Unable to serve with honor and to earn their peace.
From the long path of life,
legs have begun to give out
and to create problems for the body,
and to inflict pain in the soul of my being.
My dear old age, you come to me from behind,
go, I beg you, away.
I know that you come for what is yours
and I know that this body is yours.
Do not torment my soul,
which does not belong to you,
let it go, to let the light pass its rays
and to allow the heart a rest.
Oh, my dear old age,
must you come to me right now.
Know that it drives a knife into my heart.
Oh, old age, my dear old age.
Maja Milojković was born in Zaječar, Serbia. She is the deputy editor at “Sfairos” publishing house in Belgrade, Serbia. She is the vice-president of the association “Rtanj and Mesečev poetski krug”. She is the author of 2 books: “The Circle of the Moon” and “Trees of Desire” She is the editor of the International Anthology “Rtanjski stihopevi” One of the founders of the poetry club “Area Felix” from Zaječar, Serbia and the editor of an international e-magazine for creative literature and culture “Area Felix”.
A rebellion strikes within me, Outside, thunder shatters the sky. Before my eyes, high-rise buildings turn to ash, Inside, a silent earthquake keeps shaking me.
I stagger, I run in all directions. Leaves fall, scattering into the sky, And like cotton clouds of silk-cotton trees, I drift away into a white, floating realm.
Now I am only a drifting existence.
Yet sometimes I glimpse that familiar path of mine— A forest wrapped in hills, Birds flying freely into the open sky.
It is a land of no shortage of vastness, A field where I can fly as I wish, wander as I wish, And keep singing songs of love within.
Here, no fire of missiles falls, No one sets traps of betrayal for another. Beyond the violence of the earth, With wings spread like birds, That floating realm is enough for my two breaths of life.
But in this human world, Human conflict burns the earth— Burning buildings, burning soil, destroying lives.
Children startle awake from dreams At the sound of war stories, A chill runs through the bones.
In the forest, jackals keep howling softly, As if even nature is mourning.
Yet a mother was supposed to tell stories— A lullabying mother, A soft song for a child’s gentle sleep, A moonlit face full of peace, A child like a sky full of stars.
If only I had a life that could dream like that…
Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh
28 March, 2026.
Md. Mahbubul Alam is from Bangladesh. His writer name is Mahbub John in Bangladesh. He is a Senior Teacher (English) of Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. Chapainawabganj is a district town of Bangladesh. He is an MA in English Literature from Rajshahi College under National University. He has published three books of poems in Bangla. He writes mainly poems but other branches of literature such as prose, article, essay etc. also have been published in national and local newspapers, magazines, little magazines. He has achieved three times the Best Teacher Certificate and Crest in National Education Week in the District Wise Competition in Chapainawabganj District. He has gained many literary awards from home and abroad. His English writings have been published in Synchronized Chaos for seven years.
Once when he was in grade ten in 1990, his Bangla letter was selected as the best one from Deutsche Welle, Germany Radio that broadcast Bangla news for the Banglalee people. And he was given 50 Dutch Mark as his award. They would ask letters from the listeners to the news in Bangla and select one letter for the best one in every month.
From 17 to 30 September, in 2018 he received a higher training in teaching English language in Kasetsart University of Thailand for secondary level students through a government order from education ministry.
On 06 November 2015 he achieved Amjad Ali Mondal Medal for his contribution in education field by a development organization in the conference and felicitation function for the honorable personalities at Rajshahi College Auditorium.
On 30 December 2017 from West Bengal in India he was declared a ‘Literary Charioteer’ in Bangobandhu Literary and World Bango Conference and they awarded him with a Gold Medal in their International Literary Conference and Prize Giving Ceremony.
In 2018, he achieved Prodipto Lirerary Award in Prodipto Literary Conference at Kesorhat, Rajshahi for poems in Bangla literature. He received honorary crest from the administration of Chapainawabganj District Literary Conference and Cultural Function in 2021 and 2022 consecutively.
His poems have been published in many international online magazines such as Juntos Por las L Raven Cage Zine, and Area Felix. His poems have been translated and published in Argentine and Serbian, and he participated in many international online cultural meetings.
The Relationship Between Personality Typology and Career Choice
Andijan State University Psychology Department Yo‘lbarsova Laylo Email: layloyulbarsova@gmail.com ORCID: 0009-0002-1446-3287
Abstract: This article examines the influence of individual psychological characteristics of a person on the process of career choice. The main objective of the research is to identify the correlational relationship between personality typology (including temperament, character accentuations, and cognitive styles) and professional success. It is scientifically substantiated that a professional environment that does not correspond to an individual’s personality type can lead to psychological stress and professional burnout. The findings of the study can serve as methodological recommendations for career guidance centers and psychologists working in educational institutions, especially in guiding young people in choosing appropriate professions.
