conflicts, and helps preserve the richness of the national language. Conversely, a decline in speech culture can lead to communication breakdowns, misunderstandings, and weakening of social connections.

The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of speech culture in Uzbek society, supported by empirical data across various spheres. In conclusion, systematic efforts to develop speech culture are essential, including improving educational programs, promoting it in mass media, and creating a supportive environment for correct speech within families. Future studies may focus on the impact of digital communication platforms on speech culture and examine its unique features in intercultural communication

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR ROʻYXATI 

1. Begmatov, E. (2007). *Oʻzbek nutq madaniyati masalalari*. Toshkent: Fan. (Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences Press)

2. Safarov, O. (2010). *Nutq madaniyati asoslari*. Toshkent: Oʻqituvchi.

3. Mahmudov, N., & Nurmonov, A. (2004). *Oʻzbek tilining nazariy grammatikasi*. Toshkent: Fan.

4. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). *Thought and Language*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

5. Hymes, D. H. (1972). *On Communicative Competence*. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269–293). Harmondsworth: Penguin.

6. Gʻulomov, A. (1991). *Nutq madaniyati va uslubiyat asoslari*. Toshkent: Universitet.

7. Abduramanov, X. (2015). *Zamonaviy oʻzbek adabiy tili*. Toshkent: Adabiyot.

8. Crystal, D. (2006). *How Language Works*. London: Penguin Books.

9. Karimova, D. (2018). *Ommaviy axborot vositalarida nutq madaniyati*. Jurnalistika masalalari, 3(1), 45-52.

10. Ziyodova, D. (2020). *Yoshlar nutqida jargon va vulgarizmlar muammosi*. Til va adabiyot taʼlimi, 5(2), 78-85.

11. Sodiqova, M. (2019). *Professional nutq madaniyatini shakllantirishning dolzarb masalalari*. Kasb taʼlimi, 2(4), 112-119.

12. Solihov, A. (2016). *Nutq madaniyatining psixologik asoslari*. Psixologiya jurnali, 4(1), 25-32.

13. Chomsky, N. (1965). *Aspects of the Theory of Syntax*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

14. Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). *Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning*. London: Edward Arnold.

15. Qosimova, N. (2021). *Raqamli muloqot va nutq madaniyati: Yangi chaqiriqlar*. Axborot texnologiyalari va jamiyat, 1(3), 60-67.

ANALYSIS OF THE AGROECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DEVELOPING INTENSIVE FRUIT ORCHARDS IN HOUSEHOLD FARMS

 Dangara District Technical School No. 3

 Department of Agriculture and Services

Teacher of Plant Science

Ortiqov Umarqul Iskandarovich

Annotatsiya: 

Ushbu maqola Oʻzbekiston sharoitida tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida intensiv mevali bogʻlarni tashkil etish va boshqarishning dolzarb masalalarini oʻrganadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi – anʼanaviy bogʻdorchilik usullariga nisbatan intensiv tizimlarning hosildorlik, resurs samaradorligi va iqtisodiy rentabellikini ilmiy asoslashdir. Innovatsion yondashuvlar, jumladan, ixcham ekish sxemalari, zamonaviy sugʻorish texnologiyalari (tomchilatib sugʻorish) va yuqori mahsuldor navlardan foydalanishning agrar-iqtisodiy taʼsiri baholandi. 

Kalit so’zlar: Intensiv bogʻdorchilik, Tomorqa xoʻjaligi, Meva hosildorligi, Agroekologiya, Resurs samaradorligi, Iqtisodiy rentabellik 

Аннотация:

В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы организации и управления интенсивными фруктовыми садами в условиях приусадебных хозяйств Узбекистана. Основной целью исследования является научное обоснование урожайности, ресурсной эффективности и экономической рентабельности интенсивных систем по сравнению с традиционными методами садоводства. Оценено аграрно-экономическое влияние инновационных подходов, включая компактные схемы посадки, современные технологии орошения (капельное орошение) и использование высокоурожайных сортов.

Ключевые слова:

Интенсивное садоводство, Приусадебное хозяйство, Урожайность плодов, Агроэкология, Ресурсная эффективность, Экономическая рентабельность

Abstract:

This article examines актуal issues related to the organization and management of intensive fruit orchards in household farms under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to scientifically substantiate the productivity, resource efficiency, and economic profitability of intensive systems compared to traditional horticultural methods. The agro-economic impact of innovative approaches—such as compact planting schemes, modern irrigation technologies (drip irrigation), and the use of high-yield varieties—has been evaluated.

Keywords:

Intensive horticulture, Household farming, Fruit productivity, Agroecology, Resource efficiency, Economic profitability 

Introduction

In the strategy for modernizing agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the deepening of fruit and vegetable production occupies an important place. In particular, household (smallholder) farms play a decisive role in ensuring employment and diversifying sources of income. Traditional horticultural methods are often characterized by low productivity, inefficient use of resources, and delayed harvesting. This situation necessitates adapting intensive orchard technologies—widely gaining popularity worldwide—to the conditions of Uzbekistan.

Intensive orchards involve the use of high-quality, early-maturing, and disease-resistant varieties planted in compact schemes (usually up to 1000–2000 trees per hectare), along with modern micro-irrigation and maintenance technologies.

