The Heirs of Mirzo Ulugbek

KDPI Faculty of Philology and Social Sciences
Uzbek Language and Literature Department
1st-year student: Sevara Abduxalilova
Email: abduxalilovasevara007@gmail.com

Abstract: This article discusses the life, scientific activities and great contribution of the great astronomer and statesman Mirzo Ulugbek to the development of science. His interest in science from a young age, the establishment of the Ulugbek Observatory, his research in astronomy and mathematics, and the history of the creation of the famous work „Ziji-i Koragani“are analyzed. Information is also provided about Ulugbek’s contribution to the development of science, his students and scientific school. The article considers the fact that the scientific heritage of the great scientist still retains its significance today.

Keywords: Mirzo Ulugbek, astronomy, mathematics, observatory, Samarkand, science, „Ziji-i Koragani“, Timurid era, scientific heritage.

The great scholar and statesman Mirzo Ulugʻbek (full name Muhammad Taraghay Ulugbek) was born on March 22, 1394, in the city of Sultaniya. He was the grandson of the great commander Amir Temur and the son of Shah Rukh Mirza. From an early age, he showed great interest in science, especially mathematics and astronomy. From childhood, he was respectfully called “Ulugbek,” and later he became famous under this name. Literacy, as well as the basics of religious and secular sciences, were not unfamiliar to young Muhammad Taraghay. He was a great astronomer and mathematician and had memorized the Holy Qur’an. Although his mother was Gawharshad Begum, he was raised in the court of Temur. According to tradition, the young prince was entrusted to the upbringing of Saroymulk Khanum, the chief wife of Sahibqiran.

Although not much historical information has been preserved about Ulugbek’s family and personal life, it is known that he was married and had children. His family was formed in accordance with the traditions of the Timurid dynasty to strengthen political and kinship ties. His wives held an important place in palace life; although they did not directly participate in state affairs, they were active in the cultural and social life of the court. Among his children, the most famous was his son Abdulatif Mirza. Unfortunately, the tragic end of Ulugbek’s life is connected with this very son. As a result of struggles for the throne, Abdulatif rebelled against his father and caused his death in 1449.

Speaking about his scientific activity and legacy, when his father Shah Rukh Mirza appointed Herat as the capital of the state, sixteen-year-old Ulugbek became the ruler of Samarkand in 1409, and in 1411 he became the independent ruler of Movarounnahr. Mirzo Ulugbek created the largest scientific school of his time. Many famous scholars gathered around him, such as the mathematician and astronomer Qazi Zada al-Rumi, the astronomer Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Kashani, and the scholar Ali Qushchi, who conducted research at Ulugbek’s observatory.

Ulugbek’s scientific works made a great contribution to the development of astronomy and mathematics. He is famous in the scientific world as a great astronomer. His greatest achievement in this field is the astronomical table known as Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy. This work served as an important reference for astronomers around the world for centuries. Ulugbek was also interested in medicine and music and wrote poetry. In Alisher Navoi’s work “Majolis un-nafois,” examples of his poems are presented. Four works of the scholar have survived:

1. “Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy” — on astronomy; 
2. “A Treatise on Determining the Sine of One Degree” — on mathematics; 
3. “Risola-yi Ulugbek” — dedicated to stars; 
4. “Tarixi arba ulus” (History of the Four Nations) — on history. 

Mirzo Ulugbek was not only an astronomer and mathematician but also engaged in architecture. Thanks to his architectural activities, Samarkand flourished. He turned it into a center of science and culture. On his initiative, the famous Ulugbek Observatory was built in Samarkand. This observatory became one of the largest scientific centers of its time, where many scholars worked. In his famous work “Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy,” the precise coordinates of more than a thousand stars were presented. Later, this work was widely used by European astronomers.

By his decree, madrasas were built in Bukhara in 1417, in Samarkand in 1420, and in Gijduvan in 1433. Charitable institutions were established in the city of Marv. Construction of architectural monuments such as the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Gur-e-Amir, and Shah-i-Zinda was completed. Ulugbek also built caravanserais, markets, domed bazaars, and bathhouses. The Ulugbek Observatory, constructed in 1428–1429 on Kuhak Hill, is one of the finest examples of 15th-century architecture in Samarkand. During his reign, many works were translated from Arabic and Persian into Old Uzbek. His rich library contained more than 15,000 books.

The scientific legacy and historical significance of Mirzo Ulugbek are widely reflected not only in historical sources but also in literary works. One such work is the novel Ulugʻbek xazinasi by Odil Yoqubov. This historical-artistic novel depicts the life, scientific activity, and tragic fate of the great scholar and ruler. Although based on historical facts, the author presents a creative interpretation. The novel highlights Ulugbek’s boundless love for science, his qualities as a just ruler, and the complex political struggles of his time.

At the center of the novel lies Ulugbek’s scientific treasure—not gold or wealth, but his scientific works, astronomical observations, and scholarly school. In particular, his famous work “Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy” is shown as a great contribution to world astronomy. The novel also portrays the political conflicts of his time. As a ruler devoted to science, he could not reconcile with certain forces and ultimately faced a tragic fate. Through this, the author artistically depicts the struggle between knowledge and ignorance. The main idea of the work is that science is humanity’s greatest treasure, and the legacy of great scholars is an invaluable heritage for future generations. Thus, “Ulugbek’s Treasure” emphasizes that the true treasure is not material wealth, but knowledge and enlightenment. We, in turn, are the heirs of Ulugbek’s treasure!