Keywords: personality typology, temperament, cognitive styles, career choice, professional success, psychological compatibility, burnout
Introduction
Today, choosing a profession that corresponds to an individual’s psychological typology is extremely important not only for personal success but also for the socio-economic stability of society. The compatibility between a person’s temperament, character type, and cognitive style with the requirements of their chosen profession increases work productivity and helps prevent professional burnout.
However, in practice, many young people choose their careers not based on their personal characteristics, but rather on external factors such as the prestige of a profession, financial benefits, or random decisions. This leads to dissatisfaction with their profession in the future and contributes to workforce instability.
In particular, under the conditions of a modern labor market characterized by emerging professions and a rapidly changing social environment, the psychological mechanisms linking personality typology and career orientation have not been sufficiently studied. Existing theories are often general in nature and do not fully meet the dynamic demands of today.
Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between psychological personality types and career preferences, as well as to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for the effective use of human capital.
This study focuses on analyzing the mechanisms of interaction between personality typology and career choice. It has a theoretical-analytical and comparative nature. During the research process, classical psychological theories of personality classification, modern career guidance methodologies, and scientific articles were used as sources.
Systematic analysis, psychological comparison, and logical generalization methods were applied in the study. The research was carried out in several stages:
First, existing psychological literature on the topic (Holland, Jung, Eysenck theories) was thoroughly studied;
Then, professional tendencies characteristic of different temperament and character types, as well as mismatches observed in practice, were comparatively analyzed;
Finally, general conclusions regarding an effective career choice model based on psychological profiling were formulated.
In recent years, several studies have been conducted on personality traits and professional adaptation. For example, A.N. Ivanov (2021) examined this issue from a cognitive-behavioral perspective using surveys and testing methods, concluding that intellectual potential plays a decisive role in career choice. However, the influence of temperament on emotional stability was not sufficiently addressed in the study.
S.R. Qodirova (2022) analyzed this problem based on J. Holland’s typological concept. A significant difference between these approaches lies in their focus: the former emphasizes cognitive factors, while the latter focuses on personality types
Analysis and Results
The conducted research identified the following key results demonstrating the relationship between personality typology and career orientation:
1. Compatibility of personality types and professional inclination
The analysis showed that a person’s psychological type is a fundamental factor determining professional success. According to J. Holland’s typological model, the following trends were observed:
Intellectual and investigative types show an 85% tendency toward scientific and analytical activities;
Social types demonstrate the highest level of adaptation in professions involving human interaction (education, psychology, medicine).
2. Temperament and professional stability
Based on the theories of C. Jung and H. Eysenck, the role of temperament characteristics in career choice was comparatively analyzed, and the results were generalized.
Conclusion
This study scientifically examined the relationship between personality typology and the process of career choice. The results indicate that individual psychological characteristics play a crucial role in determining career direction.
In particular, a practical connection was identified between Carl Jung’s personality typology (introversion and extraversion) and John Holland’s career model. The findings show that extroverted individuals tend to choose socially oriented professions, while introverted individuals prefer professions requiring independent and analytical work.
The results also confirm that choosing a profession based on personal characteristics positively influences professional success, job satisfaction, and personal development.
Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
personality typology is an important criterion in career choice;
psychological diagnostics are necessary for making the right career decision;
it is essential to strengthen an individual approach when guiding young people in career selection.
In the future, it is advisable to conduct research on a broader audience and apply modern psychological methods in this field.
References
Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological types. Princeton University Press.
Holland, J. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of careers. Prentice Hall.
Maslow, A. (1987). Motivation and personality. Harper & Row.
Gʻoziyev, E. (2002). General psychology. O‘qituvchi.
Do‘stmuhamedov, Sh. A. (2010). Fundamentals of occupational psychology. Fan.
Qodirov, B. (2005). Psychology. O‘qituvchi.
Davletshin, M. G. (2006). General psychology. O‘qituvchi.
METHODS FOR MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS IN VEHICLE USE
Dang’ara District, Technical School No. 3,
Department of Business and Management
Production Training Master: Nabiyeva Xilolaxon Axrorjon qizi
Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqolada avtomobil transporti vositalaridan foydalanish jarayonida yonilgʻi va moylash materiallarining (YMM) atrof-muhitga, xususan, tuproq, suv resurslari va atmosfera havosiga koʻrsatadigan salbiy ta’siri atroflicha tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida ishlatilgan motor va transmissiya moylarining kimyoviy tarkibi, ularning tarkibidagi ogʻir metallar va toksik birikmalarning ekotizimga kirib borish mexanizmlari oʻrganildi. Maqolada avtomobillarga texnik xizmat koʻrsatish maskanlarida hosil boʻladigan chiqindi moylarni yigʻish va utilizatsiya qilishning hozirgi holati tanqidiy koʻrib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, atrof-muhit ifloslanishini kamaytirish maqsadida biologik parchalanadigan moylash materiallarini joriy etish va chiqindi moylarni regeneratsiya qilish texnologiyalari samaradorligi asoslab berilgan.
