Mary Bone has been writing poetry and short stories since childhood. Some of her poems have appeared in Synchronized Chaos, Poetry Catalog, Literary Revelations, Active Muse Journal, Blaze Vox Spring Journal of Voice and other places. Upcoming poetry has been accepted at Feed the Holy and Our Poetry Archive.
Today, we can observe that some Korean dishes and the ingredients needed to prepare them at home — including salads — are becoming increasingly available in stores. Korean eateries and restaurants are also growing in number. Why is the interest in Korean food increasing year by year? Let’s take a closer look at the reasons behind this trend.
Main Body:
One of the most popular dishes among Koreans and foreigners alike is bibimbap. With its colorful presentation, it is visually appealing at first glance. Professor and physician Kang Je Hon stated that this dish is very beneficial for health. “It is made with rice, various green vegetables, and small portions of fish or meat,” he explained. Due to its low calorie and carbohydrate content, as well as its attractive appearance, it is also widely consumed by foreigners.
Bungeoppang is one of the popular winter snacks. It is shaped like a fish and made from dough using a special mold. There are many varieties, such as pizza-flavored, cream-filled, chocolate-filled, and more. This dish has even appeared in Korean dramas (K-dramas), through which many drama fans have come to know it. Since it looks similar to ingeoppang, people often confuse the two. However, there is a difference: bungeoppang has a thick, crispy crust, while ingeoppang has a thinner, oilier dough. They are entirely different snacks.
Another popular winter snack is hotteok. It originated from bread consumed in Turkey and India and entered Korea via China along the Silk Road. It is entirely different from the American hot dog. Visually, it resembles khachapuri, which is often seen online. The dough is leavened and filled with brown sugar, honey, and sunflower seeds. There are also versions filled with vegetables, cheese, and kimchi. This snack has recently gained popularity among Americans and is well-liked by many.
Liliya Tyan, a Korean-Uzbek featured on “Voice of America,” is the owner of the “Cafe Lily” restaurant. In 2006, she won the Green Card lottery and moved to the U.S. with her family. She later opened her own restaurant, “Cafe Lily.” What sets her restaurant apart is its unique menu, which includes Korean, Russian, and Uzbek dishes. “Uzbeks have lived with Koreans for a long time, so especially the elderly remember Korean food fondly,” said Liliya Tyan. Her restaurant has even been featured in The New York Times.
Koreans have a proverb similar to the Uzbek saying: “Hot cuts hot, cold cuts cold.” That’s why Koreans eat hot foods in summer and cold foods in winter. For example, they eat ice cream in winter, just as Uzbeks drink hot tea in summer. Some even eat ice cream after spicy foods because of a belief that consuming hot food in summer increases body temperature, helping the body adapt to the heat.
Koreans also have a cultural habit of asking, “Have you eaten?” when greeting one another — similar to how Uzbeks say, “How are you?” This style of greeting dates back to the war period in Korea, when famine was widespread. People would greet each other by asking if they had eaten, and over time, it became a cultural norm.
There is also a cultural custom related to the apple fruit. Among peers, if someone makes a mistake and wants to apologize, they offer the other person an apple. This symbolizes asking for forgiveness.
Conclusion:
The history of Korean cuisine dates back centuries. Many of its dishes have developed over time. There is limited information available in Uzbek on this topic online. With further study, we can find many Korean foods that are beneficial to health — even useful in medicine. Their dining etiquette and food culture also share similarities with that of Uzbeks.
References: Books:
Kim Seon Jung, Park Sung Tae, Kim Sung Su – Self-Study Guide: Korean for Uzbek Speakers, Level 2
promised he would return, and he did so in the mist.
In the end, she understood that the waves of fate
sometimes require us to let go of what overwhelms us,
like a hat that flies along a road,
laughter is a compass, and the journey, a feather.
GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS DIVISION, of the UNACCC SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA CHAPTER.
The Impact of Translation Strategies on the Interpretation of Culture-Specific Terms in Cross-Cultural Communication
Odilova Diyora Dilshodbek qizi
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
English first Faculty
Abstract This study explores how translation strategies influence the interpretation of culture-specific terms (CSTs) within the context of cross-cultural communication. Drawing on both theoretical frameworks and practical examples, it highlights the challenges translators face when rendering culturally embedded concepts and evaluates the strategies they employ to maintain semantic accuracy and cultural resonance. The paper analyzes several case studies from literary, media, and political texts, with a focus on English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English translation. Findings suggest that the choice of strategy—domestication, foreignization, equivalence, or omission—can significantly affect audience perception, comprehension, and emotional response. The study underscores the importance of cultural competence in translation practice and calls for more nuanced translator training to enhance intercultural understanding. By offering a multi-faceted analysis based on real-world translations and reader feedback, the paper provides valuable insights into the practical and cognitive impact of strategic decisions in cross-cultural translation.
