Annotation:

The majority of the world’s population suffers from dental caries. This disease is highly prevalent and occurs in about 95% of the population. In dental caries, complex pathological processes are observed, involving both rapid and slow necrotic changes in the tooth tissues. As a result of these necrotic processes, cavities are formed.

Introduction:

Dental caries is the most widespread oral disease in the world, caused by the erosion of tooth enamel due to harmful bacterial infections. It occurs when acids produced by the consumption of sugary and acidic foods accumulate on the teeth, leading to pathomorphological changes.

In modern dentistry, effective methods have been developed to prevent caries and treat it at early stages. Studying caries, its prevention, and modern treatment methods play a crucial role in maintaining health.

The purpose of this article is to provide detailed information about the causes, development mechanisms, symptoms, treatment, and prevention methods of caries. Understanding caries and exploring ways to prevent it can contribute to improved dental health and well-being.

Causes

a) The onset of dental caries usually begins with the formation of bacterial plaque that accumulates in the mouth. This plaque mainly consists of bacteria, proteins found in saliva, and food debris.

b) Bacteria (such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, which are cariogenic) thrive in the fluctuating pH environment of the mouth. These bacteria metabolize sugars on the tooth surface and produce organic acids.

Effect of acids:

Acids introduced into the oral cavity (such as lactic acid) affect the mineral components of the tooth enamel, primarily calcium and phosphate, leading to demineralization. During the demineralization process, there is a reduction in the mineral content of the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth.

Mechanism of Caries Development

Changes in the enamel layer:

Initial stage: Caries initially begins with the loss of the enamel’s mineralization process, initiating demineralization. The structure and strength of the enamel deteriorate, leading to yellowing. Although demineralization occurs in the enamel, the tooth surface remains intact at this stage. The early stage of caries appears as “white spots.”

Changes in the dentin layer:

Middle stage: Demineralization progresses into the dentin layer, causing mineral loss and damage to the dentinal tubules. At this stage, the surface layer is destroyed, but the pulp (the inner part of the tooth) is not yet affected. Changes in the dentin appear as yellow or brown discoloration. Demineralization in the dentin weakens the tooth structure, making it more susceptible to damage.

Changes in the pulp layer:

Advanced stage: This is considered the final stage of caries, where inflammation and swelling occur in the pulp. When the pulp nerves are affected, the tooth becomes painful and sensitive. Infections in the pulp lead to inflammation (e.g., pulpitis), usually causing pain and swelling and requiring dental intervention for treatment.

Morphological changes of caries:

Morphological forms: Caries can appear in various forms—dot-shaped, linear, or polygonal. As caries progresses, both the structure and shape of the tooth change accordingly.

In the diagnosis of caries:

Radiographic images and microscopic examinations play an important role in identifying the morphology of the tooth. With the help of radiography, it is possible to determine the depth and extent of the carious lesions.

Histological Changes

Bacterial infection:

Bacteria play a major role in the development of caries. They metabolize glucose present in the oral cavity and produce acids, which lead to the demineralization of the tooth. Under microscopic examination, the structure of the damaged enamel is clearly visible, showing a high concentration of bacteria and evident demineralization processes.

Damage to tooth layers:

In the histological view of caries, processes of demineralization, mineral loss, and tissue changes in the dentin and pulp are clearly observed. Changes in the dentin layer are characterized by particle breakdown and surface weakening.

Demineralization and Remineralization Processes

Demineralization:

The demineralization process plays a crucial role in the progression of caries. Acids produced by bacteria dissolve the minerals in the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth. Initially, demineralization occurs only in the enamel, but over time, it can also affect the dentin and pulp.

pH level and tooth demineralization:

As the pH level in the mouth decreases (e.g., after consuming sugary foods), acids are produced that accelerate demineralization. If the pH drops below 5.5, enamel begins to demineralize, leading to yellowing or discoloration of the tooth.

Remineralization:

As the opposite of demineralization, the remineralization process allows for the repair of tooth structure. Minerals such as calcium, phosphate, and fluoride present in the oral cavity support remineralization. However, this process is only effective if the demineralization is in its early stages.

Treatment of Caries

The treatment of caries includes a series of medical procedures aimed at stopping its progression and restoring the tooth. Treatment methods vary depending on the stage of caries development. The main goal of treatment is to ensure complete restoration of the tooth and prevent further disease. Below are the main methods and approaches used to treat caries at different stages.