The name of Mirzo Ulugbek is forever engraved in history as a great scholar, wise ruler, and patron of science. His life and work demonstrate that true heritage is not material wealth but knowledge, intellect, and enlightenment. The scientific school he founded, the works he created, and the institutions he built still play an important role in the development of human thought. Only the younger generation who choose the path of science and strive to develop knowledge and intellect can continue the legacy of great ancestors and achieve new scientific discoveries in the future. Ulugbek’s scientific activity serves as an inspiring historical example, encouraging youth to pursue knowledge, research, and critical thinking. His contributions to science remain a powerful source of inspiration. Therefore, studying and promoting Ulugbek’s legacy is an important task for all of us. In conclusion, the true treasure is not material wealth, but knowledge and enlightenment.

References:

1. Ahmad Donish. Historical works. — Tashkent: Fan Publishing. 
2. Aziz Qayumov. Mirzo Ulugbek. — Tashkent: O‘qituvchi Publishing. 
3. Boriboy Ahmedov. History of Amir Temur and the Timurid Era. — Tashkent: Uzbekistan. 
4. Sadriddin Ayni. Historical works. — Tashkent: Fan. 
5. “Ulugbek’s Treasure.” — Tashkent: Sharq Publishing.

ANALYSIS OF THE AGROECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DEVELOPING INTENSIVE FRUIT ORCHARDS IN HOUSEHOLD FARMS

 Dangara District Technical School No. 3

 Department of Agriculture and Services

Teacher of Plant Science

Ortiqov Umarqul Iskandarovich

Annotatsiya: 

Ushbu maqola Oʻzbekiston sharoitida tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida intensiv mevali bogʻlarni tashkil etish va boshqarishning dolzarb masalalarini oʻrganadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi – anʼanaviy bogʻdorchilik usullariga nisbatan intensiv tizimlarning hosildorlik, resurs samaradorligi va iqtisodiy rentabellikini ilmiy asoslashdir. Innovatsion yondashuvlar, jumladan, ixcham ekish sxemalari, zamonaviy sugʻorish texnologiyalari (tomchilatib sugʻorish) va yuqori mahsuldor navlardan foydalanishning agrar-iqtisodiy taʼsiri baholandi. 

Kalit so’zlar: Intensiv bogʻdorchilik, Tomorqa xoʻjaligi, Meva hosildorligi, Agroekologiya, Resurs samaradorligi, Iqtisodiy rentabellik 

Аннотация:

В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы организации и управления интенсивными фруктовыми садами в условиях приусадебных хозяйств Узбекистана. Основной целью исследования является научное обоснование урожайности, ресурсной эффективности и экономической рентабельности интенсивных систем по сравнению с традиционными методами садоводства. Оценено аграрно-экономическое влияние инновационных подходов, включая компактные схемы посадки, современные технологии орошения (капельное орошение) и использование высокоурожайных сортов.

Ключевые слова:

Интенсивное садоводство, Приусадебное хозяйство, Урожайность плодов, Агроэкология, Ресурсная эффективность, Экономическая рентабельность

Abstract:

This article examines актуal issues related to the organization and management of intensive fruit orchards in household farms under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to scientifically substantiate the productivity, resource efficiency, and economic profitability of intensive systems compared to traditional horticultural methods. The agro-economic impact of innovative approaches—such as compact planting schemes, modern irrigation technologies (drip irrigation), and the use of high-yield varieties—has been evaluated.

Keywords:

Intensive horticulture, Household farming, Fruit productivity, Agroecology, Resource efficiency, Economic profitability 

Introduction

In the strategy for modernizing agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the deepening of fruit and vegetable production occupies an important place. In particular, household (smallholder) farms play a decisive role in ensuring employment and diversifying sources of income. Traditional horticultural methods are often characterized by low productivity, inefficient use of resources, and delayed harvesting. This situation necessitates adapting intensive orchard technologies—widely gaining popularity worldwide—to the conditions of Uzbekistan.

Intensive orchards involve the use of high-quality, early-maturing, and disease-resistant varieties planted in compact schemes (usually up to 1000–2000 trees per hectare), along with modern micro-irrigation and maintenance technologies.

Although knowledge and practical experience in implementing intensive orchards currently exist, their microeconomic efficiency for small farms and household plots has not been fully quantified. In particular, under conditions of limited water resources, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of drip irrigation systems and to develop standardized maintenance schemes adapted to local soil and climatic conditions.

Furthermore, scientifically grounded approaches are required to ensure the ecological sustainability of intensive orchards, particularly in optimizing the use of pesticides and fertilizers. This study aims to improve the agrotechnical efficiency of establishing intensive fruit orchards in household conditions, compare their economic indicators (profitability, income) with traditional systems, and propose institutional mechanisms to support this process.

The results of this research will provide a scientific basis for transforming intensive horticulture into one of the key directions of Uzbekistan’s rural economy and will assist farmers and policymakers in ensuring sustainable rural development.