Language does more than communicate ideas—it conveys cultural identity, values, and worldviews. As such, translation is not merely a linguistic operation but a cultural negotiation. One of the most intricate challenges in translation is dealing with culture-specific terms (CSTs)—lexical units that encapsulate unique cultural concepts, rituals, or social norms that often lack direct equivalents in the target language. The translation of CSTs demands not only linguistic proficiency but also cultural awareness and strategic thinking.
In the context of increasingly globalized communication, especially in multilingual societies like Uzbekistan, effective translation becomes crucial for preserving cultural nuances while facilitating mutual understanding. Translators must navigate between two competing imperatives: remaining faithful to the source culture and ensuring accessibility for the target audience. This tension is particularly evident in the translation of CSTs, where choices such as domestication (making the text familiar to the target culture) or foreignization (retaining foreign cultural elements) have far-reaching implications. This study aims to examine how these translation strategies impact the interpretation of CSTs in English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English translation, particularly in literary, political, and media texts. By identifying patterns and assessing reader reception, the paper seeks to illuminate how strategic translation choices influence cross-cultural comprehension and emotional resonance.
Scholars such as Venuti (1995) and Newmark (1988) have categorized translation strategies into two primary modes: domestication and foreignization. Domestication minimizes cultural distance, making the text accessible to target readers, while foreignization maintains cultural distinctiveness. Nida’s (1964) concept of dynamic equivalence shifts the focus from literal translation to conveying the same effect to the target audience as intended in the source text. Nord (1997) introduced the skopos theory, which emphasizes the purpose and function of the translation in determining strategy.
More recent work by Baker (1992) and Bassnett (2014) emphasizes the socio-political dimensions of translation, viewing it as an act shaped by power dynamics, audience expectations, and institutional norms. Despite the extensive theoretical landscape, empirical studies focusing on Uzbek-English translation remain scarce. This gap motivates the present study to provide data-driven insights into how translation strategies affect the interpretation of CSTs in this particular linguistic and cultural context.
This study adopts a qualitative and comparative methodology to examine how different translation strategies impact the interpretation of culture-specific terms. A corpus of 50 culture-specific terms was compiled from diverse genres, including Uzbek literary works (e.g., Abdulla Qodiriy, O’tkir Hoshimov), newspaper articles (e.g., Gazeta.uz, BBC Uzbek), and political speeches. Their corresponding English translations were sourced from published translations or translated manually by professional bilingual translators.
Each term was analyzed according to the translation strategy employed: domestication, foreignization, equivalence, or omission. The classification framework used was based on Vinay & Darbelnet (1958) and refined by Baker (1992). To assess the cognitive and emotional impact of these strategies, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 bilingual speakers (Uzbek and English), ranging from undergraduate students to professional translators.
Participants were asked to evaluate translated CSTs based on three criteria: (1) clarity, (2) cultural authenticity, and (3) emotional impact. Their responses were transcribed, coded thematically, and triangulated with textual analysis to draw conclusions about the interpretive outcomes of different strategies.
The corpus analysis showed a distinct pattern in strategy selection across genres. In literary texts, domestication was more prevalent, especially when translators sought to evoke an emotional connection with readers unfamiliar with Uzbek customs. For instance, the term “kelin salom” was translated as “wedding bow,” which evoked a relatable image for Western audiences, but lost the ceremonial and familial nuance embedded in the original. Conversely, political and journalistic texts favored foreignization to maintain cultural and ideological integrity. Terms such as “mahalla” and “Navruz” were often retained in transliterated form with footnotes or short explanations. This preserved authenticity but required reader effort.
Equivalence strategies were successful when a functional equivalent existed in both languages. For instance, “duo” was easily translated as “prayer” without significant cultural loss. However, in cases where no clear equivalent was available—such as “osh” (communal rice dish)—generalization or omission led to decreased reader comprehension and engagement. Interview data supported these findings. Respondents appreciated foreignized translations for their educational value and cultural authenticity but often found them harder to understand without context. Domesticated terms were easier to grasp but perceived as diluted or Westernized.
These findings emphasize that the strategy chosen not only influences comprehension but also shapes emotional and ideological resonance. Translators must thus consider both linguistic fidelity and audience expectation when handling CSTs. The findings underscore the complex role translation strategies play in mediating cross-cultural communication. While domestication facilitates reader accessibility and immediate comprehension, it may come at the cost of cultural authenticity. Foreignization, on the other hand, respects source-culture integrity but often necessitates additional reader effort or contextual explanation.
