Basic concepts and terms of translation theory and practice

Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages

4th year student Gafurova Mahbuba

mahbubaalisherovna@gmail.com

Supervisor: Kadirova Nargiza

АННОТАЦИЯ; В данной статье рассматриваются ключевые понятия и терминология теории и практики перевода. Особое внимание уделяется определению, классификации и применению переводческих понятий и терминов в различных видах перевода. Анализируется роль базовых понятий в переводческом процессе, а также их влияние на качество и точность перевода. Статья предназначена для студентов, преподавателей и практикующих переводчиков.

Ключевые слова: перевод, теория перевода, терминология, переводческая практика, лингвистика, семантика, эквивалентность.

AONNOTATIN:This article explores the key concepts and terminology of translation theory and practice. Special attention is paid to the definition, classification, and application of translation concepts and terms in different types of translation. The article analyzes the role of basic concepts in the translation process and their impact on translation quality and accuracy. It is intended for students, teachers, and professional translators.

Keywords: translation, translation theory, terminology, translation practice, linguistics, semantics, equivalence.

One of the main tasks of translation theory and practice is to study the concepts and terms used in the translation process, determine their essence and analyze their impact on the translation process. Each translator should be able to build practical skills that are theoretical. This requires an in-depth understanding of the key concepts and terms used in translation theory. This article provides details on the most common concepts and terms in translation theory and practice, their origin, classification, and practical application. Translation refers to the equivalent transfer of language units of different degrees into another language. To do this, the translator must have good knowledge of the theoretical foundations and linguistic knowledge.

1. Definition and essence of translation Translation is the process of complete and precise translation of speech of one language in written or spoken form into another language. Translation requires not only changing words, but also preserving content, style, context. The main task of translation is to ensure equivalence between the source text and the translated text.

2. Translation theory and its basic concepts Translation theory is a science that studies the scientific foundations of translation activity, its main concepts include:

Equivalence – the degree of semantic and functional equivalence between the source language and the target language;

Adequacy – the degree of correspondence of the translation to the source text;

Interference – errors that occur as a result of the influence of one language to another;

Transformation is the correct expression of meaning through grammatical and lexical changes in the translation process.

3. Types of translation Translation is mainly divided into the following types:

Document translation; Oral interpretation, which is also divided into sequential and synchronous types;

Literary translation – translation of works of fiction;

Technical translation – translation of scientific and technical texts;

Audiovisual translation – translation of film, TV series, video content.

4. Linguistic knowledge and competence of the translator Each translator shall:

phonetic, lexical and grammatical units;

the basics of stylistics and pragmatics;

cross-cultural communication;

must be well versed in terminology. The cultural, psychological, and ethical competence of the translator is also important.

5. Linguistic aspects of translation The levels of language units – phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic – present various problems in the translation process. At each level, the interpreter employs certain strategies. For example, at the semantic level, it will be important to choose synonyms, and on a pragmatic level, it will be important to choose the option that fits the context.

6. The role of terminology Terminology is a system of terms specific to a particular field. The correct choice and use of terms in translation determines the accuracy of the text. In particular, in areas such as medicine, law, technology, the translator should work with the help of specialized dictionaries and databases.

7. Analyzing Concepts Through Practical Examples The following are some translation methods with examples:

Kalkalash: “skyscraper” – “osmono’par bino”;

Adaptatsiya: “He kicked the bucket” – “U olamdan o‘tdi”;

Synonymous substitution: “big” – “big”, “great”, “large” (depending on the context).

Conclusion

An in-depth study of key concepts and terms in translation theory and practice is an important factor in improving the quality of translation. Every translator should be familiar with these terms and be able to practice them. Translation acts not only as a bridge between languages, but also between cultures. Therefore, translation theory is in constant development and requires new approaches and research.

References:

Komissarov V.N. “Teoriya perevoda” – Moscow, 1990.

Gafurov O. “Fundamentals of translation theory” – Tashkent, 2015.

Baker M. “In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation” – Routledge, 2011.

Newmark P. “A Textbook of Translation” – Prentice Hall, 1988.

Hatim B. and Mason I. “Discourse and the Translator” – Longman, 1997.

Shokirova D. “Translation Practice: Theory and Experience” – Samarkand, 2021

Problems and Analysis Methods of Translation Practice in the Exercise 

Andijan Davlar Institute of Foreign Languages

4th Printing Student: Gafurova Mahbuba

mahbubaalisherovna@gmail.com

+998946812826

Supervisor: Kadirova Nargiza

Annotation. This article discusses in detail a wide range of problems in translation practice, the reasons for their origin and methods of analysis. In particular, the grammatical, lexical, stylistic and cultural differences between the Uzbek and German languages affect the translation process, and what scientific methods should be used to overcome these differences. On the basis of the leading ideas of translation theory, practical and theoretical approaches are analyzed, the qualifications, skills and strategies necessary for the translator are discussed.