1. Treatment of Early-Stage Caries

Preventive treatment:

At the early stage of caries (when tooth discoloration or white spots are present), it is essential to stop demineralization and support the remineralization process. The main treatment methods at this stage include:

Use of fluoride:

Fluoride helps stimulate the remineralization process. It assists in forming new mineral layers on the surface of the tooth, which strengthens the tooth and prevents the progression of caries.

Remineralization agents:

Treatment with preparations containing calcium, phosphate, and other minerals can also be effective. These agents help restore the outer layers of the teeth.

Improved oral hygiene:

Regular brushing, flossing, and the use of mouth rinses reduce bacterial plaque accumulation and help prevent caries.

2. Treatment of Moderate-Stage Caries

Tooth filling:

If caries has progressed to the moderate stage, affecting the dentin layer, the filling method is used. The damaged part of the tooth is removed, and the cavity is filled with a dental filling. Fillings can be made from various materials, including amalgam (silver), composite, or ceramic.

Composite materials:

These materials match the color of natural teeth, offering an aesthetically pleasing and durable solution. Composite fillings help restore the damaged part of the tooth and return it to its original shape.

Ceramic fillings:

In some cases, when a large portion of the tooth needs treatment, full restoration is done using ceramic materials. These materials provide a natural tooth-like appearance and high durability.

3. Treatment of Advanced-Stage Caries

Endodontic treatment (root canal therapy):

If caries has reached the pulp (the inner part of the tooth) and an infection has developed, root canal therapy is required. The goal of this procedure is to eliminate the inflammation in the pulp and remove the infection.

Cleaning the canal and removing damaged tissue:

The pulp must be cleaned, and the infected tissues removed. Once the canal is cleaned, it is filled with special materials.

Tooth restoration:

After root canal treatment, the tooth is usually restored using crowns or other restorative materials to ensure full functionality and structure.

Application of a crown or onlay:

If the tooth is severely damaged, a crown may be placed to strengthen it. A crown protects the tooth externally and restores its normal shape and function.

4. New Treatment Methods

Laser therapy:

Laser technology can also be used in dental treatment. With the help of a laser, the damaged part of the tooth can be removed accurately and effectively. This process is less painful and promotes faster healing.

Ozone therapy:

Ozone gas can be used in the treatment of caries. Ozone neutralizes bacteria and helps restore the mineral content of the tooth.

                                                  Conclusion

The development mechanism of caries begins with the demineralization process caused by bacteria converting sugar into acids, which alters the structure of the tooth. In the prevention and treatment of caries, oral hygiene, proper nutrition, the use of fluoride, and regular dental check-ups play an important role. Proper maintenance and early detection of dental issues are effective in eliminating pathological changes.

This article highlights important aspects of caries morphology in detail. The morphology of caries—its impact on and changes within the tooth structure—is essential for fully understanding the progression of the disease. Morphological changes in caries occur in several layers of the tooth: enamel, dentin, and pulp.

Studying the morphology of caries helps in understanding the changes within these layers. Over time, these changes significantly affect the structure, function, and appearance of the tooth. Understanding caries morphology is vital for developing effective strategies for its prevention and treatment.

                                                 References:

1. Кариес зубов: клинические рекомендации (протоколы лечения) / Стоматологическая ассоциация России. 2014. 

2. Азимов М., Ризаев Ж.А., Азимов А.М. К вопросу Классификации одонтогенных воспалительных заболеваний. ВIСНИК Проблем биологии и медицини. Випуск 4. Том 1(153) С. 278-282. 

3. Азимов М.И., Азимов А.М. Ультразвуковая остеометрия при острых одонтогенных воспалительных заболеваниях.// “Stomatologiya” Научно-практический журнал № 3 (80) 2020 С. 38. 

4. Азимов А.М., Турсуналиев З.З., Шодмонов А.А. Современные методы комплексного лечения воспалительных заболеваний периапикальных тканях.// “Stomatologiya” Научно-практический журнал № 1 (81) 2021 С. 56-59с. 

5. Рабинович, И.М. Клиническое применение ультразвука при эндодонтическом лечении / И.М. Рабинович, И.В. Корнетова // Клиническая стоматология. – 2012. – №4. – С. 10-14. 