Although knowledge and practical experience in implementing intensive orchards currently exist, their microeconomic efficiency for small farms and household plots has not been fully quantified. In particular, under conditions of limited water resources, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of drip irrigation systems and to develop standardized maintenance schemes adapted to local soil and climatic conditions.

Furthermore, scientifically grounded approaches are required to ensure the ecological sustainability of intensive orchards, particularly in optimizing the use of pesticides and fertilizers. This study aims to improve the agrotechnical efficiency of establishing intensive fruit orchards in household conditions, compare their economic indicators (profitability, income) with traditional systems, and propose institutional mechanisms to support this process.

The results of this research will provide a scientific basis for transforming intensive horticulture into one of the key directions of Uzbekistan’s rural economy and will assist farmers and policymakers in ensuring sustainable rural development.

Literature Review

Global experience in intensive horticulture (for example, in Italy, Spain, and the United States) has been developed through long-term observations and requires the use of high-quality intensive training systems such as palmette and central leader forms.

Uzbek researchers such as M. Rasulov and A. Kholmatov have conducted scientific studies on adapting local varieties (such as apricot and apple) to intensive systems. However, most studies focus mainly on variety selection, while comprehensive analyses of irrigation, nutrient management, and economic evaluation in household conditions remain insufficient.

Research Methodology

The study was conducted during 2021–2023 in 10 selected household farms in Zangiota district of Tashkent region (5 intensive and 5 traditional), using experimental plots. The main research methods included:

Comparative statistical analysis: Yield (tons/ha), costs (million UZS/ha), and net profit (million UZS/ha) indicators of both groups were compared.

Agroecological monitoring: Soil moisture, nutrient uptake (NPK analysis), and water consumption were observed. In intensive orchards, the efficiency of drip irrigation (Water Efficiency Coefficient – WEC) was calculated:

Economic evaluation: Investment costs (seedlings, trellis systems, drip irrigation) and operational costs (labor, fertilizers, cultivation) were determined. Profitability was calculated as:

Expert assessment: Household owners’ challenges and knowledge levels regarding intensive technologies were evaluated through surveys.

All statistical data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS, with a significance level of .

Analysis and Results

Experimental results demonstrated a significant advantage of intensive orchards in fruit production. The three-year average indicators (per hectare) are as follows:

Indicator

Traditional Orchard (Average)

Intensive Orchard (Average)

Difference (%)

Annual Yield (tons)

15.8

45.2

+186%

Average Selling Price

8000 UZS/kg

10500 UZS/kg

+31.25%

Water Consumption (m³/year)

12500

6800

-45.6%

The sharp increase in yield (2.8 times) in intensive orchards is mainly due to dense planting (approximately 1500 trees/ha) and the use of early-maturing varieties. In traditional orchards, about 30% of land remains underutilized due to wide spacing between trees.

Water Efficiency:

The use of drip irrigation resulted in an average WEC of 0.88 in intensive orchards, significantly higher than 0.55 in traditional surface irrigation systems. This confirms the ecological advantage of intensive systems in water-scarce regions.

Economic Efficiency Analysis

Despite high initial investments, intensive orchards ensured higher profitability in a relatively short period.

Economic Indicator

Traditional Orchard

Intensive Orchard

Total Costs (million UZS/year)

22.5

48.0

Gross Income (million UZS/year)

126.4

474.6

Net Profit (million UZS/year)

103.9

426.6

Profitability (%)

461%

888%

Analysis:

The results confirm that the profitability of intensive orchards is nearly twice as high as that of traditional systems. This is mainly due to higher yields and better market prices for early produce. The payback period averages 3.5 years for intensive orchards compared to 4.5 years for traditional ones.

Discussion

The findings demonstrate that implementing intensive orchards in household farms has both strong agrotechnical and economic justification. The 186% yield advantage is primarily due to the use of high-yielding rootstocks and advanced agricultural practices.

Agroecological Implications:

A 45% reduction in water use is highly significant in water-scarce regions like Uzbekistan. Drip irrigation ensures precise water delivery to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and runoff.

Although intensive systems may increase risks related to fertilizers and pesticides, our observations show that fertigation allows more precise application, reducing total fertilizer use by 15% while increasing nutrient uptake efficiency, thus lowering environmental impact.

Economic Constraints and Strategies:

The main challenge is the high initial investment (120 million UZS/ha). Therefore, government support through subsidies, preferential loans, and leasing mechanisms—especially for irrigation systems—is essential.

The identified 888% profitability could increase further with improved value chains such as processing and direct marketing.

Capacity Building:

Managing intensive orchards requires skilled labor. Farmers need continuous training in pruning, tree formation, and agrotechnical practices. Success largely depends on the level of technological knowledge.

Relevance for International Journals:

These findings may attract international interest, as they provide a model for applying advanced technologies in smallholder farming systems in developing countries.

Conclusion

This study empirically confirms that the introduction of intensive fruit orchards in household farms is one of the most promising directions for developing modern agriculture in Uzbekistan.

Key conclusions:

High Efficiency:

Intensive orchards provide 186% higher yields and nearly double profitability (888% vs. 461%).

Resource Optimization:

Drip irrigation reduces water consumption by 45% and significantly improves water use efficiency (WEC = 0.88).

