Like a cold darkness, love stretches me upon its rack.
Your shadow drinks my breath.
My bones remember your touch.
Within me, centuries collapse without you.
Like spilled gold, my sorrow flows.
Your eyes — two abysses above my soil.
My heart bears the shackles of your silence.
My skin is a book of your wounds.
I have written you in my own blood.
I have carried you through my own ashes.
Into your voice, I placed my final peace.
And when I sink, your shadow will remain in me.
And when I fall silent, I will still long for you.
Milana Momčilović was born on April 4, 1999 in Vrbas. She currently lives in Srbobran, a place near Novi Sad in the Republic of Serbia.
She published the collection of poetry TALISMAN.
She doesn’t like to talk about herself, so in the end she can describe herself through the verses of Sergei Yesenin: “What am I?” Who am I? I’m just a dreamer, whose sight fades in the fog and mist, I lived along the way, who can dream, like many other people on that earth.”
Peculiar Features of the Phonetic System of the Uzbek Language Kattakurgan State Pedagogical Institute Faculty of Philology and Social Sciences Department of Uzbek Language and Literature, Group 25_04 Student: Abulqosimova Bahora
Abstract: This scientific article analyzes the peculiar features of the phonetic system of the Uzbek language. The study investigates the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their changes in phonetic processes, and their roles in word formation. Additionally, phonetic phenomena such as stress, intonation, and assimilation are highlighted as factors influencing semantic distinctions in the language. The article also examines phonetic changes that have occurred throughout the historical development of the Uzbek language and their reflections in dialectal variations. The research findings hold theoretical and practical significance for ongoing studies in the fields of phonetics and phonology.
Keywords: Phonetics, phonology, vowel sounds, consonant sounds, stress, intonation, assimilation, pronunciation, phonetic system. Introduction: Language is the most important social phenomenon of humanity and serves as the primary tool of communication among people. The formation and development of any language are primarily manifested through its phonetic system, as speech sounds constitute the fundamental material of language structure. Phonetic units are directly related to all levels of language — lexical, grammatical, and morphological — and play a crucial role in accurately conveying meaning.
The Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic language family and possesses a phonetic system characterized by complex phenomena and unique features formed over its historical development. The pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their changes in phonetic processes, and their functions in word formation are key criteria defining the national characteristics of the language. In particular, features such as vowel length, consonant voicing and devoicing, as well as processes like assimilation, dissimilation, stress, and intonation, have a unique realization in Uzbek.
This article provides a detailed analysis of the peculiarities of the Uzbek phonetic system, the role of vowels and consonants in phonetic processes, and the differences found in dialectal variations. Furthermore, it examines how phonetic phenomena affect meaning distinctions and phonetic changes over the course of historical development, based on scientific sources. The research results are theoretically and practically significant for modern studies in phonetics and phonology.
Literature Review: Several prominent scholars have made significant contributions to the study of the Uzbek phonetic system. A. Mahmudov explored the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, their articulatory changes in speech processes, and described them using experimental methods. He relied on phonetic observations to establish norms of literary pronunciation. His work laid the scientific foundation for determining pronunciation standards and demonstrated the practical importance of phonetics.
Ayyub G‘ulomov specialized in theoretical linguistics and studied word formation and morphology in the Uzbek language. Although his work did not focus directly on phonetics and phonology, it emphasized language structure, word formation, and speech organization. His theoretical methodology is considered valuable in phonetic research.
Abdulhamid Nurmonov focused on the phonological system of the Uzbek language, the functions of phonemes, and positional and combinatorial features of language units. M. Mirtojiev investigated the structure of the vowel system in Uzbek, their labialization, height, and historical development. He also compared phonetic differences in Karluk, Kipchak, and Oghuz dialects.
S. Otamirzayeva discussed the impact of phonetic phenomena on the teaching process, highlighting the role of stress, intonation, and assimilation in speech. M. Yusupova conducted an in-depth analysis of consonants, including voicing and devoicing relationships, and outlined rules and patterns of phonetic changes. A. Hojiyev developed theoretical foundations of phonology, paying special attention to the meaning-distinguishing function of phonemes. Sh. Rahmatullayev specialized in historical phonetics, analyzing phonetic changes in ancient written sources.
The works of these scholars have enriched the theoretical and practical understanding of the Uzbek phonetic system and contributed significantly to the development of phonetics as a discipline.