Literature Review

Global experience in intensive horticulture (for example, in Italy, Spain, and the United States) has been developed through long-term observations and requires the use of high-quality intensive training systems such as palmette and central leader forms.

Uzbek researchers such as M. Rasulov and A. Kholmatov have conducted scientific studies on adapting local varieties (such as apricot and apple) to intensive systems. However, most studies focus mainly on variety selection, while comprehensive analyses of irrigation, nutrient management, and economic evaluation in household conditions remain insufficient.

Research Methodology

The study was conducted during 2021–2023 in 10 selected household farms in Zangiota district of Tashkent region (5 intensive and 5 traditional), using experimental plots. The main research methods included:

Comparative statistical analysis: Yield (tons/ha), costs (million UZS/ha), and net profit (million UZS/ha) indicators of both groups were compared.

Agroecological monitoring: Soil moisture, nutrient uptake (NPK analysis), and water consumption were observed. In intensive orchards, the efficiency of drip irrigation (Water Efficiency Coefficient – WEC) was calculated:

Economic evaluation: Investment costs (seedlings, trellis systems, drip irrigation) and operational costs (labor, fertilizers, cultivation) were determined. Profitability was calculated as:

Expert assessment: Household owners’ challenges and knowledge levels regarding intensive technologies were evaluated through surveys.

All statistical data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS, with a significance level of .

Analysis and Results

Experimental results demonstrated a significant advantage of intensive orchards in fruit production. The three-year average indicators (per hectare) are as follows:

Indicator

Traditional Orchard (Average)

Intensive Orchard (Average)

Difference (%)

Annual Yield (tons)

15.8

45.2

+186%

Average Selling Price

8000 UZS/kg

10500 UZS/kg

+31.25%

Water Consumption (m³/year)

12500

6800

-45.6%

The sharp increase in yield (2.8 times) in intensive orchards is mainly due to dense planting (approximately 1500 trees/ha) and the use of early-maturing varieties. In traditional orchards, about 30% of land remains underutilized due to wide spacing between trees.

Water Efficiency:

The use of drip irrigation resulted in an average WEC of 0.88 in intensive orchards, significantly higher than 0.55 in traditional surface irrigation systems. This confirms the ecological advantage of intensive systems in water-scarce regions.

Economic Efficiency Analysis

Despite high initial investments, intensive orchards ensured higher profitability in a relatively short period.

Economic Indicator

Traditional Orchard

Intensive Orchard

Total Costs (million UZS/year)

22.5

48.0

Gross Income (million UZS/year)

126.4

474.6

Net Profit (million UZS/year)

103.9

426.6

Profitability (%)

461%

888%

Analysis:

The results confirm that the profitability of intensive orchards is nearly twice as high as that of traditional systems. This is mainly due to higher yields and better market prices for early produce. The payback period averages 3.5 years for intensive orchards compared to 4.5 years for traditional ones.

Discussion

The findings demonstrate that implementing intensive orchards in household farms has both strong agrotechnical and economic justification. The 186% yield advantage is primarily due to the use of high-yielding rootstocks and advanced agricultural practices.

Agroecological Implications:

A 45% reduction in water use is highly significant in water-scarce regions like Uzbekistan. Drip irrigation ensures precise water delivery to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and runoff.

Although intensive systems may increase risks related to fertilizers and pesticides, our observations show that fertigation allows more precise application, reducing total fertilizer use by 15% while increasing nutrient uptake efficiency, thus lowering environmental impact.

Economic Constraints and Strategies:

The main challenge is the high initial investment (120 million UZS/ha). Therefore, government support through subsidies, preferential loans, and leasing mechanisms—especially for irrigation systems—is essential.

The identified 888% profitability could increase further with improved value chains such as processing and direct marketing.

Capacity Building:

Managing intensive orchards requires skilled labor. Farmers need continuous training in pruning, tree formation, and agrotechnical practices. Success largely depends on the level of technological knowledge.

Relevance for International Journals:

These findings may attract international interest, as they provide a model for applying advanced technologies in smallholder farming systems in developing countries.

Conclusion

This study empirically confirms that the introduction of intensive fruit orchards in household farms is one of the most promising directions for developing modern agriculture in Uzbekistan.

Key conclusions:

High Efficiency:

Intensive orchards provide 186% higher yields and nearly double profitability (888% vs. 461%).

Resource Optimization:

Drip irrigation reduces water consumption by 45% and significantly improves water use efficiency (WEC = 0.88).

Economic Sustainability:

Despite high initial investments, the payback period is shorter (3.5 years), enabling faster financial returns for small farms.

Recommendations:

Government support through subsidies for seedlings and irrigation equipment should be expanded. Additionally, short-term training programs on intensive horticulture should be implemented.

Future Research:

Further studies should focus on fruit quality indicators (storage life, appearance) and assess the resilience of intensive orchards to climate change.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI

1.Xolmatov A. R. Oʻzbekiston meva navlarining intensiv bogʻdorchilikka moslashuvi. // Qishloq xoʻjaligi ilmiy jurnali. – 2020. – № 4. – B. 45-51.