Economic Sustainability:

Despite high initial investments, the payback period is shorter (3.5 years), enabling faster financial returns for small farms.

Recommendations:

Government support through subsidies for seedlings and irrigation equipment should be expanded. Additionally, short-term training programs on intensive horticulture should be implemented.

Future Research:

Further studies should focus on fruit quality indicators (storage life, appearance) and assess the resilience of intensive orchards to climate change.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI

1.Xolmatov A. R. Oʻzbekiston meva navlarining intensiv bogʻdorchilikka moslashuvi. // Qishloq xoʻjaligi ilmiy jurnali. – 2020. – № 4. – B. 45-51.

2. FAO. (2022). *Water productivity in fruit production in arid and semi-arid regions*. Rome: FAO Publications.

3. Ivanov, D. S., & Petrova, L. M. (2023). Economic evaluation of high-intensity farming models in Central Asian economies. *International Journal of Agricultural Economics*, 45(1), 77-92.

4. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Qishloq xoʻjaligi vazirligi. (2023). *Meva-sabzavot klasterlarini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi*. Toshkent.

5.Brown, A. M., & Miller, C. R. (2020). Rootstock selection and tree training systems for maximizing fruit yield in limited space. *HortTechnology*, 30(5), 610-621.

6. Karimov, N. B. (2021). Tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida mikroirrigatsiya texnologiyalarining samaradorligi. *Oʻzbekiston agrar fanlari axborotnomasi*, 2(18), 112-118.

7. OECD. (2019). *Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities*. OECD Publishing, Paris.

8. Smith, R. T., & Jones, E. L. (2022). Financial payback periods for high-value perennial crops: A comparative study. *Agribusiness Review*, 15(2), 101-115.

9. Alimov, U. Z. (2020). Oʻsimliklarni oziqlantirish rejimlari (Fertigatsiya) va hosildorlik dinamikasi. – Samarqand: Fanlar nashriyoti.

10.World Bank. (2021). *Uzbekistan: Rural Development Strategy and Investment Opportunities*. Washington D.C.: World Bank Group.

11. Gʻaniyev, S. A. (2019). Qishloq xoʻjaligida innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etishning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatlari. – Toshkent: Iqtisodiyot universiteti nashri.

12. Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2023). Precision irrigation techniques for water-scarce environments: A review. *Agricultural Water Management*, 280, 108150.

13. Ziyoviddinov, F. T. (2022). Mevali daraxtlarning bahorgi kesish texnikasi va uning mahsulot sifati nazoratiga taʼsiri. *Agronomiya va texnologiya*, 7(3), 55-62.

NIGHT OF THE AUTUMN!

Where will there ever be such a night

A starry night is lost in your thoughts 

And after a while you often get tired

This night of autumn will never return 

This glorious time will stay stagnant 

The waves always sing a soft melody

The wet winds will carry a cold fire 

To sing the glory of life in different tune

Let your heart be open to speak up now

The autumn will always fade away

Telling your story in shades of night

Never will the night come back again.

 QUEEN OF THE NIGHT!

The mystical moonlight of forest 

In the coziness of shadow and mystery 

In the dreams of body and mind

The lady night comes to sense

The loving swan is lost in her dreams

Returns with the songsters of spring

When the sun sets in the evening 

On the path covered by canopy of trees

With waves of the fascinated ocean

The flute keeps on giving her a call

Queen of the night looks for her beloved

Here is the holy echo of the tunes.

IF I STAY BACK NOW!

Leave not , my heart is not satiated yet

You did just arrive and the spring set in

Let the air hold your fragrance for hours

Let my gaze wander in and around you

Let the evening gradually deepen more 

That my heart can calm down and settle 

Let me live a while when stars do shine

The lamps are lit too ; forbid me never

If I stay back now , I can never go again 

Let my emotions at your cherubic glance 

Spread the wings for they may fade soon

With your thirst and yearning unquenched.

ONLY THOSE WORDS!

What was on my heart is to be told

Do secretly give ears to those words 

Say not everything that can’t be said

But all kinds of feelings never forget

I have refined myself because of you

The heart too needs be more polished 

Do spread your silver hair in fiery sun

The kohl on eyes has driven me crazy

The veil is rather all soaked with rain 

You are my moon covered by clouds

For the heart does not listen to soul

Just wants to let it go without reason.

Sahitya Ratnakar Dr Prasana Kumar Dalai.

(DOB 07/06/1973) is a passionate Indian Author-cum- bilingual poet while a tremendous Asst Professor of English by profession in the Ganjam district of Odisha. He is an accomplished source of inspiration for young generation of India. His free verse on Romantic and melancholic poems appreciated by everyone. He belongs to a small typical village Nandiagada of Ganjam District,the state of Odisha.After schooling he studied intermediate and Graduated in Kabisurjya Baladev vigyan Mahavidyalaya then M A in English from Berhampur University PhD in language and literature and D. Litt from Colombian poetic house from South America.

He promotes his specific writings around the world literature and trades with multiple stems that are related to current issues based on his observation and experiences that needs urgent attention. He is an award-winning writer who has achieved various laurels from the circle of writing worldwide. His free verse poems not only inspire young readers but also the ready of current time. His poetic symbol is right now inspiring others, some of which are appreciated by laurels of India and across the world. Many of his poems been translated in different Indian languages and got global appreciation. Lots of well wishes for his upcoming writings and success in future.