Kalit so’zlar: avtomobil transporti, yonilgʻi-moylash materiallari, ekologik xavfsizlik, utilizatsiya, tuproq ifloslanishi, regeneratsiya, biologik moylar
Аннотация: В данной научной статье всесторонне проанализировано негативное воздействие топливно-смазочных материалов (ТСМ), используемых в процессе эксплуатации автомобильного транспорта, на окружающую среду, в частности на почву, водные ресурсы и атмосферный воздух. В ходе исследования изучены химический состав отработанных моторных и трансмиссионных масел, а также механизмы проникновения содержащихся в них тяжелых металлов и токсичных соединений в экосистему. В статье критически рассмотрено текущее состояние сбора и утилизации отработанных масел, образующихся на станциях технического обслуживания автомобилей. Кроме того, обоснована эффективность внедрения биологически разлагаемых смазочных материалов и технологий регенерации отработанных масел с целью снижения загрязнения окружающей среды.
Abstract: This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the negative impact of fuel and lubricants (F&L) used in motor vehicle operation on the environment, particularly on soil, water resources, and atmospheric air. The study examines the chemical composition of used engine and transmission oils, as well as the mechanisms by which heavy metals and toxic compounds contained in them enter the ecosystem. The article critically reviews the current state of collection and disposal of waste oils generated at vehicle maintenance facilities. Furthermore, the effectiveness of introducing biodegradable lubricants and technologies for regenerating used oils is substantiated as a means of reducing environmental pollution.
Keywords: motor transport, fuel and lubricants, environmental safety, disposal, soil pollution, regeneration, biodegradable lubricants
INTRODUCTION
In the modern world, the rapid growth of motorization not only contributes to economic development but also causes significant environmental problems. During the use of automobiles, not only the gases produced by fuel combustion but also the direct leakage and improper disposal of lubricants (LMs) pose a serious threat to the environment. Globally, millions of tons of used engine and transmission oils are generated annually, yet only a fraction is properly recycled.
Fuel and lubricants are complex hydrocarbon mixtures to which various chemical additives are added to enhance operational properties. These additives contain phenols, sulfate compounds, and heavy metals, which become highly toxic when released into the environment. In particular, leaks occurring during vehicle maintenance or due to malfunctions degrade the fertile layer of soil and contaminate groundwater.
The aim of this study is to develop scientific and technical solutions to reduce the environmental impact of LMs used in automobiles and to analyze effective methods for managing waste oils. The relevance of the topic is directly related to ensuring ecological safety and the rational use of natural resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
During the study, statistical data on the consumption of LMs and the generation of waste oils in automobile transport enterprises and service centers (SCs) were analyzed. The research methodology consisted of several stages.
In the first stage, the chemical composition of used engine oils was studied under laboratory conditions using chromatography. Changes in composition between new oils and oils after 10,000 km of operation were compared.
In the second stage, model experiments were conducted to determine the rate at which LMs penetrate the soil and their effect on microbiological activity. The kinetics of hydrocarbon degradation in the soil over time was calculated using the formula:
In the third stage, physical-chemical methods of waste oil processing, including vacuum distillation, adsorption purification, and coagulation, were comparatively analyzed. The study also considered foreign experiences in LM utilization (Germany, USA) and the possibility of adapting them to local conditions. Mathematical statistics methods were applied to process the data, ensuring the reliability of the results. The objects of study were major auto service centers and adjacent areas in Tashkent.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Automobile transport is an integral part of modern society and plays an important role in economic development. However, fuel and lubricant products used in internal combustion engines have a significant negative impact on the environment. This issue has been studied by many researchers, with various aspects addressed in scientific literature.
Many studies identify harmful vehicle emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons, as major sources of air pollution. In particular, the transport sector is recognized as a significant contributor to global climate change. Researchers emphasize that emissions from fuel combustion degrade air quality and negatively affect human health.
The impact of fuel and lubricants on soil and water resources is also widely studied. Leaks of oil and fuel lead to the accumulation of heavy hydrocarbons in the soil, suppressing microbial activity and reducing soil fertility. Oil products entering water bodies damage aquatic ecosystems and decrease biodiversity.
Several studies propose alternative energy sources to reduce environmental problems. Electric vehicles, hybrid cars, and hydrogen-based technologies can significantly reduce harmful emissions. Additionally, the use of biofuels is considered a promising approach.