2. FAO. (2022). *Water productivity in fruit production in arid and semi-arid regions*. Rome: FAO Publications.

3. Ivanov, D. S., & Petrova, L. M. (2023). Economic evaluation of high-intensity farming models in Central Asian economies. *International Journal of Agricultural Economics*, 45(1), 77-92.

4. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Qishloq xoʻjaligi vazirligi. (2023). *Meva-sabzavot klasterlarini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi*. Toshkent.

5.Brown, A. M., & Miller, C. R. (2020). Rootstock selection and tree training systems for maximizing fruit yield in limited space. *HortTechnology*, 30(5), 610-621.

6. Karimov, N. B. (2021). Tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida mikroirrigatsiya texnologiyalarining samaradorligi. *Oʻzbekiston agrar fanlari axborotnomasi*, 2(18), 112-118.

7. OECD. (2019). *Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities*. OECD Publishing, Paris.

8. Smith, R. T., & Jones, E. L. (2022). Financial payback periods for high-value perennial crops: A comparative study. *Agribusiness Review*, 15(2), 101-115.

9. Alimov, U. Z. (2020). Oʻsimliklarni oziqlantirish rejimlari (Fertigatsiya) va hosildorlik dinamikasi. – Samarqand: Fanlar nashriyoti.

10.World Bank. (2021). *Uzbekistan: Rural Development Strategy and Investment Opportunities*. Washington D.C.: World Bank Group.

11. Gʻaniyev, S. A. (2019). Qishloq xoʻjaligida innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etishning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatlari. – Toshkent: Iqtisodiyot universiteti nashri.

12. Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2023). Precision irrigation techniques for water-scarce environments: A review. *Agricultural Water Management*, 280, 108150.

13. Ziyoviddinov, F. T. (2022). Mevali daraxtlarning bahorgi kesish texnikasi va uning mahsulot sifati nazoratiga taʼsiri. *Agronomiya va texnologiya*, 7(3), 55-62.

MY UZBEKISTAN

May your sky always remain clear,

You are my paradise on earth, so dear.

In your gardens, let pomegranates grow,

You are my pride, Uzbekistan, you know!

Your wheat and bread I cherish with my sight,

Each moment you grant me joy and light.

Your kindness lifts me to the skies above,

You are my soul, Uzbekistan, my love!

Your colorful flag waves high in the blue,

It holds the blood of ancestors true.

My tender heart beats for you, my land,

You are my existence, Uzbekistan, so grand!

Even your ruins are palaces to me,

Your deserts turn into gardens I see.

You live forever within my heart’s domain,

You are my soul, Uzbekistan, again!

My name is Munisa Islomjonova, a young poet from Uzbekistan. I am a 10th-grade student at a specialized school in Kosonsoy, Namangan region. From an early age, I discovered that words have the power to express what the heart cannot always say, and since then, writing has become a part of who I am.

I am the author of “Sarhad Bilmas Orzular” (“Dreams Without Borders”), a book that reflects my dreams, emotions, and deep love for my homeland. Through my poetry, I try to inspire others, to show that no dream is too far and no border can limit imagination.

I believe I am only at the beginning of my journey, but my passion for literature continues to grow stronger every day. My goal is to share my voice with the world and leave a meaningful mark through my words.

Metamorphosis Moment

It’s an online nightmare

Kafkaesque at its best

Like a Castle out of reach

Caught up in, getting in

Getting by and why

Username and password

The ones you know

Or think you know

So off you go

To who knows where

There’s a site that might

Help, help to verify identity

A six number sequence

From hence we proceed

Or recede, get there, maybe

New name, new password

And then you must verify yet

Again and when you do

You find that you changed those

Back in January and so

You wander, a nameless tramp

Tramping on proper procedures

Waking up a large insect

Guilty of a crime you probably

Did but never noted

Ending up in

An internet death

“Like a dog.”

   Happy Hour

It’s that time

As most nights.

“Get you something?”

Of course

Some nights it’s

Cranberry and seltzer

And a slice of lime.

On more adventuresome

Nights it’s

Some wine, mostly Merlot

And we sit back

Talk about our day

Or the day to come.

It’s almost a ritual

A celebration of sorts

An honor

Our happy hour

When we pretend the happy

Part and sip our way

Into the future.

“Tomorrow we’ll what?”

Or perhaps not

But we know that

We’ll know when

It’s that time

Again. 

    Marching Madness

The game is almost over

The results set

Winners and losers

Waiting for the clock

To celebrate, to escape

Get this last bit over

The fans are restless

Cheering, moaning

Getting ready to leave

Be out in the world again

The world without refs

Without coaches

And times out

Without a clock ticking

Down to a prescribed end

Fans leaving their seats

Becoming a crowd

Hungry, thirsty

Wondering how they

Will ever get home

From all this tangle

With the parking lot

So full and the rest

Of their day so empty.