Keywords. Translation practice, translation theory, German language, Uzbek language, methods of analysis, grammatical differences, lexical differences, cultural differences, pragmatic differences, linguistic approach, cultural approach, functional equivalence, transcription.

Translation has been one of the most important tools of intercultural communication throughout human history. Today, the role of translation is becoming more and more important as global connections in science, technology, literature, politics, and other fields increase. Translation has become not only a means of transferring information between languages, but also of transferring spiritual and social values from one culture to another. The structure of the Uzbek language and the German language, the style of expression, and the cultural basis differ significantly. These differences create many difficulties in the translation process. A translator must translate not only literally, but also correctly convey its meaning, style, cultural context, communicative purpose. The article comprehensively analyzes the problems encountered in translation practice and proposes solutions based on modern scientific methods.

The main problems of translation practice. Lexical problems. There are significant differences between the vocabulary and lexical structures of the Uzbek and German languages. Whereas in Uzbek a word often has many meanings, in German there is a specific expression for each meaning. For example, the Uzbek verb “to see” denotes a general action and is used in different contexts: to see (with an eye), to see (to experiment), to see (to meet). In German, various verbs are used for these cases, such as sehen (to see with the eye), erleben (to experiment), sich treffen (to meet). The translator should analyze the context in depth and choose the appropriate option. Problems are also common in the translation of phraseological units. Phraseologisms often have a cultural basis in German and appear strange or incomprehensible in German when translated directly. For example, expressions such as “Heartbreak” should be conveyed in translation with an appropriate equivalent or annotation.

Grammar problems. Differences in grammatical systems create many problems in the translation process. Uzbek language is an agglutinatable language, and grammatical meanings are expressed by suffixes. In German, there are genders of nouns (masculine, feminine, neutral) and are designated by the articles. In Uzbek, the basic structure of a sentence is simple (I went to school), whereas in German the word order is based on a strict rule (Ich bin zur Schule gegangen). Secondary verbs and auxiliary verbs are used a lot in the sentence. In German, the form of nouns and articles change (der Tisch – den Tisch, dem Tisch and so on) if more pronouncements are indicated in Uzbek.

Such discrepancies require structural adaptations and grammatical transformations in translation.

Stylistic problems. Uzbek literary style is characterized by softer, more emotionally rich expressions. In German, on the other hand, the emphasis is on expressing clearly, concisely, and logically. It takes great skill to find their functional equivalent when translating into German poetic metaphors, exaggerations, means of expression, which are often used in Uzbek literature or in everyday speech. Otherwise, the translation may look dry and artificial. Also, many expressions used in the Uzbek language as part of respect and manners are divided into formal or informal forms in German (via the forms Sie and du). Choosing the right level will ensure the accuracy of the translation and its appropriateness to the context.

Cultural and pragmatic issues. Fundamental differences between Uzbek and German cultures are often noticed in the translation process. For example, in Uzbek culture special respect is given to adults and requires a lot of care in speech. In German society, however, the principle of equality is stronger, and this is also noticeable in the tone of speech. Since religious and national realities (for example, “iftor”, “savob”, “Sufi”) often found in Uzbek are not exactly equivalent in German culture, the translator must interpret these concepts or translate them with cultural adaptation. Pragmatically, what is acceptable and acceptable in one culture may have negative connotations in another. In such situations, the translator should use the method of adaptation (localization), taking into account the purpose of the text and the audience.

Translation Analysis Methods. Linguistic analysis. Linguistic analysis is a method of in-depth study of the interaction of language systems and elements in the translation process. It is carried out at the level of grammatical structures, syntax, morphology and phonetics. For example, differences such as the adaptation of the free speech order in Uzbek to the strict order of free speech in German, or the manner in which tenses are expressed (in Uzbek language the most accurate tense is clearly defined, then in German tenses are often understood in context) are determined by linguistic analysis. Cultural analysis. Cultural analysis involves the analysis of the cultural codes, values, traditions of the translated text. The translator identifies the differences between the source culture and the receiving culture and develops adapted options. Cultural analysis is especially important in translating national concepts, holidays, religious terms, and everyday customs. Functional Analysis. Functional analysis is a translation technique that takes into account the communicative purpose, audience, and context of a text. In this way, the translation is done not only verbatim but also while maintaining the overall effect of the text. For example, when translating ad text, you need to remember that its goal is to sell the product, so it will be more important to maintain an impactful focus on your audience, rather than translating the words correctly.