Analysis and Results: The Uzbek phonetic system shares common features with Turkic languages while exhibiting unique national characteristics. Research shows that the articulatory features of vowels and consonants, their changes during speech, and phonetic rules have evolved throughout the language’s historical development. Analysis of the vowel system demonstrates classification based on labialization, front-back position, and tongue height. Historical developments include certain phonetic changes, such as the shortening of long vowels in Old Turkic. In dialectal speech, vowel position shifts give rise to phonetic variants.
Stress and intonation play a crucial role in proper comprehension. Phonetic rules are key in establishing standards of literary pronunciation. Scientific studies in phonetics have shown that speech sounds possess not only physical and physiological characteristics but also semantic properties. Overall, studies on Uzbek phonetics provide a systematic understanding of phonemes, their role in distinguishing meaning, and factors influencing historical development. This strengthens the theoretical foundation of phonetics and contributes to the formation of literary language norms.
Conclusion: The phonetic system of the Uzbek language represents a fundamental layer of the language’s internal structure. The system of speech sounds, their articulatory and acoustic properties, and the role of phonetic processes are central to the field of phonetics. Sounds are not only the material basis of speech but also serve as meaning-distinguishing elements that connect language units. Therefore, scientific study of the phonetic system is essential for shaping literary norms, improving pronunciation culture, and enhancing overall speech culture in Uzbek.
In the Uzbek sound system, vowels and consonants function in harmony. Vowels are classified by labialization, front-back position, and tongue height, while consonants are categorized by voicing-devoicing, plosive-fricative, and sonorant characteristics. Phonetic processes — such as assimilation, dissimilation, stress, intonation, and elision — ensure natural adaptation of speech sounds and play a vital role in conveying the meaning of words and sentences. Research in phonetics confirms that the Uzbek phonetic system is continuously developing and evolving. Historical sound changes, dialectal variations, and pronunciation peculiarities reflect the richness and national spirit of the language. A thorough understanding of phonetic theory expands linguistic knowledge and provides a scientific foundation for teaching Uzbek, reinforcing literary standards, and developing speech culture.
References: Mahmudov A. Issues of Uzbek Literary Phonetics. – Tashkent: Fan, 2007. Mirtojiev M. The Vowel System in the Uzbek Language and Its Development. – Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 1991. Otamirzayeva S., Yusupova M. Phonetics, Orthography, Orthoepy, and Orthography. – Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2010. Hojiyev A. Explanatory Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. – Tashkent: Fan, 2002. Rahmatullayev Sh. Historical Phonetics of the Uzbek Language. – Tashkent: Universitet, 1995. Yoldoshev I., et al. Fundamentals of Linguistics. – Tashkent: Fan, 2014. Zokirova H., Nabiyeva D. Phonetics of the Uzbek Language. – Andijan: ASU Press, 2016.
COMMON GRAMMAR ERRORS FOUND IN STUDENTS’ WRITING AND WAYS TO REDUCE THEM
Zunnira Almatova Diyora Qobilova Sabrina Mengqobilova Denov tadbirkorlik va pedagogika instituti 1-kurs talabalari
Abstract
This paper explores the most common grammar errors found in students’ writing and examines practical strategies to reduce them. Frequent mistakes such as subject–verb agreement errors, tense misuse, article omission, incorrect prepositions, sentence fragments, and word order problems are analyzed in detail. The study also discusses the underlying causes of these errors, including first language interference, limited exposure to authentic texts, insufficient practice, and lack of corrective feedback. The findings highlight the importance of integrating explicit grammar instruction with writing practice, extensive reading, collaborative learning, and systematic error correction. The paper concludes that a balanced, targeted approach can significantly improve students’ grammatical accuracy and overall writing proficiency.
The Role of Sentence Structure in Writing Sentence structure plays a fundamental role in effective writing because it determines how clearly, logically, and powerfully a writer’s ideas reach the reader. Writing is not only about choosing the right words; it is about arranging those words in a meaningful and organized way. A well-structured sentence guides the reader through the writer’s thoughts, allowing ideas to flow smoothly from one point to another. When sentences are crafted with attention to clarity and logical order, the message becomes more impactful and easier to understand.