REFORMS IN THE TRANSITION TO A GREEN ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTAN:

On the Example of the Strategy for the Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for the Period 2019–2030

Students of Termiz State University of Engineering and Agrotechnologies
Ergasheva Komila To‘ra qizi
Email: komilaergasheva152@gmail.com

Namozova Sarvinoz Erkin qizi
Email: nomozovasarvinoz74@gmail.com

Abstract: The article examines the current problems of transition to a green economy in our country and their solutions using the example of the “Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the transition to a green economy for 2019-2030”. At the same time, it is noted that in the current period, global environmental problems and the limited availability of natural resources and the urgency of their rational use are one of the important directions of our economy.

Key words: Ecological crises, green economy, strategies, sustainable development, industrialization, small business, financial mechanisms, incentive mechanisms, energy efficiency, innovative solutions.

Introduction

Over the past few years, one of the key directions implemented in our country, the results of which are clearly visible in the economy, is the development of the green economy. A green economy is an approach aimed at promoting environmental development, improving ecological conditions, and ensuring sustainable growth without harming the environment.

In order to give special attention to this sector, the Strategy for the Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a “green” economy for the period 2019–2030 was developed. In particular, the following were defined as the main objectives:

• Increasing energy efficiency and rational use of natural resources through technological modernization and the development of financial mechanisms; 
• Introducing “green” criteria based on advanced international standards into priority areas of public investment and expenditure; 
• Supporting pilot projects in green economy sectors through the development of state incentives, public-private partnerships, and enhanced cooperation with international financial institutions; 
• Developing systems for training and retraining personnel for the green economy by encouraging investment in education and strengthening cooperation with leading foreign educational and research institutions; 
• Taking measures to mitigate the negative effects of the ecological crisis in the Aral Sea region; 
• Strengthening international cooperation, including through bilateral and multilateral agreements. 

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Research Methods (Methodology)

This article uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to assess reforms and their effectiveness within the framework of Uzbekistan’s Green Economy Transition Strategy for 2019–2030 (PQ-4477).

The priority areas defined in Uzbekistan’s strategy (energy efficiency, renewable energy share, water resource management) were compared with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG-7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG-13 (Climate Action).

Key Documents:

• Presidential Decrees PQ-4477 (October 4, 2019) and PQ-436 (December 2, 2022); 
• Other relevant regulatory documents and concepts, such as the Energy Efficiency Concept in Industrial Sectors. 

Strategic goals, indicators (such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 35% by 2030 and increasing renewable energy share to 30%), and action plans were analyzed in the context of priorities and existing challenges.

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Current Progress

Uzbekistan is gradually transitioning to a green economy, and current results confirm this progress.

For example, in 2022:

• Presidential Decree PQ-436 was adopted to improve the effectiveness of reforms aimed at transitioning to a green economy by 2030; 
• Strategic documents were approved, including:
  • The Green Economy Transition Program until 2030; 
  • The Energy Efficiency Concept for industrial sectors; 
  • The Action Plan for green growth; 
• A target was set to reduce energy intensity by 20% by 2026 compared to 2022; 
• The Interagency Council on green economy coordination was updated; 
• A Donor Coordination Group was established; 
• A project office (Technical Secretariat) was created under the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction. 

Additionally, in cooperation with the Agence Française de Développement (AFD), a public policy loan program was implemented, under which €150 million was allocated to Uzbekistan’s state budget.

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Target Indicators (by 2030)

Direction	Target
Greenhouse gas reduction	35% reduction (compared to 2010)
Renewable energy share	30% of electricity production
Industrial energy efficiency	At least 20% improvement
Energy intensity of GDP	30% reduction
Water-saving technologies	1 million hectares coverage
Green areas expansion	Increase by 30%
Waste management	600 collection points

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Research Results and Discussion

The results show that Uzbekistan has achieved significant progress in strengthening institutional foundations and reforming the energy sector.

The adoption of PQ-436 and the restructuring of coordination mechanisms demonstrate strong political will and improved international cooperation.

In the energy sector:

• A target of 30% renewable energy share by 2030 was set; 
• Industrial energy intensity is planned to decrease by 20%. 

However, achieving these goals requires substantial investment, making financial support—such as the €150 million AFD loan—crucial.

Despite progress in public-private partnerships and international investment, the absence of mechanisms such as carbon pricing remains a challenge that may slow down the green transition.

Environmental priorities include:

• Mitigating the Aral Sea crisis; 
• Implementing water-saving technologies on 1 million hectares. 

These are critical for Uzbekistan’s socio-economic stability given limited water resources.

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Conclusion

One of the major global economic problems today is the unequal distribution of resources such as water, soil, and natural energy. A significant share of resource consumption belongs to developed countries, highlighting the need for global action.

We believe that:

• International organizations in health, food security, and climate research should develop practical proposals for fair resource distribution; 
• Negotiations should ensure equitable allocation for both developed and developing countries. 

Currently, one in five people worldwide lacks access to sufficient energy, illustrating the urgency of this issue.

Global resource inequality leads not only to economic imbalance but also to ecological degradation, social tensions, and slower sustainable development. Overuse of natural resources by developed countries intensifies water scarcity, soil degradation, and energy shortages, while developing countries struggle to address these challenges independently.

Therefore, strengthening international cooperation for fair and efficient resource use is essential. Expanding joint programs in energy, water supply, ecosystem protection, and food security is necessary.

Strategies developed by international organizations must consider the interests of all countries, especially by improving infrastructure in less developed regions, introducing resource-efficient technologies, and reducing emissions.

