My father is the most precious person in my life, a man whose value is as high as the sky itself. He is such a father that if I asked him for a single star from the sky, he would prepare the moon for me instead. Until this very age, he has always been my support — encouraging my education in every possible way, working tirelessly day and night for my sake. He has always told me, “My daughter, I have great hopes for you,” and has stood by my side, shoulder to shoulder, in every step I take. My father is my greatest pillar of strength, and when I try to describe him, tears come to my eyes.
Mashrabxoʻjayeva Feruzaxon was born on March 7, 2005, in Chimyon village, Fergana District, Fergana Region. She is currently a second-year student at Fergana State University.
U🇸 Article Package: Supply and Demand: The Core Mechanism of the Market Economy
Abstract
This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the laws of supply and demand, which are the main driving force of a market economy. It examines in detail the theoretical foundations of both categories, the curves that reflect them, as well as the price and non-price factors that influence them. The central part of the study is devoted to market equilibrium, analyzing the formation of this equilibrium, the changes in equilibrium price and quantity (curve shifts), and the impact of government intervention (such as price controls) on the equilibrium from a scientific and practical perspective. The article aims to reveal the crucial role of the supply and demand mechanism in ensuring modern economic stability.
Relevance (Dolzarblik): The supply and demand mechanisms as the fundamental idea of the market economy.
Objective (Maqsad): To analyze the laws of supply and demand, and to determine their role in price formation and ensuring economic efficiency.
Tasks (Vazifalar): 1) To justify the laws of supply and demand; 2) To illustrate market equilibrium graphically and functionally; 3) To study the practical consequences of the theory.
Theoretical Foundations of Supply and Demand
1. The Law of Demand and Factors Affecting It
The Law of Demand: The inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded (under the Ceteris Paribus condition).
The Demand Curve (D): Reasons for the downward slope of the curve.
Non-Price Factors: Consumer income (normal and inferior goods), tastes/preferences, prices of substitute and complementary goods, expectations.
2. The Law of Supply and Factors Affecting It
The Law of Supply: The direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.
The Supply Curve (S): Reasons for the upward slope of the curve.
Non-Price Factors: Production costs, technology, taxes and subsidies, prices of other goods.
Market Equilibrium and the Price Formation Mechanism (1.5 Pages)
1. Determining the Equilibrium Point
The intersection point of the Demand (D) and Supply (S) curves (The Equilibrium Point).
The Equilibrium Condition: $Q_D = Q_S$.
Graphical Analysis: Equilibrium Price ($P^*$) and Equilibrium Quantity ($Q^*$).
2. States of Market Disequilibrium
Excess Supply (Surplus): When the price is above $P^*$ ($P > P^*$). The market automatically returns to $P^*$.
Excess Demand (Shortage/Deficit): When the price is below $P^*$ ($P < P^*$). Price increases due to competitive pressure.
3. Shifts in Equilibrium (Comparative Statics)
New values of $P^*$ and $Q^*$ resulting from shifts in the Demand (e.g., change in income) or Supply (e.g., change in cost) curves.
Simultaneous shifts of both curves (ambiguity of the outcome).
Practical Significance of the Supply and Demand Theory
1. The Concept of Elasticity
Price Elasticity: The responsiveness of quantity demanded and supplied to changes in price.
Practical Application: The role of elasticity in firms maximizing their total revenue.
2. Consequences of Government Intervention in the Market
Price Ceiling (Maximum Price): For example, rent control. Consequence: Artificial Shortage (Deficit).
Price Floor (Minimum Price): For example, minimum wage or minimum prices for agricultural products. Consequence: Artificial Surplus (Profitsit).
Conclusion
Brief summary of the main results studied.
Supply and demand as the most efficient mechanism for resource allocation in a market economy.
Suggestions regarding the importance of government intervention in cases of market failure (externalities, monopoly).
List of References (Foydalanilgan Adabiyotlar Roʻyxati)
Mankiw, N. G. (2021). Principles of Economics. Cengage Learning.
Samuelson, P. A., & Nordhaus, W. D. (2010). Economics. McGraw-Hill Education.