Writers often face difficulties not because they lack vocabulary, but because their sentences do not convey relationships between ideas clearly. For example, if a sentence mixes multiple thoughts without proper connectors, the meaning can become confusing. Similarly, very short or poorly linked sentences may make writing feel choppy and unprofessional. On the other hand, extremely long and complex sentences can overwhelm the reader and hide the main point. This shows that good writing requires balance—sentences should be clear, logical, and appropriate in length.
Mastering sentence structure allows writers to express contrast, cause and effect, emphasis, conditions, and sequence more accurately. For instance, connectors such as “however,” “therefore,” “as a result,” and “in contrast” help the writer show how ideas relate to one another. The ability to combine clauses correctly also helps writers build arguments, explain concepts, and support opinions more convincingly. These skills are especially important in academic and professional writing, where clarity and logical flow are essential. Furthermore, varied sentence structures make writing more engaging. Using only simple sentences may make the text sound flat or repetitive, while combining simple, compound, and complex sentences creates rhythm and sophistication. This variation keeps the reader’s attention and improves the overall quality of the writing. It also reflects the writer’s ability to think critically and express ideas flexibly.
Ultimately, sentence structure is not just a grammatical concept; it is the foundation of effective communication in writing. When writers understand how to shape sentences with precision and purpose, they are able to present their ideas in a clear, organized, and convincing way. For this reason, studying sentence structure is essential for anyone who aims to improve writing skills and produce thoughtful, well-developed texts.
Importance of Sentence Structure in Developing Coherent Writing Sentence structure is a key indicator of how well a writer can express and organize thoughts. Coherence – the smooth and logical flow of ideas – heavily depends on how sentences are built. When sentences follow a clear structure, readers can easily track the development of arguments and understand how each idea connects to the next. This is especially important in academic writing, where clarity and logic define the quality of the text.
A coherent paragraph, for example, usually begins with a topic sentence, followed by supporting details, explanations, examples, and a concluding thought. However, even if these elements are present, the writing may still seem disorganized if the sentences lack proper connectors or if ideas are not linked grammatically. For instance, cause-and-effect relationships require specific structures such as “because,” “therefore,” or “as a result,” whereas comparisons need constructions with “although,” “however,” or “on the other hand.” Without such linguistic signals, the reader must guess the writer’s intention, which can reduce clarity and weaken the argument.
Moreover, sentence structure helps maintain the tone and style of the writing. Academic and formal writing often requires complex sentences that demonstrate critical thinking and detailed explanation. Yet, complexity must not come at the cost of readability. A well-trained writer knows how to balance complexity with clarity by using subordination, coordination, and parallelism in appropriate places. This balance makes the text both sophisticated and accessible.
Changes Writers Face with Sentence Structure
Many students struggle with constructing well-organized sentences, not because they lack ideas, but because they do not fully understand how grammatical structures support meaning. One common issue is the misuse of connectors, which leads to logical gaps or unintended shifts in meaning. For example, using “however” instead of “therefore” can completely change the interpretation of a sentence.
Another frequent challenge is incorrect clause combination. Students often join multiple ideas in one long sentence without proper punctuation or conjunctions, resulting in run-on sentences. Conversely, some writers avoid complex structures entirely and rely only on simple sentences, which makes their writing sound basic and fragmented.
Faulty parallelism is also an issue. When a writer lists ideas or constructs comparisons without maintaining grammatical parallelism, the sentence becomes awkward and harder to understand. These errors may seem small, but they significantly affect the professionalism and clarity of the writing.
To overcome these difficulties, learners must practice identifying clause types, understanding sentence patterns, and applying various connectors correctly. Regular exposure to well-written texts also helps writers internalize natural and effective sentence patterns.
Improving Writing Quality Through Structured Practice Teaching sentence structure effectively involves combining grammar instruction with meaningful writing activities. Instead of studying grammar rules in isolation, students benefit more when they apply sentence patterns directly in writing tasks. For example, after learning about complex sentences, students can rewrite simple paragraphs using subordinate clauses to show cause, contrast, or condition. This not only reinforces grammatical knowledge but also strengthens writing skills.
Another effective method is sentence combining exercises, where students merge short, choppy sentences into more sophisticated ones. This helps them see how ideas can connect logically and how structure influences rhythm and clarity. Likewise, sentence expansion tasks—with prompts that require adding details using adverbial or adjectival clauses—encourage creativity while improving syntactic awareness.