Ensuring equal access to energy, promoting renewable energy technologies, and supporting their implementation are crucial for global stability. Since one-fifth of the world’s population still lacks adequate energy access, this places a significant responsibility on the international community.

Joint efforts in addressing these challenges will contribute to building a safe, sustainable, and equitable world for future generations.

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References

1. Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PQ-4477 (04.10.2019) – Green Economy Transition Strategy (2019–2030). 
2. Khashimova S.N. Green Economy textbook. Tashkent: Ma’rifat, 2024. 
3. Decrees and resolutions of the President of Uzbekistan. 
4. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Uzbekistan under the Paris Agreement. 
5. Agreements and reports on green project financing with AFD, World Bank, and EBRD. 
6. Lex.uz – National legal database. 
7. President.uz – Official website of the President of Uzbekistan. 
8. Stat.uz – State Statistics Committee data.

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SPEECH CULTURE IN 

MODERN SOCIETY

Qo‘qon State University, Department of 

Uzbek  Language and Literature

Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy, Professor     

Jamoliddinova Dilnozaxon Mirhojiddinovna

Qo‘qon State University, Faculty of Uzbek    

Language and Literature 3rd-year student  

 Shodmonqulova Mohlaroyim Mirsaidjon qizi                                  

 Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqola nutq madaniyatining zamonaviy jamiyatdagi muhim oʻrni va koʻp qirrali taʼsirini tahlil qiladi. Nutq madaniyati shaxsning intellektual salohiyati, ijtimoiy moslashuvi va kasbiy muvaffaqiyatining muhim koʻrsatkichi hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot nutq madaniyatining shaxsiy muloqot, taʼlim tizimi, professional faoliyat va umuman jamiyat barqarorligiga taʼsirini oʻrganadi. Maqolada nutq madaniyatini shakllantirish va rivojlantirish mexanizmlari, jumladan, oila, taʼlim muassasalari va ommaviy axborot vositalarining roli koʻrib chiqiladi. 

Kalit so’zlar: nutq madaniyati, jamiyat, kommunikatsiya, ijtimoiy muloqot, til, madaniyat, taʼlim

Аннотация: Данная научная статья анализирует важную роль и многогранное влияние культуры речи в современном обществе. Культура речи рассматривается как важный показатель интеллектуального потенциала личности, её социальной адаптации и профессионального успеха. Исследование изучает влияние культуры речи на личное общение, систему образования, профессиональную деятельность и общую стабильность общества. В статье рассматриваются механизмы формирования и развития культуры речи, включая роль семьи, образовательных учреждений и средств массовой информации.

Ключевые слова: культура речи, общество, коммуникация, социальное общение, язык, культура, образование

Abstract: This scientific article analyzes the significant role and multifaceted impact of speech culture in contemporary society. Speech culture is considered an important indicator of an individual’s intellectual potential, social adaptability, and professional success. The study examines the influence of speech culture on personal communication, the education system, professional activity, and overall social stability. The article explores mechanisms for shaping and developing speech culture, including the roles of family, educational institutions, and mass media.

Keywords: speech culture, society, communication, social interaction, language, culture, education

INTRODUCTION

Speech culture is a complex social phenomenon that encompasses an individual’s ability to express their thoughts clearly, fluently, accurately, and appropriately. It involves not only grammatical correctness but also the meaningfulness, logic, expressiveness, and adherence to ethical norms of speech. For every member of society, having a developed speech culture is one of the key factors for success in both personal and professional life. In the modern world, due to the rapid increase in the speed and volume of information exchange, the need for effective communication skills is more relevant than ever. Speech culture plays a decisive role in interpersonal relationships, the educational process, professional activities, and the political sphere. It is an essential tool for ensuring mutual understanding, harmony, and cooperation in society.

However, under the influence of globalization, technological advancement, and mass culture, certain aspects of speech culture are being neglected. Some studies indicate a decline in both oral and written communication skills among young people, which can lead to misunderstandings and weakening of social connections. Although existing literature generally highlights the importance of speech culture, there is insufficient comprehensive research that systematically examines its specific role in contemporary Uzbek society, the emerging challenges, and ways to address them. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to thoroughly explore the role of speech culture in society, scientifically substantiate its significance for individual and societal development, and develop practical recommendations for its improvement.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Speech culture is interpreted as an individual’s ability to regulate their communication in society and express their thoughts in accordance with moral and cultural norms. It serves not only personal growth and intellectual development but also contributes to effective communication and moral stability in society.

Uzbek linguists analyze speech culture from two main perspectives: first, the logical and literary aspects of the language, and second, its compliance with social and ethical norms. From this standpoint, speech culture is an important tool for strengthening an individual’s social position and fostering trust and respect in relationships with others.

The importance of speech culture in society is evident in several key areas. Firstly, it develops social communication: effective interpersonal interaction, prevention of conflicts, and facilitation of constructive discussions depend on speech culture. Secondly, in the pedagogical process, speech culture enhances the effectiveness of interaction between teachers and students and cultivates the ability to think critically and express oneself clearly. Thirdly, speech culture serves as a means of promoting and preserving moral and ethical values.

