Accuracy of the teacher’s speech

Student of Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages

Tursunxo’jayeva Malika Abdusamat qizi

abdusamadovnamalika@gmail.com

932412315

Supervisor: Isamutdinova Durdona

Annotation: This article explores the importance of clarity in a teacher’s speech during the educational process. Clear, comprehensible, and logically coherent speech positively influences students’ knowledge acquisition. The study analyzes the main principles of speech clarity, methods to achieve it, and the relationship between speech culture and the teacher’s pedagogical skills.

Keywords:teacher’s speech, clarity, speech culture, pedagogical skills, effectiveness of education

1. The concept of precision

Clarity means that an idea expressed in speech is conveyed clearly, clearly, without hesitation. A teacher’s speech should convey knowledge to students in a clear and understandable form. If a teacher speaks abstractly, confusingly, or inaccurately, it negatively affects the students’ process of accepting knowledge.

2. Main features of teacher speech

Clarity: Ideas are expressed simply and clearly.

Logicality: Sentences and thoughts are interrelated and orderly.

Intelligibility: Speech is built in a language appropriate to the age and level of knowledge of the students.

Brevity and laconia: Redundant words, sentences that are not related to the topic are avoided.

Sounding accuracy: Pronunciation must be correct and fluore.

3. Methods to achieve accuracy

Advance preparation: Create a thoughtful plan for the lesson.

Highlighting Important Points: Illustrate by highlighting, with examples.

Using plain and simple words: Interpret complex terms separately if necessary.

Monitoring communication: Checking whether students understand.

Maintaining logical consistency: Each idea should be linked to the previous one.

4. Factors that compromise accuracy

Vague expressions and abstract expressions.

Unnecessary complexity and unrelated thoughts in speech. Pronunciation and grammar errors.

Being too low or too loud the volume.

5. Accuracy of teacher speech and teaching effectiveness

Clear and understandable speech will ensure that students can:

actively listen to the lesson,

Have a deep understanding of the topic,

Helps him answer questions accurately and independently. Also, clarity makes the lesson fun, dynamic, and effective.

6. Ways of developing teacher speech

Perform special exercises in speech culture.

Learning techniques for storytelling and information.

Read books and constantly work on yourself.

analyze their own speech, recording sessions with audio and video.

7. Scientific and theoretical foundations

From the point of view of psycholinguistics, clarity is the clarity in the process of encoding and decoding an idea.

Corresponding to each subject, the accuracy of the teacher’s speech will also be specific. For example, if in the speech of a mathematics teacher, clarity is manifested in strict formulas and logical sequences, then in the speech of a literature teacher along with clarity there must be expressiveness.

In modern education, with the help of technologies (presentation, audio-visual means), speech clarity is further strengthened.

In didactic science, accuracy is considered as an important condition that contributes to the active cognitive activity of the student.

The importance of accuracy in teacher speech:

Quickly and correctly forms knowledge in pupils.

Increases the interest and attention of the audience.

Will help to perfectly understand the material being studied.

Develops students’ ability to think independently.

Recommendations to improve speech clarity:

Careful preparation for each lesson.

Express ideas simply and briefly in sentences.

Timely and correct interpretation of subject terms.

Speak a language appropriate to the level of the audience.

And the following are also important

1. Clarity of thought

The teacher must express his thoughts in an understandable way, without confusion. It is necessary to explain both complex ideas in a simple and logical sequence.

2. Lexical clarity

The meaning of the words and terms must be clear. Avoid unnecessarily complicated wording, choose words that are relevant to the topic and understandable to readers.

3. Syntactic accuracy. The structure of the sentence should be fluent and laconic. Too long and confusing sentences should be avoided.

4. Loyalty to the subject. The teacher expresses each of his thoughts without deviating from the topic being studied. The main focus is on unlocking the topic’s content.

5. Order and Logic. Ideas need to be in a logical connection to each other. Simple concepts are explained step by step, then complex concepts first.

6. Create Ease of Understanding

Bringing a complex idea to a simpler form for readers by giving examples, comparisons and analogies where necessary increases accuracy

In conclusion, the accuracy of the teacher’s speech is an important factor ensuring the effectiveness of the educational process. Through accuracy, knowledge is conveyed to learners in a clear, understandable and impactful manner. The teacher must strive to express his thoughts clearly, logically and purposefully. The clarity of speech serves students to develop a deep understanding of the topic, the development of their independent thinking and reasoning skills. Therefore, each teacher should always pay attention to the accuracy of his speech, consistently work on its development.

References:

1. Gafurov M. — “Fundamentals of speech culture”

2. Azizkho’jayev A. — “Pedagogical technologies”

3. Vygotsky L.S. — “Communication and thinking”

4. Soliev A., Makhmudov M. — “Pedagogical skills”

5. Levina R.A. — Rhetoric and Culture of Speech

6. Kara-Murza S.G. — Fundamentals of speech culture and communication

Jurayev M., Islamov I. – Fundamentals of speech culture, Tashkent, 2018.

7. Ochilov M. – Uzbek language and speech culture, Tashkent, 2019.

– about the accuracy, types of accuracy and accuracy of speech in teaching activity.

8. Toshmatov M. – pedagogical skills, Tashkent, 2020.

– Details about the teacher’s speech, pedagogical techniques and methods of expressive expression.

9. Sultanova D. – Culture of language and speech, Tashkent, 2017.

– about compliance with the norms of language, accuracy and accuracy of expression.

10. Materials of the State Testing Center under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan –

– modern requirements for speech of teachers, recommendations for speech culture.

11. Aristotle – Rhetoric – The art of speech, the ancient theoretical foundations of clarity and logical expression.

12. Cicero (Mark Tully) – De Oratore – Ancient Roman experience in the culture of speaking, clarity and expressive speech construction.

13. Quintilian – Institutio Oratoria

– principles of speech structure, clarity and fluency for teachers and speakers.

14. Dale Carnegie – The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking

– modern methods of speech clarity, clarity and clarity in public speech.

15. Herbert Paul Grice – Logic and Conversation – Modern theories about the principles of communication in speech (clarity, brevity, relevance).

Views.

الرحلةُ إلى الداخل

تغريد بو مرعي – لبنان – البرازيل 

الظلُّ الذي سبقَ ظلّه

توقف أمام قطار الزمن

 فرأى

أنّ العابرين لا يحملون وجوههم،

وأنّ الخطى لا تترك أثراً إلا في الذاكرة.

تأمّل ذاته المنفلتة من زمنٍ لم يكتبه،

كان يعلم أن الماضي لا يعود،

لكنّه لم يكن يدرك أن الحنين

هو شكل آخر للوقوف في محطة لا تصلها القطارات.

سأله الزمن:

“لماذا تسبقكَ، أيّها الظل؟”

فأجاب بصوتٍ لا يسمعه إلا من فقد صوته:

“لأنني أدركت أنَّ الضوء يتأخر أحياناً،

وأنَّ الحقيقة ليست فيما نراه،

بل فيما يُحجب عنا.”

وحين عاد القطار ليعبر من جديد،

لم يتحرك…

لأنّه علم أن بعض الرحلات

لا تكون نحو الأمام،

بل نحو الداخل.

THE JOURNEY WITHIN

The shadow that preceded its own

Stopped before the train of time,

And saw

That the passersby carried no faces,

And that footsteps leave no trace—except in memory.

He contemplated his self, escaping from a time he never wrote,

He knew the past never returns,

But he hadn’t realized that longing

Is another form of standing at a station no train ever reaches.

Time asked him:

“Why do you go ahead of yourself, O shadow?”

And he replied with a voice only those who’ve lost theirs could hear:

“Because I’ve learned that light is sometimes delayed,

And that truth is not in what we see,

But in what is hidden from us.”

And when the train passed again,

He did not move…

For he had come to know that some journeys

Are not forward,

But inward.

©®TAGHRID BOU MERHI – LEBANON – BRAZIL

A dream…

becomes reality

The Hero’s Path

Once upon a time there was a girl full of dreams and hopes.

He liked mountain climbing and walking in the mountains.

Iro was a great soul, she loved animals, birds, trees, nature, and exploring the forest.

So one day in Politika, she discovered a Hero’s Path, unique, that no one knew about…no one had walked it except her.

Iro decided to share her path with friends and confided in her parents about her big dream.

I would like to create a path where everyone can take a walk in nature, but they will be able to admire the trees, the birds, children will be able to come into contact with nature and play, and climbers will be able to do their favorite sport.

“We’ll do it,” both parents said happily.

But the evil wizard who lived far away on a rock, did not let the beautiful Hero live her dream. He sent a dragon darker than him and wounded her in the chest with disease.

Our Hero fought, as a heroine, every day, every moment, every minute with armies of dark forces.

Unfortunately, her heart was weak…she didn’t make it.

But her soul, by the grace of God, transformed into a butterfly 

and she stayed on her favorite Hero’s path, along with her parents, greeting passersby.

So one summer month, I and other friends met, with the aim of reciting poems about Irene, at the Hero’s Theater.

We had a great time and everything was done with love and respect.

When at the end the abbess of the Monastery of Panagia of Perivleptou, Mariam, sang a wonderful song dedicated to Iro’s mother, Giorgos Chryssi Marangou, we all gasped.

Our story does not end here, I had to, as President of Greece, representative for the Mil Mentes Por Mexico association International, share the wonderful event that we organized with the help and support of George Pratzikos, Iro’s family and all the wonderful poets who took part…

I should have shared it with the President.

DrA Jeanette Eureka Tiburcio of the organization and of course I talked to them about the Hero’s Path, Hero’s parents, their wonderful work who, with effort, love and respect for their child’s dream… have created a wonderful marked path, friendly to everyone.

In November at the largest event, held in Rome by two organizations

Global federation of leadership and high intelligence Mexico and Unacc India, at the Pontifical University Antonianum, Rome

50 important women from around the world were awarded for their contributions to culture and literature, as well as for their general contribution to their country.

Chrissi Marangou was among the 50 important women and I feel proud to have nominated her for this very important award that has now found its place in the

Path of the Hero.

I feel proud to be an Ambassador of the Hero’s Path, and I continue to promote all the events and all the needs of …

I feel proud and deeply grateful that my own poem dedicated to the heroine, for me Hero, also found its place, and the visitor, ascending for the first route, can read my poem, The Butterfly 

Then, leave a few flowers or say a prayer at the Hero’s monument and then let his soul fly there among the trees.

Thank you to everyone who did this wonderful job, including the graphic designer Ms. Kanari.

the people who continue to work on the Hero’s Path.

The parents of Giorgos Chryssi Marangou who continue…and dream

Abbess Mariam

I suggest you take a trip to Politika, Psachna, Evia.

Give a big hug to Chrissi Marangou and George

Go to the Monastery of Panagia Perivleptou and light two candles.

Maine

I see the ship that took me through the gates of Erebus, and down into sulfurous Tartarus.

It had flown through the cold air for three thousand miles, 

Far away from my cold Ithaca,

Just to deliver me to the warm air of suffering.

I was obligated to come here, too this burning place

Without a choice, without the ability to opt out.

Forced to endure hard earthed grounds, and sleep deprivation.

Without the ability to bargain with Hades.

My attempts to rest are broken by the Erinyes,

ripping at my soft flesh, my knees shattering under their whips.

I wait a month for my freedom, a break from my shackles.

For the φθινόπωρο, for Eurus to carry me home on soft autumnal winds.

For the return to my cold Ithaca.  

There is a conversation between souls that only the heart can hear (English Version)

The meeting of souls… a language only the heart understands

In a time filled with noise, silence is sometimes the most eloquent means of understanding. In a world governed by material relationships and false appearances, the meeting of souls still holds a profound secret that cannot be explained or written about, but rather felt and experienced.

What is the meeting of souls?

It is a feeling that cannot be begged for or contrived. When you meet another soul, you feel comfortable with them without prior acquaintance, and you feel as if they have been inside you for a long time. You know them, and they know you, they hear you without speaking, and they sense you even from thousands of miles away. It is that silent understanding, a harmony that needs no justification, and a presence that does not ask for permission.

Souls meet before bodies

Ibn al-Qayyim, may God have mercy on him, said: “Souls are conscripted soldiers. Those that recognize each other will get along, and those that do not recognize each other will disagree.”

This statement clearly indicates that souls may reunite before their companions’ bodies meet in this world, as if there were a previous world where good souls reunited. When they meet on earth, they recognize each other without warning.

The meeting of souls is not bound by time.

You may meet someone for a single moment and feel closer to them than anyone you’ve known for decades. You may spend years with others without feeling any real connection with them. Meetings are not governed by time, but by honesty, transparency of feelings, and purity of intention.

Is it love? Friendship? Or something deeper?

The meeting of souls cannot be summed up in a single mold. It may be love, friendship, or a fleeting relationship that remains etched in the memory. But it always leaves an indelible mark on the soul and teaches us that the most beautiful bonds are built not with words, but with sincere feelings.

Why do we long for certain souls?

Because, quite simply, our souls know who they like and are drawn to those who are similar to them. We may miss someone we haven’t spent enough time with, but we have experienced a rare, unforgettable feeling with them.

In conclusion…

The meeting of souls is a divine gift that doesn’t come every day, or with just anyone. It’s a hidden blessing and a reminder that what unites people is much deeper than appearance, name, or circumstances.

If you find someone who you feel is similar in spirit to you, hold on to them and be honest with them. That moment may not happen twice.

تلاقي الأرواح… لغة لا يفهمها إلا القلب

في زمنٍ امتلأ بالضجيج، بات الصمت أحيانًا أبلغ وسيلة للفهم. وفي عالم تحكمه العلاقات المادية والمظاهر الزائفة، لا يزال تلاقي الأرواح يحمل سرًا عميقًا لا يُفسر ولا يُكتب، بل يُحَسّ ويُعاش.

ما هو تلاقي الأرواح؟

هو شعور لا يُستَجدى ولا يُفتعل. حين تلتقي بروحٍ أخرى فترتاح لها دون سابق معرفة، وتشعر وكأنها كانت في داخلك منذ زمن، تعرفها وتعرفك، تَسمعك دون أن تتكلم، وتشعر بك ولو من خلف آلاف الأميال. إنه ذلك التفاهم الصامت، الانسجام الذي لا يحتاج لتبرير، والحضور الذي لا يطلب إذنًا.

الأرواح تتلاقى قبل الأجساد

قال ابن القيم رحمه الله: “الأرواح جنود مجندة، ما تعارف منها ائتلف، وما تناكر منها اختلف.”

وفي هذا القول إشارة واضحة إلى أن الأرواح قد تتآلف قبل أن تتلاقى أجساد أصحابها في الدنيا، وكأن هنالك عالمًا سابقًا تآلفت فيه الأرواح الطيبة، فحين تلتقي في الأرض، تميّز بعضها البعض دون مقدمات.

تلاقي الأرواح لا يرتبط بالزمن

قد تلتقي شخصًا للحظة واحدة، فتشعر أنه أقرب إليك من كل من عرفتهم لعقود. وقد تمضي مع آخرين أعوامًا، دون أن تشعر معهم بأي تواصل حقيقي. فالتلاقي لا يحكمه الزمن، بل الصدق، وشفافية المشاعر، ونقاء النية.

هل هو حب؟ صداقة؟ أم شيء أعمق؟

تلاقي الأرواح لا يمكن أن يُختصر في قالبٍ واحد. فقد يكون حبًا، وقد يكون صداقة، وقد يكون علاقة عابرة تبقى محفورة في الذاكرة. لكنه دائمًا يترك في النفس أثرًا لا يُمحى، ويعلمنا أن أجمل الروابط لا تُبنى بالكلام، بل بالشعور الصادق.

لماذا نشتاق لأرواح بعينها؟

لأن أرواحنا، ببساطة، تعرف من يطيب لها، وتنجذب لمن يشبهها. وقد نشتاق إلى من لم نعش معه وقتًا كافيًا، لكننا عشنا معه شعورًا نادرًا، لا يمكن نسيانه.

في الختام…

تلاقي الأرواح هو منحة إلهية، لا تأتي كل يوم، ولا مع أي أحد. هي رزق خفي، وتذكير لنا أن ما يجمع البشر أعمق بكثير من الشكل أو الاسم أو الظروف.

فإن وجدت من تشعر بأنه يشبهك روحًا، فتمسك به، وكن صادقًا معه، فقد لا تتكرر تلك اللحظة مرتين.

Using English fluency formula to improve student’s speaking skill

Olimova Shahina Botirjon qizi

                Students of Uzbekistan State World Language University

Scientific advisor: Kaljanova Gulmira 

Teacher of Uzbekistan State World Language University

Abstract: Speaking is a crucial skill for English learners, especially students who intend to study at international universities. Unfortunately, most students come across challenges with speaking skills. Mainly, the cause of the problem is lack of English practice. In social media, many videos and podcasts try to give secret methods and new ways to learn English, but the principles are quite simple and mostly nothing new. Students get a bit confused about which is the best, but nobody explains to them how to practice. The English fluency formula is one technique that provides a special way to improve speaking skills.

Аннотация: Умение говорить является важнейшим навыком для изучающих английский язык, особенно для студентов, которые собираются учиться в международных университетах. К сожалению, большинство студентов сталкиваются с трудностями в умении говорить. В основном, причиной проблемы является отсутствие практики английского языка. В социальных сетях множество видео и подкастов пытаются дать секретные методы и новые способы изучения английского языка, но принципы довольно просты и в основном не являются чем-то новым. Студенты немного путаются в том, что лучше, но никто не объясняет им, как практиковать. Формула беглости английского языка — это одна из методик, которая обеспечивает особый способ улучшения навыков разговорной речи.

Annotatsiya: Ingliz tilini o’rganuvchilar, ayniqsa xalqaro universitetlarda o’qish niyatida bo’lgan talabalar uchun gapirish juda muhim mahoratdir. Afsuski, ko’pchilik talabalar nutq qobiliyatlari bilan bog’liq qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishadi. Asosan, muammoning sababi ingliz amaliyotining etishmasligi. Ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda ko’plab videolar va podkastlar ingliz tilini o’rganishning yashirin usullari va yangi usullarini berishga harakat qiladi, ammo printsiplar juda oddiy va asosan yangilik emas. Talabalar qaysi biri eng yaxshisi haqida bir oz chalkashib ketishadi, lekin hech kim ularga qanday mashq qilishni tushuntirmaydi. Ingliz tilini ravonlik formulasi nutq ko’nikmalarini yaxshilashning maxsus usulini ta’minlovchi usullardan biridir.

Keywords: English fluency formula, speaking skill, practicing English communicative skills.

Ключевые слова: формула беглости английского языка, навык говорения, отработка навыков общения на английском языке.

Kalit so’zlar: Ingliz tilini ravonlik formulasi, so’zlashuv mahorati, ingliz tilida kommunikativ ko’nikmalarni mashq qilish.

Introduction: English is an international language that is mainly used in social media networks, and most information on websites is given in English. Apart from that, English is the main communicative language across the world that can help students to build strong relationships with international students. Effective speaking skills improve social interactions and help build relationships and built confidence. The English fluency formula could help them not only to improve their speaking skills but also to enhance their language source. This formula consists of 3 parts, including studying, practicing, and time, which result in fluency.

Formula: (S+P) x T=F

S=study

P=practice

T=time

How to study

The study part of the formula has two main secrets. Firstly, students need to try to study in context and avoid word lists. For example, if learners use a grammar book, they need to utilize it as a reference; they should not study the whole book.

Study steps:

1.Know current level.

Students could know their level through online tests or ask teachers to check their knowledge.

2. Choose the text at a suitable level.

It can be an audio text, video, or written text. It has been suggested that the chosen text or video should be above the learner’s level. If it is appropriate for the learner, it will be more engaging for them to learn English. Students could find their own resources, or even better, they can choose a coursebook. The coursebook is a great way to boost speaking skills because it’s all in one place.

3. Read, listen, and watch.

In that place, students need to watch English content for enjoyment instead of analyzing it. They should just read, look, listen to the video or film, and not overcomplicate the process. Because if they watch videos for only academic purposes, they can get bored with studying, and they will not be motivated to carry on.

4.Analyze the text.

In this part, students do a deep analysis of selected text and try to find new vocabularies as well as grammar structures in the text. After that, they search for new knowledge on the internet to know the exact meaning and learn how to use it.

How to practice

The main concern among students is how to practice speaking during the learning process. As technology is developing day by day, students have more options for practicing with other learners. One of the best ways is using ChatGPT. In that program, they can choose one topic to discuss, and they convey ideas, and ChatGPT asks questions to facilitate a discussion. Additionally, students may engage in structured debates on various topics that allow them to articulate their ideas. It not only helps to improve their speaking skills but also broadens their horizons and improves critical thinking.AI programs could help students with pronunciation practice. Students read passages aloud and ask to give feedback on pronunciation and suggestions. Most importantly, after speaking, ChatGPT gives feedback on areas for improvement, such as vocabulary usage, sentence structure, and pronunciation. Through this, students know their mistakes and can correct them with enough practice.

There are two main ways to practice:

1.Alone. 

In that case, students can efficiently use YouTube for improving their speaking ability. While watching one video, students can pause and repeat the sentence that they hear. Sometimes they can change words, tense, or even the structure of sentences. It is like a shadowing technique that helps students to boost their speaking skills.

2.Practicing with others. 

Students can speak with people who intend to learn English. In this method, they need to choose a person who has the same level as them. They can use Google to find topics, and they should have 20 minutes of talk a day. 

For alone practice, there are kind of three good ways:

1.One of the controlled ones, where students should just repeat sentences in the video.

2.Semi-controlled. 

In this way, students may change the structure, vocabulary, and words. While they are repeating, they can change a word, or they even can add some new information. 

3.Free practice. 

This way is wider as compared to others. Students need to find some phrases that they have not seen before. After that they will make a story, trying to use those phrasal verbs. It is always a good idea to record when they are practicing alone. They have a chance to listen back and find mistakes. This method is helpful for lone learners because they can not get feedback from others.

Research and discussion:

The English fluency formula is one of the effective techniques that helps students to develop improved communication skills. The research was conducted in a university class. For observation, first-year students were taken during 2 weeks. Every lesson, teachers tried to teach using the English fluency formula. In the first week, they selected one interesting YouTube website and started to watch one video every lesson. The video was about educational theories; students independently chose it based on their interest. In the second week, they began to analyze the video and found new vocabularies as well as grammatical structures; they wrote all of them down. Additionally, students imitated characters with gestures. Teachers requested to learn deeply what they had written. Finally, when teachers got interviews from students to check their speaking ability, improvements were seen in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and fluency.

Conclusion:

Speaking is a vital skill in learning English that needs to be mastered by students. Most students have problems with lack of practice with others, which makes students levels low. The English fluency formula aimed to help learners improve their English language skills and enhance fluency. Based on research given above, it is proven that the English fluency formula can help students to improve their fluency, pronunciation, grammar, and overall ability to speak. During research, students were able to learn new knowledge and find more information on topics they were interested in. Lastly, with the imitation technique, students can speak more like a native speaker and learn more phrases that are usually used by natives.

References:

1. 1. Ur, Penny. (2012). A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge University Press.

2. Nation, I.S.P., & Newton, J. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. Routledge.

3. Lazaraton, Anne. (2001). Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Language Learning Strategies. In Language Learning Strategies in Independent Settings (pp. 25-50). University of Michigan Press.

4. Kukulska-Hulme, Agnes. (2009). “Will mobile learning change language learning?” ReCALL, 21(2), 157-165.

5. Thornbury, Scott. (2005). “How to Teach Speaking.” Pearson Education Limited.

6. Ellis, Rod. (2016). “The Study of Second Language Acquisition.” In Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (pp. 1-20). Routledge.

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Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti fanining asosiy tushunchalari va atamalari

 Andijon davlat chet tillari instituti 4-bosqich

 talabasi Tursunxo’jayeva Malika Abdusamat qizi                                

 abdusamadovnamalika@gmail.com

 ilmiy rahbar:Qodirova Nargiza

Annotatsiya:Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti fanining asosiy tushunchalari va atamalari tarjima faoliyatini tashkil etuvchi muhim bilimlarni shakllantiradi. Tarjima nazariyasida o‘rganiladigan asosiy tushunchalar orasida “ekvivalentlik”, “yuzaki tarjima”, “qayta tarjima”, “stilistik tarjima” kabi atamalar muhim o‘rin tutadi. Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti sohasida asosiy e’tibor tarjima jarayonidagi muammolarni hal qilish, madaniy va lingvistik farqlarni hisobga olgan holda to‘g‘ri va aniq tarjimani amalga oshirishga qaratiladi. Tarjima amaliyoti esa ilmiy, ijodiy va professional sohalarda qo‘llanilishi kerak bo‘lgan metodlarni va uslublarni o‘z ichiga oladi.

Kalit so‘zlar:tarjima nazariyasi, ekvivalentlik, yuzaki tarjima, stilistik tarjima, lingvistik farqlar, madaniyatlararo tarjima, tarjima usullari, tarjima jarayoni

Аннотация:Основные понятия и термины теории и практики перевода формируют важные знания, составляющие переводческую деятельность. Среди основных понятий, изучаемых в теории перевода, важное место занимают такие термины, как «эквивалентность», «поверхностный перевод», «повторный перевод», «стилистический перевод». В области теории и практики перевода основной упор делается на решение проблем в переводческом процессе, осуществление правильного и точного перевода с учетом культурных и языковых различий. Переводческая практика, с другой стороны, включает в себя приемы и приемы, которые следует применять в научной, творческой и профессиональной сферах.

Ключевые слова:теория перевода, эквивалентность, поверхностный перевод, стилистический перевод, лингвистические различия, межкультурный перевод, методы перевода, процесс перевода

Annotation:The basic concepts and terms of translation theory and practice form the important knowledge that constitutes the activity of translation. Among the basic concepts studied in translation theory, such terms as “equivalence”, “superficial translation”, “retranslation”, “stylistic translation” occupy an important place. In the field of translation theory and practice, the main emphasis is on solving problems in the translation process, implementing correct and accurate translation, taking into account cultural and linguistic differences. Translation practice, on the other hand, includes techniques and techniques that should be applied in the scientific, creative, and professional fields.

Keywords:translation theory, equivalence, superficial translation, stylistic translation, linguistic differences, cross-cultural translation, translation methods, translation process

Bu soha tilshunoslikning boshqa bo‘limlari bilan yaqindan bog‘liq bo‘lib, ularning o‘zaro aloqalari va ta’siri tarjima jarayonida muhim o‘rin tutadi.

Tarjima – madaniyatlar, tillar va xalqlar o‘rtasida ko‘prik vazifasini bajaruvchi murakkab jarayondir. Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti esa ushbu jarayonni ilmiy asosda o‘rganadi, tarjima faoliyatining qonuniyatlari, usullari va muammolarini tadqiq qiladi. Bugungi global dunyoda tarjima sohasi nafaqat adabiy yoki ilmiy sohalarda, balki siyosat, biznes va texnika sohalarida ham muhim rol o‘ynamoqda. Shu sababli tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyotining asosiy tushuncha va atamalarini mukammal bilish zamon talabi hisoblanadi.

Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti fanining mohiyati:Tarjima nazariyasi tarjima faoliyatining umumiy tamoyillarini, asosiy qonuniyatlarini va uslubiy asoslarini o‘rganadi. Amaliy tarjima esa ushbu nazariy bilimlarni hayotga tatbiq qilish – ya’ni, konkret matnlarni bir tildan ikkinchisiga to‘g‘ri va samarali o‘girish faoliyatini anglatadi.

Tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog‘liq bo‘lib, nazariya amaliyotni yo‘naltiradi, amaliyot esa nazariyani boyitadi va rivojlantiradi.

Asosiy tushunchalar va atamalar

1. Tarjima (Translation).Tarjima — bir tildagi matn (manba til) mazmunini boshqa bir tildagi matnga (nishon til) to‘g‘ri, aniq va iloji boricha tabiiy shaklda yetkazib berish jarayonidir.

2. Manba til va nishon til (Source Language and Target Language).Manba til – tarjima qilinayotgan matn yozilgan asl til. Nishon til – matn tarjima qilinadigan til.

3. Ekvivalentlik (Equivalence).Tarjimada matnning ma’no jihatdan tengligini saqlash zarurati. Ekvivalentlik turli darajalarda (leksik, grammatik, stilistik va pragmatik) namoyon bo‘lishi mumkin.

4. Adekvant tarjima (Adequate Translation).Manba matnning ma’no va shakl xususiyatlarini imkon qadar to‘liq va to‘g‘ri ifoda qiluvchi tarjima.

5. Tarjima transformatsiyalari (Translation Transformations).Til va madaniy tafovutlar sababli tarjima jarayonida amalga oshiriladigan o‘zgarishlar, masalan, omissiya (qoldirib ketish), generalizatsiya (umumlashtirish), konkretizatsiya (aniqlashtirish), almashtirish va hokazolar.

6. Intersemiotik tarjima (Intersemiotic Translation).Til belgilarini boshqa tizim (masalan, rasm, musiqa, kino) orqali ifodalash; Roman Jakobson tomonidan ilgari surilgan kontseptsiya.

7. Tarjima birliklari (Units of Translation).Tarjimada mazmunni saqlab qolishga xizmat qiladigan eng kichik birliklar – so‘z, fraza, gap yoki butun matn bo‘lishi mumkin.

8. Tarjima strategiyalari va usullari (Translation Strategies and Techniques).

Tarjimonning maqsadga erishish uchun tanlagan yondashuvlari. Masalan, so‘zma-so‘z tarjima, erkin tarjima, adaptatsiya, transkripsiya va translyiteratsiya.

Tarjima turlari

Tarjimaning ko‘plab turlari mavjud:Adabiy tarjima (badiiy asarlar tarjimasi),

texnik tarjima (fan va texnika sohasidagi matnlar), ijtimoiy-siyosiy tarjima, audiovizual tarjima (kino va seriallar subtitr va dublyaji), simultane tarjima (bir vaqtning o‘zida og‘zaki tarjima qilish), pismon tarjima (yozma matnlarning tarjimasi).

Tarjima nazariyasi: Bu soha tarjimaning ilmiy asoslari, tamoyillari, usullari va metodlarini o‘rganadi. Tarjima nazariyasining asosiy maqsadi tarjimaning muvaffaqiyatli va aniq bo‘lishini ta’minlash uchun kerakli ilmiy asoslarni ishlab chiqishdir.

2. Tarjima amaliyoti: Tarjima amaliyoti nazariyadan farqli ravishda tarjima jarayonining real sharoitda, ya’ni matnlarni tarjima qilishda qo‘llaniladigan usullarni va metodlarni o‘rganadi. Bu usullar tilning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, matnning maqsadi va auditoriyasiga qarab tanlanadi.

3. Lingvistik farqlar: Tarjima jarayonida tillar orasidagi grammatik, leksik va semantik farqlarni hisobga olish juda muhim. Har bir tilning o‘ziga xos struktura va ifoda vositalari mavjud bo‘lib, ularni boshqa tilga to‘g‘ri o‘zgartirish katta e’tibor talab qiladi.

4. Madaniyatlararo tarjima: Madaniy farqlarni hisobga olgan holda tarjima qilish ko‘p hollarda nazariy va amaliyotni o‘zaro bog‘laydi. Tarjimachi nafaqat tilni, balki tarjima qilinayotgan madaniyatni ham chuqur tushunishi kerak.

5. Ekvivalentlik: Tarjimaning eng muhim printsiplaridan biri, bu tarjima tilidagi ifodaning asl matndagi ma’no va tuzilishga to‘liq mos kelishini ta’minlashdir. Ekvivalentlik nafaqat so‘zma-so‘z tarjima qilishni, balki til va madaniyat farqlarini hisobga olishni ham anglatadi.

Xulosa qilib aytganda tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti fani tarjima jarayonining ilmiy va amaliy asoslarini o‘rganadi. Uning asosiy tushunchalari va atamalarini to‘g‘ri tushunish, tarjimonlik mahoratini oshirishda va turli sohalarda muvaffaqiyatli faoliyat yuritishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Bugungi globallashuv sharoitida tarjimonlardan nafaqat mukammal til bilimlari, balki nazariy tayyorgarlik va madaniy tafovutlarni hisobga olish qobiliyati ham talab qilinmoqda.

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