He is an award-winning poet author of many best seller books. Recently he was awarded Rabindra nath Tagore and Gujarat Sahitya Academy for the year 2022 from Motivational Strips. Jaidev Puraskar from Kavita Minar Badamba Cuttack A gold medal from world union of poets France & winner Of Rahim Karims world literary prize 2023.The government of Odisha Higher Education Department appointed him as a president to Governing body of Padmashree Dr Ghanashyam Mishra Sanskrit Degree College, Kabisurjyanagar. Winner of ” HYPERPOEM ” GUNIESS WORLD RECORD 2023.Recently he was awarded at the SABDA literary Festival at Assam. Highest literary honour from Peru contributing world literature 2024.Prestigious Cesar Vellejo award 2024 & Highest literary honour from Peru. Director at Samrat Educational charitable Trust Berhampur, Ganjam Odisha.

Vicedomini of the World Union of Poets, Italy. UHE awarded him the prestigious Golden Eagle award for his contributions to world literature in 2025.

Completed 257 epistolary poems with American poet Kristy Raines.

Bharat Seva Ratna National award 2025, International Glory award from Manam Foundation Hyderabad Telengana. On the eve of the 1979 Independence Day celebration he earned the Rashtra Ratna award & Maa Bharati Seva Sammana. In 2025 he received a doctorate in Humanity and Literature from Theophany University in Haiti with UNESCO, AEADO and the leaders of Autonomy International. The Prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde from the House of Genghis Khan gave him the prestigious title of “Honorary Bey.”

Received Sahitya Ratnakar from New Delhi 2025, Honorary Doctorate from RMF University collaborated with east and west university Florida United States of America on the eve of International Peace Day. Prestigious THE CONDOR OF ANDES from UHE Mexico 2025. PRESTIGIOUS DOCTORATE from VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE AND WORLD PEACE 2025. Nominated for Padmashree 2025. Three-time Gold from the world Union of Poets France. Doctorate from Theophany university Haiti contribution for the world literature 2025. SAHITYA RATNAKAR from New Delhi. Dr. Mayadhar Mansigh Saraswat Samman 2025. Doctorate in Gandhian Philosophy, Peace and Humanity 2025.

Doctorate from Victoria University for Peace 2026. UHE of Peru appointed him as a World Ambassador for Peace and Justice 2026.Valiant of the Nation Award 2026 on the eve of the 129th birthday commemoration for Subash Chandra Bose.

INTERNATIONAL BOOKS

1.Psalm of the Soul 2. Rise of New Dawn 3. Secret Of Torment 4. Everything I Never Told You. 5.Vision Of Life National Library Kolkata 6.100 Shadows of Dream 7. Timeless Anguish 8. Voice of Silence 9.I Cross my Heart from East to West and epistolary poetry with Kristy Raines, published in USA.

Gaza

The skies were filled

with birds of steel.

Merciless leaders

with flying hatred,

sowing Hades

in cities and villages.

A stream of blood,

flowing,

for the treacherous

interests.

Empty eyes,

glow

with death.

Dreams are deserted.

Nests torn down.

The wailing is heart-rending

as the East touches

our small screens.

The fire of war.

The human race:

a curse upon creation.

At dusk,

terror lurks.

And yet—

A spark

is born timidly.

Humanity’s

resistance is defined by:

Poetry.

When it encounters horror,

it does not remain silent!

In the streets

it cries out,

a militant herald.

A thousand times

Don Quixotes,

rather than bear

complicity

and indifference!

And if we long

for the great book

of life,

having left our initials behind,

let us stand

by the defenseless,

like castles!

…..

IN THE TREE OF MY CHILDHOOD YEARS

Silently

it cast its shadow,

the ancient tree.

On its broad trunk,

children lost

in tales of magic.

It played hide-and-seek with us,

and its breath,

filled our nostrils.

On its branches,

dreams spread out,

and it—

it too

dreamed a thousand dreams with us.

It always listened,

but never betrayed

 our secrets.

Tight embraces and vows

buried in its roots.

To this tree…

To every tree…

Have we ever said thank you?

From Christina Margeti:

I was born in Athens in 1980, and from an early age interested in the relationship between culture and society. I’ve been writing as a hobby since I was a child. Writing has always been my most natural way of expressing myself and understanding the world, a constant inner need that has accompanied me at every stage of my life.

After high school, I pursued studies in the field of Information Technology, both in private and public vocational training programs, acquiring a solid technological foundation and analytical thinking skills. Later, I studied Greek Culture at the Hellenic Open University, successfully completing the History course, which deepened my interest in social and cultural structures.

Throughout my journey, I have combined work and education, adapting to the needs of each period, while maintaining my knowledge of English and German, which I always strive to refresh. At the same time, personal development and lifelong learning are fundamental elements of my journey and my goal.

I am the founder and owner of the sole proprietorship “Nea Themiskyra,” a vision that began in 2022. I financially support the publication of my book in collaboration with the publishing house AKAKIA, provide writing services, and distribute my book, as well as works by other authors, online.

I have actively participated in human rights campaigns and social initiatives in Athens. In the past, I was a member of the Rainbow Families. 