6. Ризаев, Д., Азимов, А., Тожиев, Ф., & Турсуналиев, З. (2021). Ultrasound Osteometry in the Diagnosis of Inflammatory Processes of Periapical Tissues. in Library, 21(3), 36-39. 

7. Абдуллаев, Д., Собиржонова, A., & Турсуналиев, З. (2021). Лечение хронического генерализованного пародонтита хирургическими методами у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистой недостаточностью. Актуальные проблемы стоматологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии 4, 1(01), 140-141. 

8. Khabibjonova, Y. (2024). OCCURENCE OF DENTAL CARIES. Евразийский журнал медицинских и естественных наук, 4(1), 90–95. 

9. Ёкутхон Хабибжонова. (2024). ВИДЫ, ПРИЗНАКИ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА КАРИЕСА ЗУБОВ. Научный импульс, 2 (16), 1082-1087.

Ahmadova Sarvinoz was born in Altinkol district, Andijan region. She is a student of the Faculty of Dentistry at the Andijan Branch of Kokand University in Andijan region.

My Mother – My Lifelong Confidante and Support

In life, every person has someone they can lean on, someone they trust wholeheartedly, someone closest to their heart. For me, that person is my mother.

She is not just a mother — she is my guiding light, my kind soul, my confidante, and most importantly, my pillar of strength. The word “mother” is not an ordinary word — it symbolizes bravery, the highest form of patience and loyalty, and an endless source of love. The greatness, compassion, and profound meaning in the word “mother” can only be felt through the heart.

A mother’s heart holds pure and unconditional love, untouched by any circumstances. My mother is the most ideal person in my life. Every step she has taken in life has been for her children. She has endured every hardship with patience and strength. To this day, she has been ready to sacrifice anything for the happiness, health, and future of her four children.

This is not something ordinary — this is proof of the boundless greatness, courage, and nobility of a mother’s heart. My mother has always been my strength. Every time I fell, she held my hand. Every time I cried, she wiped away my tears. Every time I rejoiced, she was even happier than me.

My mother is not a confidante for just a day, but for a lifetime. She is the only person to whom I can tell my deepest secrets, who never judges me, and who accepts me just as I am. Her embrace is a sanctuary of peace, love, and kindness. Her every prayer is a light on my path, and every look in her eyes strengthens my heart.

If someone were to ask me who the most ideal person in my life is, I wouldn’t hesitate to say: “It’s my mother.” Because she is unmatched in love, limitless in sacrifice, and undefeatable in patience.

My mother not only gave me life, but also taught me how to live it. If I am someone today, it is because of her efforts, love, and prayers. She is my greatest treasure, my most trusted friend, and my most loving teacher — the one I will always rely on.

I, Boyqobilova Nargiz Alimardonovna, was born on September 8, 2001, in Oqarbuloq Mahalla, Oltinsoy District, Surkhandarya Region. I am 25 years old. Currently, I am the beloved first daughter of my parents and my parents-in-law, a cherished wife to my husband, and a proud mother of two sweet daughters.

I am a third-year student at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, majoring in Biology at Termez State University.

Love the street where I met you.

A whirlwind of people, a river of indifferent faces, and then, you.

A glimmer in the urban grayness, an off-key note in the symphony of asphalt.

Your smile, a crack in the wall of my solitude, letting in the light of an unexpected sun.

The noise of the city fades, only the echo of your voice remains, a melody etched in the silence of my soul.

That crossroads, once an anonymous dot on my map, is now a beacon, a sacred place, the epicenter of a universe that revolves only around you.

Time, once a relentless river, now stops, bends, adapts to our encounter.

Memory, a parched garden, blooms with the memory of your gaze, of your hand brushing mine, a fleeting touch that becomes eternity.

This asphalt, a silent witness to our first encounter, holds the secret of an unexpected love,

a love that sprang from the dry earth of the city,

an oasis in the desert of routine.

GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS DIVISION, of the UNACCC SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA CHAPTER.

With Achievement

Everyone’s eye on the light,

The light is attracted to the brilliant.

Improve life by keeping in the light.

Everyone wants to live with respect and respect,

Many do not know that respect and respect are not cheap.