Modern literature also emphasizes improving engine technologies to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Catalytic converters, filtration systems, and the implementation of environmental standards are recognized as effective tools to reduce vehicle environmental impact.
The role of ecological management and government policies is also highlighted. Strict environmental regulations, fuel quality standards, and regular vehicle inspections help minimize harmful effects.
In summary, literature analysis shows that the environmental impact of fuel and lubricants in vehicles is multifaceted, requiring a comprehensive approach. Technological innovations, alternative energy sources, and effective environmental policies are essential in addressing this issue.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The research results indicate that one liter of used engine oil can render one million liters of clean water unfit for drinking. Laboratory analyses revealed that used oils contain highly hazardous substances such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and benzo[a]pyrene at concentrations 15–20 times higher than permissible limits.
Soil samples around automobile service centers showed hydrocarbon contamination levels of 1,500–3,000 mg/kg at a depth of 0–20 cm, 10–15 times higher than background values. Such contamination reduces soil permeability and destroys beneficial microorganisms.
Experiments with regeneration technologies demonstrated that 75–80% of waste oil can be recovered through coagulation followed by adsorption purification. Recovered oils met 90% of the quality standards of base oils. Furthermore, biodegradable (plant oil-based) lubricants were studied. They degrade by 95–98% within 28 days, whereas conventional mineral oils only degrade by 15–20%.
Data suggest that if closed-loop oil collection systems are implemented in service centers, the amount of toxic substances released into the environment could decrease by an average of 450–500 tons per year in a single large district.
DISCUSSION
The study shows that mitigating the negative impact of LMs requires not only technical measures but also organizational and legal frameworks. Currently, the decentralized collection of waste oils leads to their disposal into sewer systems or open soil.
Key measures identified include:
Strengthening technical measures: Increase the hermetic sealing of vehicle lubrication systems and use modern filtration equipment to extend oil life and reduce waste.
Transition to biodegradable oils: Mandatory use of biodegradable lubricants in ecologically sensitive areas such as agriculture and forestry.
Develop utilization infrastructure: Install special reservoirs at service centers and establish centralized logistics for collecting waste oils.
Economically, regenerating waste oils consumes 2–3 times less energy than producing new oils, providing both environmental and financial benefits. Strengthening legislation against illegal disposal and offering tax incentives for recycling companies are also recommended. This comprehensive approach ensures environmental sustainability in the transport sector.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that:
Used LMs are highly hazardous technogenic waste, with heavy metals and hydrocarbons causing long-term ecosystem damage.
Regeneration technologies allow for the recovery of waste oils, saving raw materials and reducing environmental pollution by up to 40%.
The adoption of biodegradable lubricants should be a key direction for sustainable transport.
The recommendations developed can improve ecological management in automobile transport enterprises. Future research will focus on studying the effectiveness of nanomaterials in waste oil recycling. Overall, establishing a modern system for managing LMs is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR ROʻYXATI
1. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining ‘Tabiatni muhofaza qilish toʻgʻrisida’gi Qonuni, 1992.
2. Xidoyatov B.A. Avtomobillarning texnik ekspluatatsiyasi. Toshkent: ‘Voris-nashriyot’, 2012.
3. Qodirov S.M. Avtomobil dvigatellari. Toshkent: ‘Oʻqituvchi’, 2008.
Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqola nutq madaniyatining zamonaviy jamiyatdagi muhim oʻrni va koʻp qirrali taʼsirini tahlil qiladi. Nutq madaniyati shaxsning intellektual salohiyati, ijtimoiy moslashuvi va kasbiy muvaffaqiyatining muhim koʻrsatkichi hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot nutq madaniyatining shaxsiy muloqot, taʼlim tizimi, professional faoliyat va umuman jamiyat barqarorligiga taʼsirini oʻrganadi. Maqolada nutq madaniyatini shakllantirish va rivojlantirish mexanizmlari, jumladan, oila, taʼlim muassasalari va ommaviy axborot vositalarining roli koʻrib chiqiladi.
Kalit so’zlar: nutq madaniyati, jamiyat, kommunikatsiya, ijtimoiy muloqot, til, madaniyat, taʼlim
Аннотация: Данная научная статья анализирует важную роль и многогранное влияние культуры речи в современном обществе. Культура речи рассматривается как важный показатель интеллектуального потенциала личности, её социальной адаптации и профессионального успеха. Исследование изучает влияние культуры речи на личное общение, систему образования, профессиональную деятельность и общую стабильность общества. В статье рассматриваются механизмы формирования и развития культуры речи, включая роль семьи, образовательных учреждений и средств массовой информации.