The practice of translation is not a simple language change, but a complex cultural and stylistic process of transfer. Translation work between Uzbek and German should study in depth the grammatical, lexical, stylistic, and cultural differences and apply the appropriate analysis techniques to each gap. The use of a harmonious combination of linguistic, cultural and functional analysis methods in overcoming translation problems is a key factor for improving the quality and effectiveness of translation. A translator should always expand his language skills, cultural knowledge and be aware of modern translation methodology. Translation is a process that requires not only knowledge, but also art, patience, experience and a creative approach.

                                              References

1. Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge, 2018.

2. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall, 1988.

3. House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment: Past and Present. Routledge, 2015.

4. Hatim, Basil; Mason, Ian. Discourse and the Translator. Routledge, 1990.

5. Nord, Christiane. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application. Rodopi, 2005.

6. Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge, 1995.

7. Kadyrova, M. Comparative grammar of Uzbek and German languages. Tashkent, 2015.

8. Shukurov, B. Fundamentals of translation theory. Tashkent, 2010.

9. Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. John Benjamins, 1995.

10. Schäffner, Christina. Translation and Intercultural Communication. Routledge, 2012.

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WORD DIVISION IN THE STUDIED LANGUAGE

Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages

4th year student Malika Tursunkho’jayeva  

abdusamadovnamalika@gmail.com

Supervisor: Ismanova Odinakhon

Anmerkung: In diesem Artikel werden die Hauptprinzipien der Klassifizierung von Wortarten in der untersuchten Sprache Deutsch analysiert. Es werden moderne linguistische Ansätze, Methoden zur Identifizierung von Wortarten anhand grammatikalischer und semantischer Merkmale diskutiert und die spezifischen Charakteristika der einzelnen Wortklassen anhand zahlreicher Beispiele aus dem Deutschen beleuchtet. Theoretisches Wissen wird durch praktische Beispiele ergänzt.

Schlüsselwörter: Wortarten, grammatisches Merkmal, semantisches Merkmal, deutsche Sprache, linguistische Analyse

Annatation:This article analyzes the basic principles of part-of-speech assignment in the learned language – German. Modern linguistic approaches as well as methods for determining parts of speech on the basis of grammatical and semantic features are covered. The specific characteristics of each part of speech are illustrated by numerous examples from German. Theoretical findings are supplemented with practical examples.

Keywords: parts of speech, grammatical features, semantic features, German language, linguistic analysis

The language system is distinguished by its complex structure and rules. Parts of speech are classified according to the grammatical and semantic features of the words in the language. In the process of learning a language, it is important to divide words into the correct categories, to use them correctly and to master grammar perfectly.

German, although structurally similar to English and other Germanic languages, has its specific phonetic, morphological and syntactic features. Parts of speech are distinguished in German on the basis of strict grammatical criteria.

Basic principles of the division of parts of speech

1. Separation based on grammatical symbols

In German, each word group has certain grammatical symbols: gender, number, possessive, tense, cite, condition, and so on. For example:

Ism (the noun): jins (the, the, the), ko’plik (-en, -e, -er) shakllari mavjud. Misol: the table (stol), the flowers (gullar)

Verb (das Verb): changes according to the person and tense. Example: gehen (go), ging (go), ist gegangen (go)

2. Semantic character separation

The meaning of the word is also important in determining its category. For example:Names: refers to the name of an object or person. (Auto, Lehrer)

Verbs: Express an action or situation. (Laufen, Schlafen)

3. Classification based on syntactic functions

The role of words in a sentence can also help determine their category:

Noun: usually comes as an object or object of a sentence.

Verb: forms the predicative core of a sentence. Basic vocabulary and their features in the German language.

Practical Examples

 1. Ismlar: The city is big. (Shahar katta.)

2. Fe’llar: Ich lerne Deutsch. (Men nemis tilini o‘rganayapman.)

3. Sifatlar: This is an interesting book. (Bu qiziqarli kitob.)

4. Ravishlar: He runs fast. (U tez yuguradi.)

5. Template:Wir fahren mit dem Bus. (Biz autobusda ketayapmiz.)

Basic information about parts of speech (Wortarten)

1. What are parts of speech? Speech categories are a system of classifying words of a language based on their morphological form, syntactic role and semantic meaning. Each phrase has its own unique grammatical features. It is also determined by the function of words in a sentence.