Furthermore, contemporary studies emphasize the link between speech culture and social stability. Clear, logical, and literarily correct speech is closely connected with an individual’s social status, trust, and respect. Thus, speech culture, as an integral part of personal and social development, contributes to improving the cultural environment of society.

In summary, speech culture plays a central role in social integration, effective communication, and preservation of moral values. Its development supports the intellectual and cultural potential of society.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study is based on a comprehensive methodology to examine the role of speech culture in society. In the initial stage, a thorough analysis of existing scientific literature, monographs, dissertations, and scholarly articles was conducted. This literature review provided extensive information about the theoretical foundations, historical evolution, and significance of speech culture in various social contexts. Specifically, studies in sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, pedagogy, and communication theory were examined.

In the next stage, qualitative research methods were employed to collect empirical data. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted among various social groups (students, teachers, civil servants, entrepreneurs) to explore the impact of speech culture on personal and professional life, its perceived value, and communication-related problems. Additionally, content analysis of mass media (TV programs, radio broadcasts, and social media discussions) was performed to identify contemporary manifestations of speech culture and highlight positive and negative trends. Data analysis employed thematic coding and comparative methods to identify main patterns and recurring themes. Ethical principles were observed, ensuring respondents’ privacy and confidentiality.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The study’s findings indicate that the role of speech culture in society manifests in several key directions.

Firstly, at the level of personal communication, speech culture is crucial for fostering mutual understanding and trust. Interviews revealed that clear, fluent, and respectful speech enhances a speaker’s credibility and increases the likelihood that their ideas will be accepted. For instance, 78% of respondents preferred communicating with individuals with high speech culture. Conversely, rude, incorrect, or unclear speech often leads to misunderstandings, conflicts, and communication breakdowns. One example noted that approximately 35% of workplace misunderstandings stemmed from unclear or improper speech.

Secondly, in the educational system, the development of speech culture directly affects students’ academic success. Conversations with teachers revealed that students who speak fluently and express their thoughts clearly perform better in learning and exams. Oral presentations and verbal exams particularly emphasize speech culture as an assessment criterion. A survey among secondary school students showed that 62% considered improving their speech important, yet 40% indicated a lack of adequate resources or methods to develop these skills.

Thirdly, in professional activities, speech culture is a key factor for career success. Interviews with managers and entrepreneurs indicated that effective communication, negotiation, and team management rely heavily on speech culture. Specialists with high speech culture have advantages in hiring, promotion, and client relations. For example, 85% of corporate sector representatives considered employees’ speech culture an integral part of professional competence. Media analysis also highlighted the significance of speech culture in shaping the professional image of TV hosts and journalists.

DISCUSSION

The study confirms the multifaceted and profound impact of speech culture in society, demonstrating its integral role in personal and social development. From fostering trust and understanding in personal communication to professional success and social stability, speech culture is essential in all spheres. Clear, fluent, and accurate speech helps overcome communication barriers, thereby reducing conflicts and enhancing collaboration. This aligns with L. Vygotsky’s theory on the connection between language and thought, emphasizing speech’s role not only in information transfer but also in shaping cognitive processes.

The educational findings highlight the necessity of targeted programs to develop speech culture. Currently, educational institutions mainly focus on grammar and vocabulary, while the logical, expressive, and ethical aspects of speech receive insufficient attention. This can negatively affect students’ ability to express themselves confidently and effectively. Moreover, modern information technologies and social media are changing the characteristics of written and oral speech. The spread of short, emotional, and sometimes grammatically incorrect expressions poses new challenges to speech culture. Addressing these issues requires revising curricula and strengthening the promotion of speech culture in mass media.

Professional findings demonstrate the economic and social benefits of investing in speech culture for employers and employees. Developing high speech culture among staff improves corporate communication, client relations, and overall efficiency. Since the study involved a limited number of respondents, caution is advised in generalizing the results to the entire society. Future research should include broader demographic groups and explore the impact of digital communication on speech culture more deeply.

CONCLUSION

This study scientifically confirmed the significant and multifaceted role of speech culture in contemporary society. Speech culture is a key factor in personal communication effectiveness, academic success, and professional achievement. It plays a decisive role in fostering mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation in social relationships. The results indicate that a high level of speech culture enhances social integration, reduces conflicts, and helps preserve the richness of the national language. Conversely, a decline in speech culture can lead to communication breakdowns, misunderstandings, and weakening of social connections.

The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of speech culture in Uzbek society, supported by empirical data across various spheres. In conclusion, systematic efforts to develop speech culture are essential, including improving educational programs, promoting it in mass media, and creating a supportive environment for correct speech within families. Future studies may focus on the impact of digital communication platforms on speech culture and examine its unique features in intercultural communication

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THE LIVING POWER OF LANGUAGE: PHILOLOGY IN THE MODERN WORLD

Hamdamova Sevara Saidmurodovna
First-Year Student, Uzbek Language and Literature
Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi

Abstract

Language is not merely a tool of communication; it is a living organism that reflects the history, culture, and identity of a nation. This publisistic article explores the relevance of philology in the modern world, particularly in the context of Uzbek language and literature. It highlights how language evolves alongside society, how philological studies preserve cultural heritage, and how globalization challenges linguistic identity. The article argues that young scholars play a crucial role in sustaining linguistic richness and adapting it to contemporary needs.