Peer review activities also play a role in improving sentence structure. When students analyze each other’s writing, they become more aware of structural weaknesses and learn to identify common errors. This reflection helps them revise their own writing more effectively.
Overall, structured practice makes writers more confident in manipulating sentences to express meaning precisely. It also builds the foundation for strong academic writing, where clear, cohesive, and logically structured sentences are essential.
Conclusion Sentence structure is more than a grammatical concept; it is the core of effective writing. Writers who understand how to build clear, logical, and varied sentences can communicate ideas more coherently and persuasively. By mastering the use of connectors, clause relationships, and balanced complexity, learners improve not only the quality of their sentences but the overall flow and effectiveness of their writing. Therefore, integrating sentence structure training into writing practice is essential for developing strong, independent, and confident writers.
References Azar, B. (2007). Understanding and Using English Grammar. Pearson Education. Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. Longman. Ferris, D. (2011). Treatment of Error in Second Language Student Writing (2nd ed.). University of Michigan Press. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching (4th ed.). Pearson Longman. Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Longman. Nation, I. S. P. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing. Routledge. Ur, P. (2012). A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge University Press. Nunan, D. (2015). Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages: An Introduction. Routledge. Crystal, D. (2004). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. Ellis, R. (2008). The Study of Second Language Acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
A flicker awakens, a soft light, In the quiet of the night, as shadows move, And shadows murmur hidden truths, A glimmer of hope starts to appear The moon might conceal, the stars could sorrow, Yet light, despite its brevity, resists slumber It twirls freely on a quivering breeze, A quiet vow, apparent and uncommon Within the core of the night’s hold, Light discovers its bravery, and finds its position One ray, a beam so radiant, Can drive off the darkest night For light is powerful, even when it dims, It ascends once more, responding to invitations And even if the night appears so endless, The inner light will forever endure Let the shadows dread the light, Light will forever discover its path And in that light, so genuine, so bright, Darkness has no possibility of captivating.
Dr. Brajesh Kumar Gupta, also known as “Mewadev,” has been recognized on several prestigious platforms for his contributions to literature and the arts. Notably, the state of Birland commemorated him with a special edition postage stamp. He is the recipient of the Presidency of the International Prize De Finibus Terrae (IV edition), awarded in memory of Maria Monteduro in Italy. Dr. Gupta has been honoured with an honorary Doctorate of Literature (Doctor Honoris Causa) by both The Institute of the European Roma Studies and Research into Crimes Against Humanity and International Law in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, and the Brazil International Council CONIPA and ITMUT Institute. In addition to his literary achievements, Dr. Gupta was awarded the Uttar Pradesh Gaurav Samman in 2019, further solidifying his impact on regional and international platforms. Currently, he holds the position of the 3rd Secretary-General of the World Union of Poets, serving from December 30, 2017, through December 31, 2024. His role in this organization is pivotal, reflecting his commitment to advancing the global literary community.
Dr. Gupta is an accomplished author of eight books and the editor of twenty-seven volumes, showcasing his extensive contribution to literary scholarship. Beyond his literary pursuits, he serves as the principal of S.K. Mahavidyalaya, Jaitpur, Mahoba (U.P.), and resides in Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India. For further engagement, he can be reached via his social media profiles at facebook.com/brajeshg1, or through email at dr.mewadevrain@gmail.com. His work and legacy are also featured on www.mewadev.com.
Abstract: Sustainability-oriented green transformation is considered an important concept in the development of modern society. It aims to integrate ecological, social, and economic systems, ensure the rational use of natural resources, and reduce negative environmental impacts.
Uzbekistan is implementing significant measures to align with global sustainability goals. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan pays special attention to ecological rights, ensuring that citizens not only have the right to a favorable environment but also to access reliable information about its condition. It was emphasized that the efforts of the Parliament and Government of Uzbekistan to ensure sustainable development—particularly environmental security—are being carried out with the active involvement of the public, and that innovative ideas and initiatives in this area play a significant role in combating climate change.
In 2008, the United Nations introduced the Green Economy Initiative (GEI) to strengthen the efforts of countries to increase investment in the environment. Priority is being given to modernizing the environmental monitoring system, which allows comprehensive solutions to existing problems. Clusters for the integrated management of solid household waste have been created by introducing technologies for recycling and utilization through public-private partnerships.It should be noted that the perception of sustainable development and the “green” economy, as well as ways of shaping it, varies across countries.