Ключевые слова: культура речи, общество, коммуникация, социальное общение, язык, культура, образование
Abstract: This scientific article analyzes the significant role and multifaceted impact of speech culture in contemporary society. Speech culture is considered an important indicator of an individual’s intellectual potential, social adaptability, and professional success. The study examines the influence of speech culture on personal communication, the education system, professional activity, and overall social stability. The article explores mechanisms for shaping and developing speech culture, including the roles of family, educational institutions, and mass media.
Keywords: speech culture, society, communication, social interaction, language, culture, education
INTRODUCTION
Speech culture is a complex social phenomenon that encompasses an individual’s ability to express their thoughts clearly, fluently, accurately, and appropriately. It involves not only grammatical correctness but also the meaningfulness, logic, expressiveness, and adherence to ethical norms of speech. For every member of society, having a developed speech culture is one of the key factors for success in both personal and professional life. In the modern world, due to the rapid increase in the speed and volume of information exchange, the need for effective communication skills is more relevant than ever. Speech culture plays a decisive role in interpersonal relationships, the educational process, professional activities, and the political sphere. It is an essential tool for ensuring mutual understanding, harmony, and cooperation in society.
However, under the influence of globalization, technological advancement, and mass culture, certain aspects of speech culture are being neglected. Some studies indicate a decline in both oral and written communication skills among young people, which can lead to misunderstandings and weakening of social connections. Although existing literature generally highlights the importance of speech culture, there is insufficient comprehensive research that systematically examines its specific role in contemporary Uzbek society, the emerging challenges, and ways to address them. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to thoroughly explore the role of speech culture in society, scientifically substantiate its significance for individual and societal development, and develop practical recommendations for its improvement.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Speech culture is interpreted as an individual’s ability to regulate their communication in society and express their thoughts in accordance with moral and cultural norms. It serves not only personal growth and intellectual development but also contributes to effective communication and moral stability in society.
Uzbek linguists analyze speech culture from two main perspectives: first, the logical and literary aspects of the language, and second, its compliance with social and ethical norms. From this standpoint, speech culture is an important tool for strengthening an individual’s social position and fostering trust and respect in relationships with others.
The importance of speech culture in society is evident in several key areas. Firstly, it develops social communication: effective interpersonal interaction, prevention of conflicts, and facilitation of constructive discussions depend on speech culture. Secondly, in the pedagogical process, speech culture enhances the effectiveness of interaction between teachers and students and cultivates the ability to think critically and express oneself clearly. Thirdly, speech culture serves as a means of promoting and preserving moral and ethical values.
Furthermore, contemporary studies emphasize the link between speech culture and social stability. Clear, logical, and literarily correct speech is closely connected with an individual’s social status, trust, and respect. Thus, speech culture, as an integral part of personal and social development, contributes to improving the cultural environment of society.
In summary, speech culture plays a central role in social integration, effective communication, and preservation of moral values. Its development supports the intellectual and cultural potential of society.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study is based on a comprehensive methodology to examine the role of speech culture in society. In the initial stage, a thorough analysis of existing scientific literature, monographs, dissertations, and scholarly articles was conducted. This literature review provided extensive information about the theoretical foundations, historical evolution, and significance of speech culture in various social contexts. Specifically, studies in sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, pedagogy, and communication theory were examined.
In the next stage, qualitative research methods were employed to collect empirical data. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted among various social groups (students, teachers, civil servants, entrepreneurs) to explore the impact of speech culture on personal and professional life, its perceived value, and communication-related problems. Additionally, content analysis of mass media (TV programs, radio broadcasts, and social media discussions) was performed to identify contemporary manifestations of speech culture and highlight positive and negative trends. Data analysis employed thematic coding and comparative methods to identify main patterns and recurring themes. Ethical principles were observed, ensuring respondents’ privacy and confidentiality.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The study’s findings indicate that the role of speech culture in society manifests in several key directions.
Firstly, at the level of personal communication, speech culture is crucial for fostering mutual understanding and trust. Interviews revealed that clear, fluent, and respectful speech enhances a speaker’s credibility and increases the likelihood that their ideas will be accepted. For instance, 78% of respondents preferred communicating with individuals with high speech culture. Conversely, rude, incorrect, or unclear speech often leads to misunderstandings, conflicts, and communication breakdowns. One example noted that approximately 35% of workplace misunderstandings stemmed from unclear or improper speech.
Secondly, in the educational system, the development of speech culture directly affects students’ academic success. Conversations with teachers revealed that students who speak fluently and express their thoughts clearly perform better in learning and exams. Oral presentations and verbal exams particularly emphasize speech culture as an assessment criterion. A survey among secondary school students showed that 62% considered improving their speech important, yet 40% indicated a lack of adequate resources or methods to develop these skills.