I recently added my name to the collective initiative “Her Voice – Women Writers Against Gender-Based Violence,” in support of women’s empowerment.

The inspiration for my first book, “IStis Politeies tis Gynaikas” was born in 2014, when I felt strongly that this story needed to be told and given form. In 2022, the work was printed and published for the first time in London by AKAKIA Publications. It was a small-format book with a limited print run. The second expanded edition was released in 2023 with a larger print run and in a larger format than the original. 

The third expanded edition of this book is being published this year, 2026.

In my free time, I engage in meditation, wellness, the study of social issues, and connecting with nature—I hold a second-degree Reiki certification.

Author: Asadullo Habibullayev
Student of Kattakurgan State Pedagogical Institute

From the Author:
Through this story, I wanted to show not Salohiddin’s disability, but the weakness of his friends. Never forget that not every blow comes from an enemy — sometimes it comes from those we call friends.

BETRAYAL

Betrayal never comes from the enemy’s side.

There were ten minutes left until the end of the lesson. For some reason, the students were restless, all waiting impatiently for the bell to ring.

“Salohiddin, why are you moving so much? Is everything okay?”
“Sabina, be quiet! Whether I talk to you or not, you never understand decency.”
“Sit quietly, the teacher is speaking. Why don’t you understand?”
“Fine, whatever. Not everyone cares about you the way I do…”

“Sabina, let’s talk during the break.”
“Sanobar, the teacher will scold us. Everyone is moving around. Aren’t you going to stand up?”
“Alright, I won’t say anything.”

The bell rang. Sanjar, Abbos, and Ravshan ran outside, and Salohiddin followed them. As usual, Sabina curiously went after them.

“Boys, stop! We still have one more lesson. Don’t skip it! We have Uzbek language class. Sharofiddinova will report you to the principal. Salohiddin, stop!” Sabina called out.

But the boys quickly went to the computer room and started playing games. The four of them were always together, inseparable day and night. After school, they even stayed overnight at each other’s houses. They never stopped skipping lessons to go to the computer room. What united them was not only school, but also that computer room.

Doston aka knew about them and every day at 12:30 he would leave four computers free for them. They would always sit in their usual places.

Life continued this way. They were now in the eighth grade — the most mischievous and restless time of their lives. Perhaps they needed understanding and proper guidance. They came to school together. They were neighbors, and their parents knew each other well, which made them even closer.

One Monday, after three lessons, before the fourth began, Sanjar, Abbos, Ravshan, and Salohiddin quietly slipped away. Sabina tried to stop them but couldn’t. She then called their homeroom teacher, Gulsanam opa, and told her what had happened and where the computer room was.

Gulsanam teacher quickly found them, scolded them in front of everyone, called their parents, and made them write letters of explanation. The boys promised it would not happen again. The teacher did not forgive them easily. They returned home with their parents and received even more scolding there. Eventually, the issue seemed to settle.

Time passed. It was March. During a break, the four boys once again went to the computer room. Doston aka welcomed them.

But strangely, their usual seats were occupied. Jahongir and Otabek were sitting there, and Faridbek was in Salohiddin’s place.

“Get up, Farid! I said get up! Why are you sitting in my seat?”
“Why are you acting superior? Why are you shouting? Stop it!”

Everyone laughed. Salohiddin became furious and started insulting Faridbek with harsh words. A fight broke out for no real reason.

Doston aka said, “Go on, fight! Let’s see who is stronger, who will win!” The other boys joined in, encouraging them.

Unable to endure the humiliation, Salohiddin attacked Faridbek. Faridbek raised his hand in response. Doston aka stopped them and said, “Don’t fight here. The computers might break. Go outside and fight there.”

They went outside. The ground was hard, covered with stone and cement. The boys grabbed each other. Faridbek fell to the ground, and then his friends joined in. Instead of helping Salohiddin, Sanjar, Abbos, and Ravshan turned against him and began beating him together.

Salohiddin fell headfirst onto the cement ground. Instead of helping, Doston aka sat there recording the fight on his phone. The poor boy’s mouth and nose were bleeding. Eventually, the boys ran away in all directions.

Sadly, Salohiddin lay there unconscious for quite some time.

Later, two of his classmates, Hasan and Sardor, happened to pass by. Seeing him, they rushed to help. They lifted him, brought him to some water, washed his face and hands, and carried him back to school. Even there, he sat for a long time, unable to walk properly or even speak.

Instead of calling an ambulance immediately, the teachers were busy scolding him. They called his parents, who also shouted at him in anger.

Only after he had been lying there in a helpless state for a long time did they finally call an ambulance. He was taken to the hospital and stayed there for a few days.

Tragically, one of his arms and one of his legs no longer functioned, and his mouth became twisted. His parents took him to many doctors, but nothing helped.

He stopped talking even to his closest friends. His neighbors avoided looking at his face.

This young boy, at the most vibrant time of his life, became disabled…

Betrayal does not always come from enemies. Sometimes, it comes from friends.