2. Main Separation Criteria

3. Basic Vocabulary in German. Variable (flexiberbare Wortarten):

1st noun (Ism) – the dog, the book 2nd verb (Fe’l) – to read, to sleep

3. Adjective (Sifat) – beautiful, clever 4. Pronoun (Olmosh) – I, my, this

5. Numerals (Son so’zlari) – one, two, hundred

O’zgarmas (non-inflectible parts of speech):

6. Adverb (Ravish) – today, there, fast. 7. Preposition (Predlog) – on, under, because

8. Conjunction (Bog’lovchi) – and, because, although. 9. Particles (Yordamchi so’zlar) – yes, yes, wait

4. Features in German Vocabulary Recognition

A. Morphological features

Ismlar: Artikl va jinsga ega (the table, the lamp, the book).

Verbs: Have tense, person, and number variation (ich gehe, du gehst).

Adjectives: Changes when it comes with fixed articles and nouns (ein schöner Tag).

B. Syntactic features

Nouns: In a sentence, it is usually possessive or complementary.

Verbs: Always serve as the center of a sentence, a predicate.

Adjectives: Used as a descriptor or sentence fragment (Das Auto ist schnell.).

C. Semantic Properties

Names: Refers to a thing, person, or concept.

Verbs: Signifies an action, situation, or process.

Adjectives: Signifies the quality, signs of things.

5. Special Events

A. Ismlanish (noun)

A verb or adjective is used like nouns and starts with a capital letter.

Examples: das Essen (eating, eating), der Alte (seniors)

B. Declination of Adjectives. It varies depending on the specified and unspecified article.

Misollar: the beautiful tree, a beautiful tree

C. Arrival of the verb in auxiliary forms

Modal verbs and perfect tenses are used with auxiliary verbs:

I have to learn. He worked.

6. Principles applied in the comparison of parts of speech

7. Examples from German

8. Literature Used

Duden editors: Duden – Die Grammatik, Dudenverlag, 2021.

Helbig, Gerhard; Buscha, Joachim: Deutsche Grammatik, Langenscheidt, 2016.

Durrell, Martin: Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage, Routledge, 2017.

Zifonun, Gisela: Parts of Speech – an Introduction, Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997.

9. Important Notes. In German, an article, gender, declination and conjugation are important for each word category.

The function of words in context is always clarifying.

When learning new words, you should always learn their vocabulary and how they are used in a sentence.

 In conclusion, the division into word categories plays an important role in understanding the logical and structural order in the language. Parts of speech in German are clearly distinguished based on grammatical, semantic and syntactic notation. Adherence to these principles in the study of a language allows increasing the vocabulary and mastering the grammar perfectly.

                             References

1. Duden. Grammar: Indispensable for proper German. Bibliographic Institute, 2016.

2. Helbig, Gerhard; Buscha, Joachim. Deutsche Grammatik: Ein Handbuch für den Ausländerunterricht. Langenscheidt, 2001.

3. Zifonun, Gisela et al. Grammar of the German Language. de Gruyter, 1997.

4. Eisenberg, Peter. Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik. Metzler, 2004.

5. Engel, Ulrich. German grammar: tasks and solutions. Iudicium Verlag, 2013.

6. Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage. Routledge, 6th edition, London/New York, 2017.

7.Zifonun, Gisela Wortarten – Eine Einführung. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen, 1997.

8.Eisenberg, Peter Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik: Band 1: Das Wort.

J.B. Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart, 2004.

9. Hentschel, Elke; Weydt, Harald Deutsche Wortgrammatik.

de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin/New York, 2002.

10.Polenz, Peter von Deutsche Satzsemantik: Grundbegriffe des Zwischen-den-Zeilen-Lesensde Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, 2008.

11.Gallmann, Peter Inflection and Part-of-Speech Belonging in German.

Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1990.

12. Glück, Helmut (ed.)Metzler Lexikon Sprache.

J.B. Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart/Weimar, 4th edition, 2016.

1

Comeback Story

vine street seeing stars

looney tune bite down

does not notice valuables are missing 

for long while: victim, is this?

it’s not a job it’s a gig

hard labour

thieves’ and beggar’s guild

Minnesota animal cookies

reader finishes each poem

plays tape out to its end

2

winter rain

lefty 

sold out pancho

could the bird survive if released ask the cards

3

finishing the 

greek ode

he belches

barred windows between you and the poem

rubbing hands 

the maple

a withered thyrsus

impassioned kiss turns to wipe the makeup from her face

4

eclipse at the bottom of globe

former priest 

splashes blood 

across missile cones

5

sheep frozen 

small portion exposed decomposing 

expectations 

of proofs when truth 

is suppressed 

Jerome Berglund has worked as everything from dishwasher to paralegal, night watchman to assembler of heart valves. Many haiku, haiga and haibun he’s written have been exhibited or are forthcoming online and in print, most recently in bottle rockets, Frogpond, Kingfisher, and Presence. A mixed media chapbook showcasing his fine art photography is available now from Fevers of the Mind.