Thirdly, in professional activities, speech culture is a key factor for career success. Interviews with managers and entrepreneurs indicated that effective communication, negotiation, and team management rely heavily on speech culture. Specialists with high speech culture have advantages in hiring, promotion, and client relations. For example, 85% of corporate sector representatives considered employees’ speech culture an integral part of professional competence. Media analysis also highlighted the significance of speech culture in shaping the professional image of TV hosts and journalists.
DISCUSSION
The study confirms the multifaceted and profound impact of speech culture in society, demonstrating its integral role in personal and social development. From fostering trust and understanding in personal communication to professional success and social stability, speech culture is essential in all spheres. Clear, fluent, and accurate speech helps overcome communication barriers, thereby reducing conflicts and enhancing collaboration. This aligns with L. Vygotsky’s theory on the connection between language and thought, emphasizing speech’s role not only in information transfer but also in shaping cognitive processes.
The educational findings highlight the necessity of targeted programs to develop speech culture. Currently, educational institutions mainly focus on grammar and vocabulary, while the logical, expressive, and ethical aspects of speech receive insufficient attention. This can negatively affect students’ ability to express themselves confidently and effectively. Moreover, modern information technologies and social media are changing the characteristics of written and oral speech. The spread of short, emotional, and sometimes grammatically incorrect expressions poses new challenges to speech culture. Addressing these issues requires revising curricula and strengthening the promotion of speech culture in mass media.
Professional findings demonstrate the economic and social benefits of investing in speech culture for employers and employees. Developing high speech culture among staff improves corporate communication, client relations, and overall efficiency. Since the study involved a limited number of respondents, caution is advised in generalizing the results to the entire society. Future research should include broader demographic groups and explore the impact of digital communication on speech culture more deeply.
CONCLUSION
This study scientifically confirmed the significant and multifaceted role of speech culture in contemporary society. Speech culture is a key factor in personal communication effectiveness, academic success, and professional achievement. It plays a decisive role in fostering mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation in social relationships. The results indicate that a high level of speech culture enhances social integration, reduces conflicts, and helps preserve the richness of the national language. Conversely, a decline in speech culture can lead to communication breakdowns, misunderstandings, and weakening of social connections.
The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of speech culture in Uzbek society, supported by empirical data across various spheres. In conclusion, systematic efforts to develop speech culture are essential, including improving educational programs, promoting it in mass media, and creating a supportive environment for correct speech within families. Future studies may focus on the impact of digital communication platforms on speech culture and examine its unique features in intercultural communication
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ANALYSIS OF THE AGROECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DEVELOPING INTENSIVE FRUIT ORCHARDS IN HOUSEHOLD FARMS
Dangara District Technical School No. 3
Department of Agriculture and Services
Teacher of Plant Science
Ortiqov Umarqul Iskandarovich
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqola Oʻzbekiston sharoitida tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida intensiv mevali bogʻlarni tashkil etish va boshqarishning dolzarb masalalarini oʻrganadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi – anʼanaviy bogʻdorchilik usullariga nisbatan intensiv tizimlarning hosildorlik, resurs samaradorligi va iqtisodiy rentabellikini ilmiy asoslashdir. Innovatsion yondashuvlar, jumladan, ixcham ekish sxemalari, zamonaviy sugʻorish texnologiyalari (tomchilatib sugʻorish) va yuqori mahsuldor navlardan foydalanishning agrar-iqtisodiy taʼsiri baholandi.
В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы организации и управления интенсивными фруктовыми садами в условиях приусадебных хозяйств Узбекистана. Основной целью исследования является научное обоснование урожайности, ресурсной эффективности и экономической рентабельности интенсивных систем по сравнению с традиционными методами садоводства. Оценено аграрно-экономическое влияние инновационных подходов, включая компактные схемы посадки, современные технологии орошения (капельное орошение) и использование высокоурожайных сортов.
This article examines актуal issues related to the organization and management of intensive fruit orchards in household farms under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to scientifically substantiate the productivity, resource efficiency, and economic profitability of intensive systems compared to traditional horticultural methods. The agro-economic impact of innovative approaches—such as compact planting schemes, modern irrigation technologies (drip irrigation), and the use of high-yield varieties—has been evaluated.
In the strategy for modernizing agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the deepening of fruit and vegetable production occupies an important place. In particular, household (smallholder) farms play a decisive role in ensuring employment and diversifying sources of income. Traditional horticultural methods are often characterized by low productivity, inefficient use of resources, and delayed harvesting. This situation necessitates adapting intensive orchard technologies—widely gaining popularity worldwide—to the conditions of Uzbekistan.
Intensive orchards involve the use of high-quality, early-maturing, and disease-resistant varieties planted in compact schemes (usually up to 1000–2000 trees per hectare), along with modern micro-irrigation and maintenance technologies.