A Description of Babur’s Personality

Gulistan State University
Faculty of Philology
Student of Group 45-25
Botirova Gulsevar Muzaffar qizi
Email: botirovagulsevar2007@gmail.com

ORCID: 0009-0009-9308-6449

Abstract:This article highlights the heroic deeds of the protagonist Babur and his close relatives, such as Khanzada Begum and Khurramshah, as depicted in Pirimqul Qodirov’s novel “Starry Nights” (Yulduzli Tunlar). The work is dedicated to the life of the king and poet, Babur Mirza. It chronicles the period from his accession to the throne, through his military campaigns, until his death. His political career and acts of bravery are portrayed with historical authenticity.

​ Keywords: Timurid dynasty, historical novel, heroism, character, battle.

Аннотация: В данной статье рассматривается роман Пиримкула Кадырова “Звездные ночи” и образы героев, представленных в нем, таких как Бабур, Ханзаде бегим, Хуррамшах и другие близкие соратники героя. Освещаются каждое стихотворение и героические поступки поэта-шаха. Произведение посвящено жизни Бабура с момента его вступления на престол до самой смерти. Ярко описаны его политическая деятельность и личное мужество.

Ключевые слова: династия Тимуридов, исторический роман, героизм, образ, битва.

         Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Pirimqul Qodirovning “Yulduzli tunlar” asaridagi bosh qahramon Bobur va uning yaqinlari Xonzoda begim, Xurramshoh kabi obrazlarning ko‘rsatgan qahramonliklari yoritib beriladi. Asar shoh va shoir Bobur hazratlari hayotiga bag‘ishlanadi. Unda taxtga o‘tirganidan tortib olib borgan yurishlaridan to o‘limigacha bo‘lgan davr yozib o‘tilgan. Yuritgan siyosati va qahramonliklari haqiqiy tarzda yoritilgan.

Kalit so‘zlar: Temuriylar sulolasi, tarixiy roman, qahramonlik,obraz,jang.

Introduction

Like other forms of art, fiction reflects life, including the psychological states, thoughts, and feelings of people. Life always consists of human livelihood, labor activity, struggles, emotions, and experiences. An image (obraz) is an aesthetic category that characterizes reality through methods unique to art, transforming and interpreting it creatively. Any event artistically recreated in a literary work is also considered an image.

In fiction, an artistic image refers to a depiction of a person created as an individual character while simultaneously possessing features of artistic generalization and emotional impact. The concept of an image has both broad and narrow meanings. In a broad sense, it represents a life scene infused with the author’s thoughts and feelings; in a narrow sense, it refers specifically to the portrayal of a human figure in a literary work.

The novel “Starry Nights” by Pirimqul Qodirov was written over a period of ten years and tells the life story of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur. The work is based on “Baburnama.” It is a mature example of Uzbek novel-writing, portraying Babur as both a ruler and a poet, as well as a highly educated figure of his time.

“Starry Nights” is considered one of the finest works of modern Uzbek literature. In the 1980s, Qodirov wrote its logical continuation, “The Pass of Generations,” about Babur’s grandson Humayun. In 1982, the author was awarded the State Prize of the Uzbek SSR named after Hamza for this novel.

The novel has been translated into several languages, including Russian, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Urdu, Turkish, Hindi, Bengali, and English. It has been translated into English twice: first by scholars of the Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages under the title “Starry Nights: Babur,” and later in 2023 by Carol Jermakova with the support of the Islam Karimov Foundation under the title “Babur: Starry Nights.”

Reading this work allows the reader to travel through history and live alongside the characters. The emotional impact of the novel is so powerful that it captures the reader’s imagination, immersing them in that era and its political environment. The inner experiences of the characters are depicted so vividly that the reader shares in their joys, sorrows, and struggles.

Babur is recognized worldwide as a great historical figure. As the First President of Uzbekistan stated: “A nation that gave the world such great individuals as Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur will never be humiliated and will inevitably achieve prosperity.” Similarly, Jawaharlal Nehru emphasized Babur’s influence, stating that his arrival in India brought significant progress and revitalized art, architecture, and culture.

Many scholars have praised Babur:

• Edward Holden noted that Babur was more worthy of love than Caesar due to his noble character. 
• Qamar Rais emphasized that Babur’s greatness lies in the respect he earned in the hearts of the Indian people. 
• Jawaharlal Nehru highlighted Babur’s role in broadening the spiritual and cultural horizons of the people. 
• William Erskine stated that no ruler in Asia could match Babur in generosity, courage, talent, and love for science and art. 

These examples show that Babur did not destroy the lands he conquered nor oppress their people. Instead, he worked tirelessly for the prosperity and development of the country. He built educational institutions and promoted knowledge. Despite opposition and conspiracies, Babur won the loyalty of the people through wisdom and compromise. His successors, especially Akbar, continued these traditions. These aspects are further elaborated in Qodirov’s novel “The Pass of Generations.”

Discussion and Results

As Qodirov himself wrote, the life and work of Babur is an endless ocean, capable of inspiring countless literary works. “Starry Nights” is one such creation. The novel consists of two parts: the first focuses on Movarounnahr, while the second describes events in Afghanistan, Khorasan, and India, unified by Babur’s personality and thoughts.

Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur was born on February 14, 1483, in Andijan. He was a descendant of Amir Temur and the eldest son of Umar Shaykh Mirza. His mother, Qutlug Nigar Khanum, was an intelligent and supportive woman who assisted him in governance and military campaigns.