Qashqadaryo — The Land of the Timurids

For every soul, the place of their birth holds an irreplaceable meaning.

For me, that place — Qashqadaryo — is not just my homeland, but the very source of my greatest happiness and pride.

No matter how many poems I compose or novels I write, I doubt I could ever truly capture the fragrance, the spirit, or the magic woven into a handful of Qashqadaryo’s soil. As a child, I sometimes dreamed of being born in the capital. I would wonder, «If I had been born in Tashkent, would I have had more opportunities?» Today, I smile at those innocent thoughts, for I now realize that my greatest fortune was being born in Qashqadaryo — the cradle of history, the land of timeless traditions. Even now, as I pursue my studies in the capital, a tender longing forever lives in my heart — a longing for my homeland, for the sweet memories of my childhood, for the scent of Qashqadaryo’s air, for the songs of its birds.

Whether I step outside or turn the pages of a book, this yearning quietly embraces me. Over the years, I have made friends across the world — in Iran, the USA, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and beyond. During our conversations, I often see admiration in their eyes. A friend from Washington State once told me: «You were born in a land worthy of pride. Every region of Uzbekistan is unique, but Qashqadaryo — the land of the Timurids — stands apart. And to be from Yakkabog‘ is a rare honor, for you share your homeland with the great Amir Temur himself.» Those words stirred a profound pride within me — a feeling I shall carry forever. Indeed, Qashqadaryo is a land like no other. Its air, its soil, the melodies of its birds — all are imbued with a unique spirit. Its people are hardworking, generous, open-hearted, and kind.

When misfortune befalls one, the entire village gathers to help. Our celebrations are truly special, especially during Navruz, our cherished spring festival, when young and old alike come together in joy. We simmer sumalak, organize traditional games, and send our brightest wishes soaring into the future. Among Qashqadaryo’s many treasures is our beloved national game — Kupkari. Here, young men display their courage and skill, galloping across the field as if racing toward their beloved. This sacred land has not only left its mark on history but also shines in the world of literature. The great poet Abdulla Oripov was born here, nurtured by the spirit of Qashqadaryo. Many other remarkable individuals who have served our nation with honor have also risen from this blessed soil. And so, with pride swelling in my chest, I say:

«I am proud to have been born in Qashqadaryo!»

Dilobar Maxmarejabova is a first-year student English, Philology and Language Teaching faculty of Uzbekistan’s Journalism and Mass Communications University.

Women’s Praise

A tribute to a woman’s enduring patience,

In her eyes, there shines a light of love.

Women, truly, are great beings,

Their children nestled in their hearts.

Night and day she thinks of “family,” her word,

A faithful companion to her life partner.

Children find boundless love only in them,

For mothers possess limitless affection.

Does the world still honor women’s greatness,

Is there still a rule for the love within?

She is a mother, a sister, a faithful companion,

In every field, she has her own place prepared.

Sometimes there may be misunderstandings, it’s true,

Yet in her heart, there’s a reservoir of strength.

No one truly knows what lies inside her,

A hidden, resilient strength like a diamond.

Are not women beautiful in this world,

From whom the sun’s light has sprung?

Why not be amazed, why not love?

After all, Mother is the trembling symbol of women.

Jo‘rayeva Marjona Baxtiyorovna was born on October 18, 2003, in the Termiz district of Surxondaryo region, Uzbekistan. She is a third-year student in the Uzbek language and literature department at the Faculty of Foreign Language.

‎Who AM l

‎Who is there?
‎A shadow.
‎Who is here?
‎A simple shadow.
‎Who is in my heart?
‎A complex shadow.
‎Who is in your heart?
‎A compound shadow.
‎Who is all around us?
‎Shadow, shadow and shadow!
‎Where is man?
‎He is absent in everywhere.
‎Where is woman?
‎She is absent in………. .
‎Where is humanity?
‎It was buried before civilization.
‎Where is conscience
‎It was killed before dawn.
‎Where is property?
‎It is in our breath.
‎Where is life
‎It is always past.
‎Where am l?
‎I don’t know.
‎Who am l?
‎A mummy of time.