The reception analysis showed that bilingual readers’ preferences were influenced by their cultural affiliation and familiarity with the source culture. Those with higher cultural literacy favored foreignization, viewing it as a means to preserve and transmit cultural identity. In contrast, less culturally engaged readers preferred domesticated renderings for ease of understanding. From a theoretical standpoint, this aligns with the idea that translation is a context-bound activity shaped by audience expectations, translator agency, and sociopolitical considerations. It also supports Nord’s (1997) skopos theory, which emphasizes that the function of the translation—educational, literary, or ideological—should determine the strategic approach. These findings have important pedagogical implications. Translator training programs should equip students with not only linguistic skills but also cultural analytical tools. Incorporating real-world case studies and reader reception analysis into curricula can help aspiring translators develop the judgment necessary for navigating complex CSTs.
Translation strategies play a pivotal role in shaping the interpretation and reception of culture-specific terms (CSTs) across linguistic and cultural boundaries. As evidenced by the findings of this study, cross-cultural communication cannot rely solely on direct lexical substitution; rather, it requires a deep understanding of cultural frameworks, contextual awareness, and deliberate strategic decision-making. Translation is thus not a purely mechanical activity but a culturally situated practice that mediates meaning between worldviews.
The present analysis of Uzbek-English translations illustrates that each translation strategy—namely, domestication, foreignization, equivalence, and omission—offers both benefits and limitations. Domestication enhances readability and facilitates target audience comprehension by adapting foreign concepts to familiar frameworks. However, this approach risks erasing the unique cultural markers that characterize the source text. Conversely, foreignization maintains the authenticity and integrity of the source culture, yet may impose cognitive strain on readers unfamiliar with the original cultural context. Equivalence serves as an effective solution when conceptual parallels exist between languages, while omission, though sometimes necessary, can result in significant semantic and cultural loss if not applied judiciously. The reception data gathered through semi-structured interviews further reinforces the conclusion that audience expectations, cultural familiarity, and contextual cues significantly influence the effectiveness of translation strategies. Bilingual readers with strong cultural ties to the source language preferred foreignized renderings for their educational and ethnographic value. In contrast, readers with less exposure to the source culture favored domesticated or equivalent translations for ease of understanding. This highlights the need for translators to consider not only linguistic accuracy but also socio-cultural alignment in their translational choices.
From a pedagogical standpoint, these findings underscore the necessity for translator training programs to move beyond language proficiency and integrate interdisciplinary competencies. A holistic translation curriculum should encompass cultural theory, critical discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and cognitive aspects of language processing. Exposure to diverse text genres, authentic translation scenarios, and reception-based feedback can enhance trainees’ strategic competence and intercultural sensitivity.
Furthermore, institutions and academic bodies should encourage cross-disciplinary collaboration that links translation studies with fields such as anthropology, media studies, and cognitive neuroscience. Such interdisciplinary engagement can provide innovative perspectives and methodological tools—for instance, the use of neuroimaging or eye-tracking techniques—to better understand how readers cognitively process and emotionally react to various translation strategies. Future research can build upon the current study by exploring CST translation in underrepresented genres such as audiovisual media, legal discourse, religious texts, and folklore. Comparative studies involving other Turkic or Central Asian languages could reveal broader typological patterns in translation strategy effectiveness and cultural negotiation.
In conclusion, translation strategies are not merely instrumental choices made for clarity or fluency; they are deeply embedded in the cultural politics of representation and identity. An informed, reflective, and context-sensitive approach to translating CSTs is essential for producing translations that not only convey meaning but also foster genuine intercultural understanding and respect. As such, the practice of translation must be acknowledged as a dynamic, ethical, and dialogic act within the broader spectrum of global communication.
References
Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge.
Bassnett, S. (2014). Translation Studies (4th ed.). Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A. (1964). Toward a Science of Translating. Brill.
Nord, C. (1997). Translating as a Purposeful Activity. St. Jerome Publishing.
Venuti, L. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge.
Vinay, J.P., & Darbelnet, J. (1958). Comparative Stylistics of French and English. Translated by Sager & Hamel. John Benjamins.
Pre-teen girls sharing gossip, under covers — a sleepover.
At midnight they continued making such noise on the third floor.
Two o’clock, we were still awake in the bedroom below them.
Greg Hill is a poet and short fiction writer in West Hartford, Connecticut, United States. He has a MALS degree in Creative Writing from Dartmouth College and an MFA in Writing from Vermont College of Fine Arts. His work has appeared in Barzakh, Atlas and Alice, Six Sentences, Grub Street, and elsewhere. He and his wife enjoy the struggle of raising three determined feminists. Website: https://www.gregjhill.com.