Babur ascended the throne at the age of 12 after his father’s death. His main goal was to restore the empire founded by Amir Temur. He repeatedly attempted to capture Samarkand but faced betrayal and setbacks.

The novel also portrays the lives of ordinary people, beginning with the love story of Tohir and Robiya. Political struggles forced Babur into constant battles. Figures like Ahmad Tanbal posed threats, while Khanzada Begum demonstrated remarkable courage, comparable to legendary heroines like Tomyris.

Historical conflicts, including Babur’s struggle with Shaybani Khan, are depicted in detail. Khanzada Begum’s marriage to Shaybani Khan under political pressure and her later life events are also described, based on historical sources such as “Baburnama” and “Tarikh-i Rashidi.”

Babur ultimately failed to restore his ancestral empire but succeeded in establishing a stable and prosperous state in India. His achievements have been widely admired, and scholars continue to study his legacy.

The novel also describes Babur’s final illness in detail, portraying symptoms such as weakness, insomnia, and physical decline, which reflect serious internal health issues.

Conclusion

At the end of the work, it is suggested that Babur did not die from poison but sacrificed himself by taking on his son Humayun’s illness. Unable to find a cure, physicians advised a great sacrifice, and Babur willingly gave his life.

The language of the novel is simple and accessible, making it understandable to all readers while leaving a deep emotional impact. It artistically reflects the political processes, social and economic conditions, and everyday life of the period.

Fictional elements, such as the relationship between Tohir and Robiya, enhance the artistic value of the work. Themes such as loyalty, betrayal, and family relationships evoke strong emotions in the reader.

In conclusion, “Starry Nights” and its continuation “The Pass of Generations” demonstrate Pirimqul Qodirov’s high literary skill and artistic mastery.

References

1. Qodirov, P. (2016). Starry nights. Sharq Publishing House.
2. Sultonov, O. (2002). Ilm sarchashmalari. Scientific-Methodological Journal of Urgench State University, (8).
3. Fayziyev, T. (n.d.). Temuriy malikas.
4. Ziyo.uz. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ziyouz.com
5. Ziyo.uz electronic library. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://n.ziyouz.com
6. Конец формы

Socio-Political Impact of Uzbekistan–United States Relations on Social Life: A Sociological Analysis

Student of the Faculty of History and Social Sciences,
Andijan State University
Abdumaxamedova Gulchexra
Email: abdumaxamedovagulchexra@gmail.com

Abstract: This article analyzes, from a sociological perspective, the impact of the mutual cooperative relations between Uzbekistan and the United States on the socio-political life of our country. The main objective of the study is to determine the role of the bilateral relations between the two countries in social changes within society, the education system, and the formation of political consciousness. The article provides an in-depth look at issues such as the influx of Western culture, the impact of exchange programs in education on the worldview of young people, and the socialization of Uzbek immigrants into American life. 

Keywords: Cooperation, Socio-political, Sociological, Research, Western culture, Worldview.

Аннотация: В данной статье с социологической точки зрения анализируется влияние взаимоотношений сотрудничества между Узбекистаном и США на общественно-политическую жизнь нашей страны. Основная цель исследования – определить роль отношений между двумя странами в социальных изменениях в обществе, системе образования и формировании политического сознания. В статье подробно рассматриваются такие вопросы, как приток западной культуры, влияние программ обмена в сфере образования на мировоззрение молодежи, а также социализация узбекских иммигрантов в американской жизни. 

Ключевые слова: сотрудничество, социально-политический, социологический, исследование, западная культура, мировоззрение.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston va AQSH oʻrtasidagi oʻzaro hamkorlik aloqalarining mamlakatimiz ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotiga koʻrsatayotgan taʼsiri sotsiologik nuqtayi nazardan tahlil qilingan.  Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi ikki davlat munosabatlarining jamiyatdagi ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlar, taʼlim tizimi va siyosiy ong shakllanishidagi rolini aniqlashdan iborat. Maqola mazmunida gʻarb madaniyatining kirib kelishi, taʼlim sohasidagi almashinuv dasturlarining yoshlar dunyoqarashiga taʼsiri kabi masalalar, o‘zbeklarning Amerika hayotiga ijtimoiylashuvi atroflicha yoritilgan. 

Kalit so‘zlar: Hamkorlik, ijtimoiy-siyosiy, sotsiologik, tadqiqot, g‘arb madaniyati, dunyoqarash, 

Introduction

The outcomes achieved through cooperation between Uzbekistan and the United States are primarily aimed at improving the welfare of the population. The creation of new jobs, the introduction of modern technologies, opportunities for training qualified specialists, and economic stability are among the changes clearly reflected in the lives of our people. Based on this, it can be said that bilateral cooperation contributes to effective improvements in public welfare.

A vivid example of this was demonstrated during the meeting held within the framework of the 80th anniversary session of the UN General Assembly in New York City. The conversation between the presidents took place not only in an official diplomatic spirit but also in an atmosphere of sincerity and trust. This indicates that relations between the two countries have reached the level of a true strategic partnership.

It should also be noted that trade relations between the two countries have significantly expanded in recent years. In 2024, trade turnover reached a historic high of 882 million dollars.