Gains respect in the work of achievement,

To everyone is valuable in valuable work,

Life is on the way to Tatini.

Achievement in one’s own hands,

If you work hard, Your own life must improve.

In the hope of the dream of the dream, in the hope

Only if the equation of reality will shine the light of hope.

In the eastern sky, the clouds are frozen, the clouds are erased over time.

Life is shaking the light of hope,

You have to move on with it.

Short biography: Amb. Dr.Priyanka Neogi from Coochbehar. She is an administrative Controller of United Nations PAF, librarian, CEO of Lio Messi International Property & land Consultancy, international literacy worker, sports & peace promoter, dancer, singer, reciter, live telecaster, writer, editor, researcher, Literary journalist, host, beauty queen, international Co-ordinator of Vijay Mission of Community Welfare Foundation of India.

THE MOTHER OF GOD

I want to gaze upon your gentle, smiling face,

as you quietly wrap your child in linen and cotton cloth.

His smile tells you

that a heavenly gift rests in your arms.

And then — a scream.

Your scream, for they are taking your Son to be killed.

I return in thought to the cradle.

You hold Him close to your chest,

singing softly as He drifts into sleep.

The next moment —

your inconsolable heart beneath the cross,

among wicked men

casting lots for the clothes He wore.

Two scenes intertwine:

life and death,

an image bearing the Son of God,

a body made into a temple.

And now… all carries the scent of death.

You loved Him with your whole being,

wished Him only good,

yet evil spun its snares

through the servants of darkness.

Only a tear of joy remains

as you lay Him in a wooden cradle:

 “Good night, my son.”

And a tear of sorrow

as you embrace His lifeless body:

“Please, call me to meet You soon.

Without You, this life has no meaning.”

It plays out endlessly,

like a film that never ends:

death, tears, salvation —

telling us: the death of the body is a beginning.

Mother of God,

Suffering One,

there is no greater pain than yours,

but no deeper comfort

than your eternal embrace.

For no suffering

is greater

than yours.

Maja Milojković was born in Zaječar and divides her life between Serbia and Denmark. In Serbia, she serves as the deputy editor-in-chief at the publishing house Sfairos in Belgrade. She is also the founder and vice president of the Rtanj and Mesečev Poets’ Circle, which counts 800 members, and the editor-in-chief of the international e-magazine Area Felix, a bilingual Serbian-English publication. She writes literary reviews, and as a poet, she is represented in numerous domestic and international literary magazines, anthologies, and electronic media. Some of her poems are also available on the YouTube platform. Maja Milojković has won many international awards. She is an active member of various associations and organizations advocating for peace in the world, animal protection, and the fight against racism. She is the author of two books: Mesečev krug (Moon Circle) and Drveće Želje (Trees of Desire). She is one of the founders of the first mixed-gender club Area Felix from Zaječar, Serbia, and is currently a member of the same club. She is a member of the literary club Zlatno Pero from Knjaževac, and the association of writers and artists Gorski Vidici from Podgorica, Montenegro.

One moment 

a moment of hope saved

in the pocket of my heart.

another wait

broken word

makes room for me

locks to the beats.

the illusion spills over

clotted blood smell

means that the wound

will close eventually.

In a moment

give me the galaxies

and the next

you snatch them from me

like hurricane

decide

What do you want?

What are you going to do?

Life is a moment

mine

have an expiration date

like your words.

Mirta Liliana Ramírez has been a poet and writer since she was 12 years old. She has been a Cultural Manager for more than 35 years. Creator and Director of the Groups of Writers and Artists: Together for the Letters, Artescritores, MultiArt, JPL world youth, Together for the letters Uzbekistan 1 and 2. She firmly defends that culture is the key to unite all the countries of the world. She works only with his own, free and integrating projects at a world cultural level. She has created the Cultural Movement with Rastrillaje Cultural and Forming the New Cultural Belts at the local level and also from Argentina to the world.

Bicycle

A bicycle rolls on two thin wheels,

Gliding smooth, it gently feels.

Pedals spin and winds do blow,

Taking me where I want to go.

Bell goes ‘ring ring’, and I ride fast,

Through the streets, the trees rush past.

With every turn, I feel so free,

My bike’s the best friend there could be.

 

Wazed Abdullah is a student of grade ten in Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh.