THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE VERB FAIRE

Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti 

Roman German tillari fakulteti 

Filologiya va tillarni oʻqitish (fransuz)

2-kurs talabasi Mansurova Shahnoza 

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the semantic properties of the French verb faire and the causative function of the faire + infinitif construction. The study examines the polysemantic nature of the verb faire, its role as a complex predicate, and its role in expressing cause-and-effect relationships. The results show that the meaning of the verb faire is largely determined by context and that it is an important grammatical tool in French.

Keywords: faire, faire + infinitif, causative construction, polysemy, complex predicate, valence, French linguistics, grammaticalization, semantic analysis

INTRODUCTION 

The French verb faire is characterized by its wide range of uses and its polysemantic nature. It represents work – action, while also expressing cause – effect relationships, and is considered an important grammatical tool in French, forming complex predicates and participating in many phraseological units. The Faire+ infinitive construction plays a crucial role in expressing causativity, and this construction involves a change in valence and a redistribution of actants. This article analyzes the main semantic features of the verb faire and its grammatical functions in French.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

The semantics of a verb includes the semantic characteristics of the actions, states, and processes expressed by the verb. The main semantic feature of a verb is the meaning of action. In grammar, the meaning of action is widely understood. It represents not only physical action, but also state, mental change, biological process and existence. For example, verbs like venir, marcher indicate a real action, se tenir debout, se réveiller indicate a state, s’inquiéter, étonner indicate a mental (psychological) process, and fleurir, grandir indicate a biological process.

The common aspect of the verb is that all actions, states, and processes occur in relation to time. Therefore, the verb is a dynamic semantic unit. The meaning of the verb is related to the appearance, development or change of a certain sign, which is the main factor that distinguishes it from other parts of speech.

One of the most commonly used verbs in French is faire, which has several unique aspects. The French verb faire comes from the verb faire, meaning “to do” or “to make,” and is synonymous with about 30 French verbs. In this context, the verb faire is a very active verb in French. However, the verb faire is also used in French in all tenses and with linguistic devices.

An experiment was conducted to purchase a complex predicate for 71 children who were French-speaking speakers and 17 native-speaking adults. The children were divided into three age groups: 1) 25 children aged 3 to 4 years; 2) 21 children aged 4 to 5 years; 3) 25 children aged 5 to 6 years. Adults (managers and workers) have different extremes.

The selection of target verbs for our study was not arbitrary. This is conditioned by two main factors: 1/ the syntactic and semantic properties of verbs; 2/ the frequency of occurrence in verbal dummy constructions. Thus, we selected the following verbs:

1) intransitives wait and gather (agent inergatives); dance (action inergative) and drop (position shift) (Perlmutter’s Incuzative hypothesis, 1978, Levin and Rappaport, 1995), in which case we see whether our target children destroy the causative verb. to do (e.g.: sarute, go to drink my baby, I will dance my cat, ef. Sarkar, 2002:191).

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

the Faire + Vinf construction is analyzed as a complex predicate (Gaatone, 1976). In this structure, the verb faire serves as a causative (causative) auxiliary verb and carries grammatical information about tense, aspect and declension (TAM).

According to Tesnière (1969), the introduction of the verb faire expands the valence of the infinitive verb by one new actant — the causer (causateur). At the same time, the initial subject may be excluded from its primary syntactic position and occupy various syntactic positions: direct complement (objet), indirect complement (datif), or other indirect form (oblique).

Dixon (2000) and Novakova (2002) classify causative mechanisms from the most compact forms (synthetic, morphological, lexical) to the least compact forms (periphrastic constructions). In this classification, the faire + Vinf construction is placed between synthetic and analytic structures, that is, at an intermediate level.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The verb faire as a polysemantic verb

The verb faire is used in different semantic fields and its meaning changes depending on the context. For example, faire un travail means to do a job, while faire un gâteau means to create and prepare a cake. This is an example of the polysemantic nature of the verb faire. 

Meaning of action and activity

We often use the verb faire to express general actions and activities in everyday life, such as faire ses devoirs, faire du sport, faire le point. In this sentence, the verb expresses a general action, not a specific action.

Causative (causal) meaning

One of the important semantic features of the verb faire is its use in causative constructions. The form faire + infinitif expresses the causation of an action to be performed by one person through another. For example: Il fait réparer sa voiture. Here, the person who is directly performing the action is another person.

Grammaticalized faire 

Sometimes the verb faire loses its basic lexical meaning and acquires a grammatical meaning.For example, in compounds such as faire attention, faire partie de, the verb has a weakened independent meaning and provides the semantic integrity of the entire phrase.

Faire in phraseological units

We can also find the verb faire in many phraseological units: faire la tête, faire semblant, faire attention à. In these conjugations, the meaning of the verb is determined through a complete context and phrase.

The results of the analysis showed that the verb faire is one of the most active and multifunctional verbs in French. Its semantic possibilities are strongly dependent on context, providing economy and universality in speech.

CONCLUSION 

This study has shed light on the semantic and grammatical properties of the French verb faire. The analysis showed that the polysemantic nature of the verb faire means that it can have different meanings in different contexts. In particular, the cause-and-effect relationship is expressed through the faire + infinitif construction, and this structure is characterized by the expansion of valence and the redistribution of actants. Also, the active participation of the verb faire in grammaticalized forms and phraseological units confirms its central functional role in French. 

REFERENCES USED

1. Bezinaka, Y. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: yanabezón@yahoo.fr

2. Chevrot, J.-P. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: jpchevrot@wanadoo.fr

3. Gaatone, D. (1976). Le factitif en français. Langue française, 29, 45–62.

4. Grevisse, M., & Goosse, A. (2016). Le Bon Usage: Grammaire française (16e éd.). De Boeck Supérieur.

5. Nardy, A. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: aurelie.nardy@u-grenoble.fr

6. Neves, F., Muni Toke, V., Durand, J., Klinger, T., Mandada, I., & Prévost, S. (2010). L’acquisition de faire + Vinf en français: Production, compréhension, imitation. In Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française (CMLF 2010). Institut de Linguistique Française. https://doi.org/10.1051/cm2010227

7. Novakova, I. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: inovakova@yahoo.fr

8. Nuritdinov, N. S. (2024). Fransuz tilidagi faire fe’lining ishlatilishi, uning sinonimlik xususiyatlari va o’zbek tilidagi tarjima variantlari [Usage of the verb faire in French, its synonym characteristics and translation options in Uzbek]. Ta’lim va innovatsion tadqiqotlar.

9. Sulaymonova, M. O. (2021). Fe’l so’z turkumi va uning leksik-semantik tasnifi [Verb system and its lexico-semantic classification]. Oriental Art and Culture Scientific-Methodical Journal, (6), 1–?. ISSN 2181-063X.

Lincoln Park Assault

Aliicia Menendez stood on the corner, near the ivy-covered mansion designed by James Nagle; she was waiting for her bus. She casually glanced down North Burling Street and noticed a gang of men staring at her. There were at least a dozen. Alicia did a double take. They were done up in military gear and their face coverings and gasmasks gave them the aspect of a swarm of six foot, 200-lb. insects. One of them pointed at her. They all wore coats emblazed across the back with ICE.

Uneasy, she began to drift from the bus stop. She looked again and they were moving, en masse, in her direction. Dropping her packages and clutching her purse, she took flight, in the direction of the intersection of West Armitage Avenue and North Halsted Street. She was wearing low heels and couldn’t make good time.

She fled for about half a city block before the big bugs caught up with her. Someone reached out and grabbed her arm, twisted it behind her back. Alicia cried out in pain.

“Get her ass on the ground,” one man barked gruffly and she was thrown to the pavement. Her hose shredded, her skirt tore. Her other arm was twisted behind her and twist ties affixed about her wrists.

“I got her purse,” said one of the men, turning up her handbag. “Alicia Menendez,” he muttered aloud. “She ain’t from Chicago.”

“Okay, Alicia Menendez,” purred a man, mocking her, “where’s you effing green card. Where are your documents, Beaner? You ain’t got ’em, do you?” he asked smartly.”

“I’m a citizen,” she wailed shrilly, then began to sob.

By this time, a crowd had begun to gather: Hispanics, Anglos, African Americans, a mixed-bag. They began to edge closer.

“Stand the fuck back!” shouted the presumptive leader. “This is official ICE business. You got no business here. Disperse or be detained.”

“You got a warrant?” asked a high-pitched voice. A woman. The crowd began rumbling angrily. The thugs of ICE looked uneasy.

“Like this lady said,” said a dark-suited man, “do you have a warrant?”

“What the hell are you?” asked the leader of ICE. “A goddamn lawyer?”

“I’m an immigration attorney,” replied the other man.

“This is a perfectly legal warrantless arrest, Esquire,” said the man bitingly. “You just carry your ass on out of here, while you can still walk.”

“What’s your reasonable suspicion?” asked the lawyer. “Warrantless arrests are only valid with probable cause or its equivalent.”

“She ran,” pointed out the head thug heavily.

“Because you ran after her,” the lawyer reminded her.

“If she wasn’t guilty, then why did she run?” ask the man, boldly putting his foot on the back of the prone Alicia.

“You men are all strangers to her. You’re heavily armed. You’re wearing masks. I saw the whole thing. You didn’t identify yourself as agents.”

Before the man could respond, one of his minions said, “Eh, Mike, this lady is a U.S. citizen.”

“Huh? And how do you know that?”

“Passport,” replied the other man, holding it out for Mike’s inspection.

Without another word, Mike bent and cut Alicia’s bonds. Then, as if on cue, two black SUVs rumbled up and, still without a word, the men climbed aboard. The vehicles sped away.

The attorney knelt and helped Alicia to her feet. “Anything I can do for you, ma’am?” he asked kindly.

“Wh…what happened?” she asked in a bewildered voice. “I’m a stranger to Chicago,” she explained. “I’m from Milwaukee.”

WALKING AWAY FROM MY DREAMS!

I keep on hearing what I never said

Without reasons I am weaving dreams

Know not whose evil eyes have caught me

No place for me in this city any more

Walking away from my dreams I suffer

The pain now is more than it used to be before

I once again make a promise to myself

May the silent gaze remain speechless

My lips do always tremble while talking

Inexpressible are the secrets of the heart 

I am on a journey without any companion

I kept on going far and near

Once again she comes into my sight

The smoke from past still pricks my eyes

Why the same world is forming again 

Far from my reach, beyond my knowing.

 WORDS IN MY HEART!

I am waiting for your benign glance

Though I am sitting through dreams

While the night remains restless

The words in my heart escape from lips

How many nights I‘ll awake like this

My heart‘ll be content with this thought

That my well-being ‘ll become yours 

As the restful night ‘ll remain restless 

I am still waiting for your benign glance.

 THE SIMPLE CONFESSION!

I have been waiting for you for long

The night is picking up the dreams

How long I should hold on to both lips

The words my heart wishes to speak

How many sleepless nights I shall pass

Before I do place the simple confession

I like you and I do love you the most

My heart will be pleased with the thought

Finally, I wonder if you feel the way I feel

So restless is the night of tranquility 

I have been waiting for you for long.

 AS A MUTE WITNESS!

My heart lets me move elsewhere 

Woes of world have filled my soul 

Looks for me now here and there 

Where no one is battered by woes

Sans twinkling stars of false hopes

What use of autumns for me now

Which freeze the buds of my soul

Which renew all of my old wounds

Some do shed their genuine tears

Some flee turning face in despair

Someone’s world is badly looted

The earth as a mute witness stands 

The ruthless sky too maintains silence.

Sahitya Ratnakar Dr Prasana Kumar Dalai.

(DOB 07/06/1973) is a passionate Indian Author-cum- bilingual poet while a tremendous Asst Professor of English by profession in the Ganjam district of Odisha.He is an accomplished source of inspiration for young generation of India .His free verse on Romantic and melancholic poems appreciated by everyone. He belongs to a small typical village Nandiagada of Ganjam District,the state of Odisha.After schooling he studied intermediate and Graduated In Kabisurjya Baladev vigyan Mahavidyalaya then M A in English from Berhampur University PhD in language and literature and D.litt from Colombian poetic house from South America.

He promotes his specific writings around the world literature and trades with multiple stems that are related to current issues based on his observation and experiences that needs urgent attention. He is an award-winning writer who has achieved various laurels from the circle of writing worldwide. His free verse poems not only inspire young readers but also the ready of current time. His poetic symbol is right now inspiring others, some of which are appreciated by laurels of India and across the world. Many of his poems been translated in different Indian languages and got global appreciation. Lots of well wishes for his upcoming writings and success in future.

He is an award-winning poet author of many best seller books. Recently he is awarded Rabindra nath Tagore and Gujarat Sahitya Academy for the year 2022 from Motivational Strips . Jaidev Puraskar from Kavita Minar Badamba Cuttack A gold medal from world union of poets France & winner Of Rahim Karims world literary prize 2023.The government of Odisha Higher Education Department appointed him as a president to Governing body of Padmashree Dr Ghanashyam Mishra Sanskrit Degree College, Kabisurjyanagar. Winner of ” HYPERPOEM ” GUNIESS WORLD RECORD 2023.Recently he was awarded from SABDA literary Festival at Assam. Highest literary honour from Peru contributing world literature 2024.Prestigious Cesar Vellejo award 2024 & Highest literary honour from Peru. Director at Samrat Educational charitable Trust Berhampur, Ganjam Odisha.

Vicedomini of world union of poets Italy. UHE awarded him prestigious Golden Eagle award for the contribution of world literature 2025.

Completed 257 Epistolary poetry with Kristy Raines USA.

Bharat Seva Ratna National award 2025, International Glory award from Manam Foundation Hyderabad Telengana. On the eve of 79 Independence Day got Rashtra Ratna award & Maa Bharati seva Sammana. 2025.Received Doctorate in Humanity and literature from Theophany university Haiti with UNESCO, AEADO and leaders of autonomy international. The prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde from the house of Genghis Khan given prestigious “Honorary Bey”

Received Sahitya Ratnakar from New Delhi 2025, Honorary Doctorate from RMF University collaborated with east and west university Florida United States Of America on the eve of International Peace Day. Prestigious THE CONDOR OF ANDES from UHE Mexico 2025. PRESTIGIOUS DOCTORATE from VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE AND WORLD PEACE 2025. Nominated for Padmashree 2025. Three-time Gold from the world Union of Poets France. Doctorate from Theophany university Haiti contribution for the world literature 2025.Conferred title SAHITYA RATNAKAR from New Delhi.Dr Mayadhar Mansigh Saraswat Samman 2025.Doctorate in Gandhian Philosophy,Peace and Humanity 2025.

Doctorate from VICTORIA University for peace 2026.UHE of Peru appointed as a world ambassador for the peace and justice 2026.Valiant of Nation award 2026 on the eve of Subash Chandra Bose 129 birth anniversary.

INTERNATIONAL BOOKS

1.Psalm of the Soul, 2. Rise of New Dawn, 3. Secret Of Torment, 4.Everything I Never Told You.,5.Vision Of Life National Library Kolkata, 6.100 Shadows of Dream, 7.Timeless Anguish, 8. Voice of Silence, 9.I Cross my Heart from East to West, and epistolary poetry with Kristy Raines, published in USA.

LOVE SONG IN SPRING

Sun in the morning, rain in the afternoon

This is how you are to me this day

Here you play, there you frown,

What will you do to me, every time I do to you?!

Silent with words, speaks with looks

You become shy because of my shyness!

I feel your breath, where are you, why

I will abandon myself to come there

A white flame leads us on the path

We come…it leaves…We go…it burns us

Something of me burned to ashes

Coal to write what we haven’t said

I descend from the depths, you descend from the trees

Shake on the edge of the abyss, you will scare me

We stand in silence and cry without tears

I can’t stay with you, I can’t do without you

The flame of lightning ignites in the rain

And the embers of longing bring tears to my eyes

Sun in the morning

Rain in the afternoon…

TIME OF DECAY

You tell me: The world went to hell

When the wolf under the lamb’s skin started laughing

And the rabbit hid in a turtle shell…

Since the hawk became a dove

And the snake learned to make eel-like coquetry 

Since then…(always according to you)

The devil took man for granted!

It’s not true…

Deterioration began in that world when people

Learned to change their skin every day

Animals imitated them as always.

The secret of success

In this cruel, testing world, there is a person who wants to be successful. Strives for success. He chases after him. Some successful people claim that there are several secrets to achieving it. I think it’s better to have some understanding of success before learning those secrets. So, what is success? How is it achieved? What are its benefits and harm to humans? Can everyone achieve it? Yes, we often hear this word. What everyone wants is success! Success is stumbling forward in the midst of failure. Success is not what you have, but who you are.

Success is a very abstract term in itself, because by definition, success is the happy outcome of an action that ends positively. However, success can come in different ways for each person. For some, success means getting ahead of others in studies, research, for some people it means reaching a certain position in their career, for others it means building long-term influential relationships, even for some, success is the sum of all of the above.

Success is a multi-faceted phenomenon that covers all areas of our life, be it family, work, studies, financial status, physical condition, spiritual development. There is probably no person in this world who does not want to be a successful person. When a person comes into the world, he first struggles to live, then he begins to struggle to eat, and as he grows up, he strives to be more successful than others. So how to achieve it?

First of all, in order to achieve success, a person must be knowledgeable, because knowledge is the key to success. That’s why you should never stop learning. Secondly, every person who embarks on this path must work diligently. One of the ways to success is to move away from uniformity and the same ideas and come up with different ideas. Do not force yourself to do something but do what you love. Only then will you achieve success sooner. That is, the more love you give to the work you are starting, the faster you will reach the door of success.

Regardless, success is a matter and product of effort, struggle, motivation and hard work. So, if you have chosen to be successful, go for it with diligence and risk and never turn back. Remember, it is not easy to become a successful person, but if you achieve this position, then your life will be easier. Therefore, never stop studying, trying and taking risks. Do not despair, because the paths you are taking have been taken by others before you, and it is not impossible. Always strive for the future, forget the past and live with the future. This will be both motivation and a great lesson for you. This will help you achieve success.

Sherova Orzigul

Student of a master’s degree at Webster University in Tashkent.  Young and talented poetess. Owner of a lot of beautiful poems, articles, stories, and anthologies. Author of some poetic books that were published on online international websites. Most of her works were translated into some languages, such as German, Korean, Arabic, French, Turkish, and Italian.  She is a winner of a lot of poetic competitions. 

Nocturnal Winter Rain Resounding 

What does it mean? Then. At night. Suddenly. Upon. Upon what? The boulevards and asphalt and holiday lights blue green, yellow, red, and the coyote den somewhere impossibly distant and camouflaged by the wondrous and strange woodlands. On rooftops that are hats for houses and on the good drivers and the bad ones, on the snow laden meadow where the fox goes by and I have memories of summer days when the praying mantis flew, and the birds crooned and the azure sky hovered like an angel itself. 

Rain. Rainy. Rains. Nocturnal storms. Winds. I must have once looked out my window decades ago by hardwood floors with that oval carpet and my toys and books and posters, yes looked out at the winter ravine. Orphan psychically gifted, double crown and crown chakra open. In the house alone, guided by soft yellow lights and night light and spirit singing rueful songs. Evergreens across the way atop the hill. Knowing myself I would have stood and watched the drops against the glass, drops like tears upon the windows and sills. Nobody is listening but I am. Always. All this by paving stones and kidney shaped pool with black cover and blue water bags with red openings where you put the water after summer, all long gone. And the hills where the deer travel past sometimes at dawn. 

Brian Michael Barbeito is a Canadian poet and photographer. His most recent work, Book of Love and Mourning is the third compilation of prose poems and landscape pictures. 

Effect of the Herbst Appliance on the Airway

Author: Durdona Sharifovna Ro‘ziboyeva

Email: durdonaroziboyeva22@gmailcom

Address: Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Educational Institution: Tashkent State Dental Institute

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Herbst apparatidan yuklash yuqori nafas yo’llari funktsional holatiga ko’rsatgan ta’siri ilmiy tibbiy tahlil. Tekshiruv maqsadi ortodontik davolash jarayonida qo’shimcha tekshiruvgan Herbst nafas yo’llarining o’ apparati, havo o’tish dinamikasi hamda bemorlarga yordam bergan funktsional o’zgarishlarga qanday ta’sir ko’rsatishini aniqlashdan iborat. Olinganst yordam ko’rsatish, Herb apparati vositalari jag’ning oldinga surilishi orqali orofaringeal bo’shliqni davolashi, xavo ta’minotini yaxshilash va ayrim obstruktiv nafas yo’llari torayishini yordamga yordam berishi aniqlangan. Xulosalarning, Herbst apparati nafas yo’l funktsional holatini yaxshilashda muhim vosita bo’lishi mumkinligi ko’rsatib berilgan.

Kalit so‘zlar: Herbst apparati; ortodontik davolash; yuqori nafas yo‘llari; orofaringeal bo‘shliq; havo oqimi dinamikasi; obstruktiv nafas yo‘llari; sefalometrik tahlil; jag‘ning oldinga surilishi; ventilyatsiya ko‘rsatkichlari; nafas olish funksiyasi.

Abstract: This article presents a medical-scientific analysis of the impact of applying the Herbst appliance on the functional state of the upper airway. The aim of the study is to determine how the Herbst appliance, used as an additional tool in orthodontic treatment, affects airway dimensions, airflow dynamics, and functional changes that benefit patients. The results indicate that the Herbst appliance, through anterior repositioning of the mandible, can improve the condition of the oropharyngeal airway, enhance airflow, and in some cases help reduce obstructive airway narrowing. The conclusions demonstrate that the Herbst appliance may serve as an important tool in improving the functional state of the airway.

Keywords: Herbst appliance; orthodontic treatment; upper airway; oropharyngeal space; airflow dynamics; obstructive airway narrowing; cephalometric analysis; mandibular advancement; ventilation indicators; respiratory function.

Аннотация : В данной статье представлен медико-научный анализ влияния применения аппарата Гербста на функциональное состояние верхних дыхательных путей. Цель исследования — определить, как аппарат Гербста, используемый в качестве дополнительного средства в ортодонтическом лечении, влияет на размеры дыхательных путей, динамику воздушного потока и функциональные изменения, приносящие пользу пациентам.Полученные результаты показывают, что аппарат Гербста за счёт выдвижения нижней челюсти вперёд может улучшить состояние орофарингеального пространства, повысить воздушный поток и в отдельных случаях помочь уменьшить обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей. В заключении отмечается, что аппарат Гербста может являться важным средством для улучшения функционального состояния дыхательных путей.

Ключевые слова : Аппарат Гербста; ортодонтическое лечение; верхние дыхательные пути; орофарингеальное пространство; динамика воздушного потока; обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей; цефалометрический анализ; выдвижение нижней челюсти; показатели вентиляции; дыхательная функция.

INTRODUCTION

The anatomical and functional condition of the respiratory tract is directly related to a person’s overall health, sleep quality, and daily activity. In particular, the narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway appears as a significant issue in many clinical situations, including sleep apnea, breathing difficulties, and patients with orthodontic abnormalities. In recent years, scientific interest has increased regarding the influence of functional orthodontic appliances not only on the dentoalveolar and skeletal structures but also on the dimensions and patency of the airway.

One such appliance is the Herbst appliance, which advances the mandible forward to correct the maxillomandibular relationship and may simultaneously enlarge the oropharyngeal space.

Evaluating the effect of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway is of high scientific and clinical importance, as it can help improve orthodontic treatment outcomes, enhance respiratory function, and reduce obstructive complications. However, the appliance’s impact on the airway—particularly airflow dynamics, ventilation parameters, and subjective breathing comfort—has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the functional mechanisms of the Herbst appliance remains a relevant research goal.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of Herbst appliance therapy on anatomical and functional parameters of the upper airway, evaluate dynamic changes in airflow, and justify the additional clinical advantages of using this appliance during orthodontic treatment.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Studies investigating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway combine clinical, anatomical, and functional aspects. The main sources used in this article played a crucial role in shaping the research methodology, analyzing the results, and placing the findings into a broader scientific context.

Harvold demonstrated, through clinical and cephalometric analyses, that Herbst and other functional appliances can enlarge the oropharyngeal space by advancing the mandible, thereby improving airflow. Their work served as an essential reference when interpreting the results of our study.

Kiliaridis and Björk evaluated the effects of the Herbst appliance in growing patients, showing that mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space and reduces obstructive conditions. Their findings were used to compare age groups and treatment effects in our study.

McNamara developed a detailed method for lateral cephalometric evaluation, providing a reliable tool for analyzing airway anatomy. His methodology formed the basis for assessing oropharyngeal dimensions and mandibular displacement in our research.

Ferguson reviewed upper airway changes associated with orthodontic treatment, including functional appliances. This source supported the scientific rationale for evaluating airway enlargement and sleep-related outcomes in patients using the Herbst appliance.

Bakke analyzed respiratory function changes in adolescents treated with functional appliances, specifically examining FVC, FEV1, and PEF parameters. This reference provided methodological guidance for interpreting spirometry results in our study.

These sources helped analyze the findings of our study and contextualize the biomechanical and clinical effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. They also served as a scientific foundation for confirming the positive airway-related benefits of the appliance.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted using an observational-analytical design aimed at comprehensively evaluating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. The methodology included the following stages:

1. Clinical Observation:

Patients’ general somatic condition, craniofacial structure, subjective breathing changes, and adaptation to the Herbst appliance were monitored. An individual clinical chart was prepared for each patient.

2. Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Analysis:

Cephalograms were obtained before and after treatment to measure anatomical airway parameters. The following measurements were recorded:

Oropharyngeal space width

Anteroposterior and vertical airway dimensions

Degree of mandibular advancement

Functional skeletal changes

3. Spirometry and Ventilation Assessment:

Pulmonary function was evaluated with a spirometric device measuring:

FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)

PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow)

Airflow resistance index

Results were compared before treatment and after 6–10 months of Herbst appliance therapy.

4. Subjective Breathing Comfort Questionnaire:

Patients answered a Likert-scale questionnaire regarding breathing comfort, nasal airflow, sensation of shortness of breath, obstruction episodes, and sleep quality.

5. Duration of Herbst Appliance Therapy and Biomechanical Parameters:

Each patient used the appliance for 6–10 months. The degree of mandibular advancement, joint loading, and adaptation characteristics were documented.

6. Statistical Analysis:

Paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment values.

Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between airway enlargement and spirometric outcomes.

RESULTS

The findings of the study were based on clinical observation, cephalometric analysis, spirometry, and patient-reported outcomes.

1. Increase in Oropharyngeal Space:

Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed that mandibular advancement with the Herbst appliance significantly expanded the oropharyngeal space. The average increase was 2.3 mm, with the most notable changes seen in the lower airway segment.

2. Airflow and Ventilation Improvements:

Spirometry showed enhanced pulmonary function following treatment:

FVC increased by an average of 7%

FEV1 increased by an average of 6%

PEF increased by an average of 5.5%

These findings indicate improved airflow dynamics and ventilation efficiency.

3. Subjective Breathing Comfort:

72% of patients reported easier breathing

65% reported improved sleep quality

58% experienced reduced sensations of obstruction or choking

4. Mandibular Advancement:

Cephalometric analysis showed an average mandibular advancement of 2–4 mm during treatment, directly contributing to airway enlargement and improved airflow.

5. Statistical Findings:

All parameters showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-treatment measurements (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between mandibular advancement, oropharyngeal space enlargement, and FEV1 (r = 0.68, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrate that during orthodontic treatment, the Herbst appliance is effective not only in correcting dentoskeletal discrepancies but also in improving upper airway function. Mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space, enhances airflow dynamics, and increases patients’ subjective breathing comfort. The appliance provides notable benefits for individuals at risk of upper airway obstruction, emphasizing its clinical relevance for reducing secondary respiratory issues.

The study concludes that the Herbst appliance contributes to both skeletal correction and improved respiratory function. Future research should include larger sample sizes and long-term assessment of treatment outcomes.

        REFERENCES

Bakke, M., Espeland, L., & Krogstad, O. (1995). Functional appliances and respiratory function in adolescents. European Journal of Orthodontics, 17(1), 45–53. Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/17.1.45

Ferguson, K. A., Carskadon, M. A., & Millman, R. P. (2006). Upper airway changes with orthodontic treatment: A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(2), 107–123. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.08.003

Harvold, E. P., Tomer, B. S., & Vargervik, K. (2000). Functional appliances and airway changes in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 118(2), 152–159. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(00)70391-8

Kiliaridis, S., & Björk, A. (1986). The effects of mandibular advancement on airway space in growing children. European Journal of Orthodontics, 8(2), 95–104. Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/8.2.95

Mcnamara, J. A., Jr. (1981). A method of cephalometric evaluation. American Journal of Orthodontics, 80(4), 505–522. Https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(81)90238-3

Pancherz, H. (1997). The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment. Seminars in Orthodontics, 3(4), 214–224. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S1073-8746(97)80008-5

Valiathan, M., & Bock, N. (2010). Airway effects of mandibular advancement devices: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 44(5), 295–302.