Although knowledge and practical experience in implementing intensive orchards currently exist, their microeconomic efficiency for small farms and household plots has not been fully quantified. In particular, under conditions of limited water resources, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of drip irrigation systems and to develop standardized maintenance schemes adapted to local soil and climatic conditions.
Furthermore, scientifically grounded approaches are required to ensure the ecological sustainability of intensive orchards, particularly in optimizing the use of pesticides and fertilizers. This study aims to improve the agrotechnical efficiency of establishing intensive fruit orchards in household conditions, compare their economic indicators (profitability, income) with traditional systems, and propose institutional mechanisms to support this process.
The results of this research will provide a scientific basis for transforming intensive horticulture into one of the key directions of Uzbekistan’s rural economy and will assist farmers and policymakers in ensuring sustainable rural development.
Literature Review
Global experience in intensive horticulture (for example, in Italy, Spain, and the United States) has been developed through long-term observations and requires the use of high-quality intensive training systems such as palmette and central leader forms.
Uzbek researchers such as M. Rasulov and A. Kholmatov have conducted scientific studies on adapting local varieties (such as apricot and apple) to intensive systems. However, most studies focus mainly on variety selection, while comprehensive analyses of irrigation, nutrient management, and economic evaluation in household conditions remain insufficient.
Research Methodology
The study was conducted during 2021–2023 in 10 selected household farms in Zangiota district of Tashkent region (5 intensive and 5 traditional), using experimental plots. The main research methods included:
Comparative statistical analysis: Yield (tons/ha), costs (million UZS/ha), and net profit (million UZS/ha) indicators of both groups were compared.
Agroecological monitoring: Soil moisture, nutrient uptake (NPK analysis), and water consumption were observed. In intensive orchards, the efficiency of drip irrigation (Water Efficiency Coefficient – WEC) was calculated:
Economic evaluation: Investment costs (seedlings, trellis systems, drip irrigation) and operational costs (labor, fertilizers, cultivation) were determined. Profitability was calculated as:
Expert assessment: Household owners’ challenges and knowledge levels regarding intensive technologies were evaluated through surveys.
All statistical data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS, with a significance level of .
Analysis and Results
Experimental results demonstrated a significant advantage of intensive orchards in fruit production. The three-year average indicators (per hectare) are as follows:
Indicator
Traditional Orchard (Average)
Intensive Orchard (Average)
Difference (%)
Annual Yield (tons)
15.8
45.2
+186%
Average Selling Price
8000 UZS/kg
10500 UZS/kg
+31.25%
Water Consumption (m³/year)
12500
6800
-45.6%
The sharp increase in yield (2.8 times) in intensive orchards is mainly due to dense planting (approximately 1500 trees/ha) and the use of early-maturing varieties. In traditional orchards, about 30% of land remains underutilized due to wide spacing between trees.
Water Efficiency:
The use of drip irrigation resulted in an average WEC of 0.88 in intensive orchards, significantly higher than 0.55 in traditional surface irrigation systems. This confirms the ecological advantage of intensive systems in water-scarce regions.
Economic Efficiency Analysis
Despite high initial investments, intensive orchards ensured higher profitability in a relatively short period.
Economic Indicator
Traditional Orchard
Intensive Orchard
Total Costs (million UZS/year)
22.5
48.0
Gross Income (million UZS/year)
126.4
474.6
Net Profit (million UZS/year)
103.9
426.6
Profitability (%)
461%
888%
Analysis:
The results confirm that the profitability of intensive orchards is nearly twice as high as that of traditional systems. This is mainly due to higher yields and better market prices for early produce. The payback period averages 3.5 years for intensive orchards compared to 4.5 years for traditional ones.
Discussion
The findings demonstrate that implementing intensive orchards in household farms has both strong agrotechnical and economic justification. The 186% yield advantage is primarily due to the use of high-yielding rootstocks and advanced agricultural practices.
Agroecological Implications:
A 45% reduction in water use is highly significant in water-scarce regions like Uzbekistan. Drip irrigation ensures precise water delivery to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and runoff.
Although intensive systems may increase risks related to fertilizers and pesticides, our observations show that fertigation allows more precise application, reducing total fertilizer use by 15% while increasing nutrient uptake efficiency, thus lowering environmental impact.
Economic Constraints and Strategies:
The main challenge is the high initial investment (120 million UZS/ha). Therefore, government support through subsidies, preferential loans, and leasing mechanisms—especially for irrigation systems—is essential.
The identified 888% profitability could increase further with improved value chains such as processing and direct marketing.
Capacity Building:
Managing intensive orchards requires skilled labor. Farmers need continuous training in pruning, tree formation, and agrotechnical practices. Success largely depends on the level of technological knowledge.