Keywords: Philology, Uzbek language, cultural identity, linguistics, literature, globalization

Introduction

In an era defined by rapid technological advancement and globalization, language remains one of the most powerful markers of identity and cultural continuity. Philology, as a field that studies language in its historical, literary, and cultural contexts, serves as a bridge between the past and the present. It allows us to understand not only how language functions but also how it shapes human thought and social development.

The Uzbek language, with its deep historical roots and rich literary tradition, offers a unique case for philological exploration. From the classical works of Alisher Navoiy to contemporary linguistic reforms, the Uzbek language has undergone significant transformations while maintaining its core identity. This dynamic evolution demonstrates the resilience and adaptability of language in response to changing socio-political environments.

For young scholars like first-year students of Uzbek language and literature, philology is not merely an academic discipline—it is a mission. It is about preserving the linguistic heritage inherited from previous generations while also contributing to its modernization. In this sense, philology becomes both a scientific pursuit and a cultural responsibility.

Philology as a Cultural Mirror

Philology reveals the soul of a nation through its language and literature. Every word carries historical significance, every idiom reflects cultural experience, and every literary work embodies the worldview of its time. By studying language in depth, philologists uncover layers of meaning that are often invisible to the ordinary speaker.

In Uzbek literature, classical texts serve as repositories of cultural memory. The works of Alisher Navoiy, for instance, are not only literary masterpieces but also linguistic treasures that demonstrate the richness of the Chagatai language. These texts provide insight into the philosophical, ethical, and aesthetic values of their era.

Moreover, philology enables us to trace the transformation of language over centuries. It shows how external influences—such as Persian, Arabic, and Russian—have shaped the Uzbek lexicon and syntax. This historical perspective helps us understand the complexity of modern Uzbek and appreciate its diversity.

Language and Identity in the Age of Globalization

Globalization has brought unprecedented connectivity, but it has also posed challenges to linguistic diversity. Dominant global languages, particularly English, often overshadow local languages, leading to concerns about linguistic homogenization. In this context, philology plays a crucial role in safeguarding linguistic identity.

The Uzbek language, like many others, faces the dual challenge of modernization and preservation. On one hand, it must adapt to new domains such as science, technology, and digital communication. On the other hand, it must retain its unique characteristics and cultural depth.

Young philologists are at the forefront of this balancing act. They are tasked with developing new terminology, promoting correct language use, and fostering appreciation for literary heritage. Through research, education, and public engagement, they contribute to the vitality of the language.

The Role of Literature in Philological Studies

Literature is an integral part of philology, as it represents the highest form of linguistic expression. Through literature, language reaches its full aesthetic and emotional potential. It becomes a medium for artistic creativity, moral reflection, and social critique.

Uzbek literature, both classical and modern, offers a rich field for philological analysis. From epic poetry to contemporary prose, it reflects the evolving concerns and aspirations of society. By studying literary texts, philologists gain insight into linguistic structures, stylistic devices, and narrative techniques.

Furthermore, literature serves as a tool for language preservation. By reading and analyzing literary works, new generations become familiar with the richness of their language. This engagement fosters linguistic awareness and cultural pride.

Digital Era and the Transformation of Language

The digital revolution has significantly altered the way language is used and perceived. Social media, instant messaging, and online platforms have introduced new forms of communication that are often informal and abbreviated. While these changes reflect the dynamic nature of language, they also raise concerns about linguistic degradation.

Philology must adapt to these changes by studying digital language practices and understanding their impact on traditional language norms. Rather than resisting change, philologists should analyze it critically and guide it constructively.

In Uzbekistan, the increasing use of digital technologies presents both opportunities and challenges for the Uzbek language. On one hand, digital platforms can promote language use and accessibility. On the other hand, they can lead to the spread of incorrect forms and reduced linguistic accuracy.

The Responsibility of Young Philologists

As future specialists, students of philology bear a significant responsibility. They are not only learners but also custodians of language. Their role extends beyond the classroom to society at large.

Young philologists must develop a deep understanding of linguistic principles and literary traditions. They must engage in research, participate in academic discussions, and contribute to the development of language policies. At the same time, they should promote language culture among the general public.

Education plays a key role in this process. Universities like the Alisher Navoiy Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature provide the necessary foundation for philological studies. Through rigorous academic programs, students acquire the knowledge and skills needed to address contemporary linguistic challenges.

Conclusion

Philology is more than an academic discipline—it is a vital force that connects language, culture, and identity. In a rapidly changing world, it provides the tools to understand linguistic evolution and preserve cultural heritage. The Uzbek language, with its rich history and dynamic present, stands as a testament to the enduring power of language.

For young scholars like Hamdamova Sevara Saidmurodovna, the study of philology represents both an intellectual journey and a cultural mission. By embracing this field, they contribute to the preservation and development of their linguistic heritage.

Ultimately, the future of any language depends on the commitment of those who study, use, and cherish it. Philology, therefore, is not just about analyzing words—it is about sustaining the voice of a nation for generations to come.

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