The influence of Western culture has both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, it contributes significantly to education and worldview development, such as expanding critical thinking, mastering new technologies, keeping up with modern times, enhancing creativity, acquiring global knowledge, and increasing attention to personal development. Individuals are becoming more focused on self-improvement rather than relying on others’ opinions, and they are paying greater attention to career growth. The widespread use of the English language is also a positive outcome.

However, there are also negative aspects. Every nation has its own traditions and unwritten values, such as language, respect for elders, and care for younger people. These values are at risk of weakening. For example, increased self-centeredness among youth may lead to disrespect. Changes in national dress styles, such as wearing shorts or overly colorful clothing, and the tendency to view modesty in communication as “outdated,” can also be considered negative consequences

Research Methodology

Using the observation method, we examined youth behavior in public transportation with respect to respect for elders. It was observed that some young people do not offer seats to older passengers, push to enter transport first, pretend to sleep, or hold a book while using their phones instead of actually reading.

We also used comparative analysis in studying clothing culture by comparing people’s clothing styles in the 2000s and in 2026. Clothing in the 2000s was more traditional, modest, and less attention-grabbing, whereas modern clothing tends to be more open, tight-fitting, and visually striking.

In terms of language culture, there is a growing tendency to mix Uzbek with foreign words. For example:

• “Is everything clear?” 
• “We have a meeting tomorrow” 
• “I posted your picture” 
• “Write to me in private” 
• “I deleted the channel” 
• “I blocked that person” 

From these observations, it can be concluded that Western culture does not always bring only positive changes.

Results

The strengthening of strategic partnership relations between Uzbekistan and the United States, the activation of trade and investment cooperation, and the implementation of joint projects across various sectors of the economy have been discussed. In recent years, trade turnover has increased fourfold, reaching nearly 1 billion dollars.

More than 300 American companies are successfully operating in Uzbekistan. Major cooperative projects are being implemented in industry, agriculture, energy, and innovation sectors.

The growth of economic investments (with over 300 American companies operating) affects the population’s standard of living and social mobility. This, in turn, accelerates the integration of Western management styles and corporate culture into Uzbek society.

The Government of Uzbekistan signed a $300 million agreement with the John Deere Corporation to supply agricultural machinery. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, half of this amount—$150 million—will be directed toward cotton harvesting equipment in Ankeny, Iowa. This agreement is part of a series of investment and trade projects within the “C5+1” framework, which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Additionally, Boeing and Uzbekistan Airways signed a final agreement for the delivery of 8 more Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft, increasing the total order to 22.

Analysis

Uzbekistan and the United States have also signed agreements on the extraction of rare metals, modernization of pumping stations, implementation of drip irrigation, and the supply of beans and cotton.

Former President Donald Trump announced an “incredible trade and economic deal” worth 100 billion dollars between the two countries.

The inflow of U.S. investments and technologies is opening new opportunities for young people. How does this happen? The presence of more than 300 American companies in Uzbekistan acts as a “social elevator,” motivating young people to learn foreign languages and modern technologies to achieve higher social status. This increases the social demand for knowledge among youth.

Conclusion

The conducted analysis shows that the new stage in Uzbekistan’s foreign policy, particularly the strategic and large-scale economic agreements with the United States, directly impacts all segments of society, especially the worldview of young people.

During the transition from the conservative approaches of the 2000s to today’s more open and technological society, an increased interest in American lifestyle and corporate culture among youth has been observed.

As identified in the research, economic investments (such as those by Boeing, John Deere, and in IT sectors) not only create new jobs but also shape new forms of social interaction.

In conclusion, Uzbekistan–U.S. relations serve as one of the key drivers accelerating the process of social modernization in society.

References

1.Bo‘riyev, A. (2025, 7-noyabr). O‘zbekiston — AQSH munosabatlari yangi bosqichda. Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik palatasi rasmiy sayti. https://parliament.gov.uz/uz/news/ozbekiston-aqsh-munosabatlari-yangi-bosqichda (https://www.google.com/search?q=https://parliament.gov.uz/uz/news/ozbekiston-aqsh-munosabatlari-yangi-bosqichda)

2.Gazeta.uz O‘zbekiston va AQSH o‘rtasidagi strategik hamkorlikning yangi bosqichi: 100 milliard dollarlik loyihalar. https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2026/03/20/us-uzb-deal/ (https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2026/03/20/us-uzb-deal/)

​3.Kun.uz  O‘zbekiston bozorida Amerika korporatsiyalari: Boeing va John Deere bilan hamkorlik kengaymoqda. https://kun.uz/news/2026/03/15/amerika-gigantlari (https://www.google.com/search?q=https://kun.uz/news/2026/03/15/amerika-gigantlari)

​4.Kun.uz. (2026, 21-mart). Prezidentlar uchrashuvi: O‘zbekiston yoshlari uchun yangi imkoniyatlar va iqtisodiy o‘sish istiqbollari. https://kun.uz/news/2026/03/21/prezidentlar-uchrashuvi (https://www.google.com/search?q=https://kun.uz/news/2026/03/21/prezidentlar-uchrashuvi)

​5.O‘zbekiston 24. (2025, 7-noyabr). Prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyevning AQSHga amaliy tashrifi tafsilotlari [Video]. YouTube. https://youtube.com/watch?v=GGhI5RFK7I8 (https://www.google.com/search?q=https://youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DGGhI5RFK7I8)