Relevance for International Journals:
These findings may attract international interest, as they provide a model for applying advanced technologies in smallholder farming systems in developing countries.
Conclusion
This study empirically confirms that the introduction of intensive fruit orchards in household farms is one of the most promising directions for developing modern agriculture in Uzbekistan.
Key conclusions:
High Efficiency:
Intensive orchards provide 186% higher yields and nearly double profitability (888% vs. 461%).
Resource Optimization:
Drip irrigation reduces water consumption by 45% and significantly improves water use efficiency (WEC = 0.88).
Economic Sustainability:
Despite high initial investments, the payback period is shorter (3.5 years), enabling faster financial returns for small farms.
Recommendations:
Government support through subsidies for seedlings and irrigation equipment should be expanded. Additionally, short-term training programs on intensive horticulture should be implemented.
Future Research:
Further studies should focus on fruit quality indicators (storage life, appearance) and assess the resilience of intensive orchards to climate change.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI
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(DOB 07/06/1973) is a passionate Indian Author-cum- bilingual poet while a tremendous Asst Professor of English by profession in the Ganjam district of Odisha. He is an accomplished source of inspiration for young generation of India. His free verse on Romantic and melancholic poems appreciated by everyone. He belongs to a small typical village Nandiagada of Ganjam District,the state of Odisha.After schooling he studied intermediate and Graduated in Kabisurjya Baladev vigyan Mahavidyalaya then M A in English from Berhampur University PhD in language and literature and D. Litt from Colombian poetic house from South America.
He promotes his specific writings around the world literature and trades with multiple stems that are related to current issues based on his observation and experiences that needs urgent attention. He is an award-winning writer who has achieved various laurels from the circle of writing worldwide. His free verse poems not only inspire young readers but also the ready of current time. His poetic symbol is right now inspiring others, some of which are appreciated by laurels of India and across the world. Many of his poems been translated in different Indian languages and got global appreciation. Lots of well wishes for his upcoming writings and success in future.
He is an award-winning poet author of many best seller books. Recently he was awarded Rabindra nath Tagore and Gujarat Sahitya Academy for the year 2022 from Motivational Strips. Jaidev Puraskar from Kavita Minar Badamba Cuttack A gold medal from world union of poets France & winner Of Rahim Karims world literary prize 2023.The government of Odisha Higher Education Department appointed him as a president to Governing body of Padmashree Dr Ghanashyam Mishra Sanskrit Degree College, Kabisurjyanagar. Winner of ” HYPERPOEM ” GUNIESS WORLD RECORD 2023.Recently he was awarded at the SABDA literary Festival at Assam. Highest literary honour from Peru contributing world literature 2024.Prestigious Cesar Vellejo award 2024 & Highest literary honour from Peru. Director at Samrat Educational charitable Trust Berhampur, Ganjam Odisha.
Vicedomini of the World Union of Poets, Italy. UHE awarded him the prestigious Golden Eagle award for his contributions to world literature in 2025.
Completed 257 epistolary poems with American poet Kristy Raines.
Bharat Seva Ratna National award 2025, International Glory award from Manam Foundation Hyderabad Telengana. On the eve of the 1979 Independence Day celebration he earned the Rashtra Ratna award & Maa Bharati Seva Sammana. In 2025 he received a doctorate in Humanity and Literature from Theophany University in Haiti with UNESCO, AEADO and the leaders of Autonomy International. The Prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde from the House of Genghis Khan gave him the prestigious title of “Honorary Bey.”
Received Sahitya Ratnakar from New Delhi 2025, Honorary Doctorate from RMF University collaborated with east and west university Florida United States of America on the eve of International Peace Day. Prestigious THE CONDOR OF ANDES from UHE Mexico 2025. PRESTIGIOUS DOCTORATE from VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE AND WORLD PEACE 2025. Nominated for Padmashree 2025. Three-time Gold from the world Union of Poets France. Doctorate from Theophany university Haiti contribution for the world literature 2025. SAHITYA RATNAKAR from New Delhi. Dr. Mayadhar Mansigh Saraswat Samman 2025. Doctorate in Gandhian Philosophy, Peace and Humanity 2025.
Doctorate from Victoria University for Peace 2026. UHE of Peru appointed him as a World Ambassador for Peace and Justice 2026.Valiant of the Nation Award 2026 on the eve of the 129th birthday commemoration for Subash Chandra Bose.
INTERNATIONAL BOOKS
1.Psalm of the Soul 2. Rise of New Dawn 3. Secret Of Torment 4. Everything I Never Told You. 5.Vision Of Life National Library Kolkata 6.100 Shadows of Dream 7. Timeless Anguish 8. Voice of Silence 9.I Cross my Heart from East to West and epistolary poetry with Kristy Raines, published in USA.