Although many nations are implementing programs based on the principles of the green economy, methodological approaches—including indicators and metrics—differ significantly among the European Union, North America, the Asia-Pacific region, and CIS countries. Achieving success in implementing sustainability based on the green economy largely depends on analyzing and generalizing global experiences in sustainable development, as well as designing measures tailored to each country’s unique characteristics.
Generalizing the experiences of various countries in sustainable development implies adapting the principles of the green economy and their implementation to national contexts. The main goal is to strengthen three key integrated approaches to sustainable development: economic growth, social development, and environmental protection.International experience demonstrates that the green economy stimulates regional development, supports social stability, and contributes to increased economic potential by creating new jobs in green sectors. The green economy helps promote economic progress, ensures GDP growth, increases national income, provides employment, and lowers the unemployment rate.
Today, the green economy is studied as a new branch of the economy that helps improve the natural environment of the country. In scientific literature, it is viewed as new technologies and ecosystems that support nature and generate economic benefits. The green economy represents a transition to a new stage of development aimed at producing environmentally friendly products, with the foundation built on clean or green technologies.Industrial enterprises in Uzbekistan are striving to introduce technologies aimed at energy efficiency and the effective use of resources. This process helps ensure environmental safety in industry and increases economic efficiency.
Moreover, industrial enterprises are implementing projects focused on recycling waste and producing goods from recycled materials. These efforts help reduce environmental impact and promote resource efficiency.
Uzbekistan is actively studying the experience of many foreign countries in the field of the green economy, and numerous measures are being taken within the framework of “greening” as part of national environmental policy. In particular, the shrinking of major river basins and the decline of biodiversity in the region raise serious concerns. Increased emissions of greenhouse gases and large-scale atmospheric pollution continue to exacerbate problems.
Today, no one doubts that achieving the goals of green development requires more active and effective action by countries.The green economy is an economic system whose main purpose is to preserve the planet’s ecology while developing all sectors of the economy. The green economy increases national welfare, ensures the rational use of energy resources, reduces harmful emissions, and decreases environmental costs. It is emphasized that the green economy represents a vector of sustainable development based on innovative green technologies. These technologies focus on energy and resource efficiency, as well as reducing carbon-based energy sources.
Under the initiative to ensure the transition to a green economy and establish a mechanism for assessing green growth, it is important to determine the level and coherence of activities being implemented, identify the scope and boundaries of their impact, and assess potential risks and possible negative consequences (such as pollution and ecosystem degradation).
Several indices have been developed globally to evaluate the effectiveness of countries’ efforts in the green economy. One of them is the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), which assesses the participation of nations based on several indicators.The issue of sustainable development exists in two main directions.The first direction involves determining the development goals of society and identifying conditions necessary to achieve them.
According to the hierarchy of sustainable development goals, economic goals are positioned below societal development goals, meaning they are viewed as tools for ensuring overall sustainability.The second direction involves studying the conditions and factors that ensure sustainable economic development: determining its parameters and factors, assessing its balance, conditions, and criteria of optimality, and studying growth opportunities.
Unlike the green economy, the traditional “brown” economy is based on energy-intensive and resource-consuming production models. The transition from the traditional model of economic growth to the green economy is a global trend, determining the sustainability not only of individual national economies but also of the entire world economy. Promoting the green economy is the main path toward development.
References:1. Xasanova N. Analysis of Approaches to Studying the Concept of Sustainable Development. “Green Economy and Development” Journal, 2023.2. Brundtland G.H. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, 1987.3. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Strategy of the “Green Economy” and Measures within the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals. Tashkent.4. Xo‘jayev B. The Concept of Sustainable Development
To‘raqulova Pokiza Sanjarovna was born in 2006 in Termez city, Surkhandarya region. She graduated from school with excellent grades. She is currently a 3rd-year student at Termez University of Economics and Service. She has more than 10 published articles. In the 2024–2025 academic year, she became a recipient of the “Rector’s Scholarship.” She has participated in various competitions. In January, she actively took part in Shokhida Yusupova’s 5-day marathon “Shine with Shokhida” and was awarded a certificate. In June, she traveled to Indonesia on a university-organized trip. On July 27, she was awarded a certificate for her successful participation in the master class titled “Empower, Educate, Elevate!” held in honor of the 3rd anniversary of Shine Girls Academy.