Oʻlmasov, A. (2009). Iqtisodiyot nazariyasi (Theory of Economics). “Mehnat” publishing.
Karimov, I. A. (2000). Oʻzbekiston XXI asr boʻsagʻasida: xavfsizlikka tahdid, barqarorlik shartlari va taraqqiyot kafolatlari (Uzbekistan on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Threats to Security, Conditions of Stability and Guarantees of Progress). “Oʻzbekiston” publishing. (As a source on the state’s economic policy).
Fisher, S., Dornbush, R., & Schmalensee, R. (2011). Economics. McGraw-Hill.
Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. (As a source providing the classical economic foundation.)
Journal Article (Example): Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Rethinking the Role of Government in the Market. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 112-130.
Probing fingers grope through one another’s darkness,
like long-lost kin, unexpectedly meeting in the late night.
There must be a half-green, half-red autumn here,
with heavy branches bending toward the lips of stone.
There must be bees of sunlight, building their hives
before the curve of frost seals tight.
There must be a shining horizon of poetry,
spreading out from the warm and deep collar.
Perhaps some poet, whose name has long worn away,
Listens, forgets he is straddling both worlds,
knowing everything, yet unable to speak.
His lips, heavier than marble,
puckered to a dry berry from the effort to move.
On Translation
Winter is a war of everyone against everyone,
while translation is a person milking cows in winter.
There are many cows in the pasture—patient, still, docile,
the hair on their necks stiffened by the cold.
You milk them, in the darkness of dawn;
the white milk writes the earth into italics,
you keep squeezing, until the milk is tinged with blood.
Why are you here? This is a cattle shed drafty on all sides,
hay mixes with ice, there are no colored lights here,
no rituals. Those quiet cows line up,
chewing cud, as their swollen and painful breasts
gradually turn into empty, sagging, icy sacks.
No portrait of a leader hangs high here,
only grains of salt mixed in the manure pile,
only the foam that splashes in the tin bucket at your feet—
fragrant, fleeting, and pleasing.
After Midnight
In those years, he always thought after midnight
about how to restart a world stuck in a loudspeaker
by then, everyone had fallen asleep, and the fire in the stove was dying down
the kitten’s purr coiled around an endless ball of yarn
cold constellations glimmered on the window lattice
yet his thinking was almost like not thinking at all
like a creature that neither grows old nor stays young
adorned with snowflakes on its shoulders, unborn still
a coin with only one side, its patterns blurred
so he went downstairs in the dark and wandered the empty streets
like someone feeling empty after making love
winter is the wreckage of a year, and he still tried to love it
Night Falls Again
He has uncovered the truth of eternal recurrence
on winter nights darkness still descends so swiftly, so precisely
a single strike of the dirty bomb, with its incalculable half-life
the moment he speaks its name, he is suddenly standing
in a dim, familiar circular hall
surrounded by a score of identical doors
he pushes one open and steps into a backyard
there a child is prodding a skull half-buried in the grass
making it glimmer faintly, like a thought that refuses to submit
he does not feel the stir of unease, he cannot hear
what the child is humming, perhaps an old song
he cannot kill him from behind, to end this once and for all
he knows their lives are both
pirated copies of a shoddy translation of the same novel
blurred at times, sharp at others, like a promise
Ma Yongbo was born in 1964, Ph.D, representative of Chinese avant-garde poetry, and a leading scholar in Anglo-American poetry. He is the founder of polyphonic writing and objectified poetics. He has published over eighty original works and translations since 1986 included 9 poetry collections. He focused on translating and teaching Anglo-American poetry and prose including the work of Dickinson, Whitman, Stevens, Pound, Amy Lowell, Williams, Ashbery and Rosanna Warren. He published a complete translation of Moby Dick, which has sold over 600,000 copies.
Dr. Barbaros İrdelmen, poet, writer, translator, and retired specialist in internal medicine and nephrology, with 19 published poetry collections to date, his works have been included in numerous national and international anthologies, poetry festivals, and selected literary compilations. Currently a poetry columnist for Edebiyat Magazin Newspaper and TV, also contributes actively to prominent literary journals such as Pazartesi14 NEYYA Edebiyat, Kirpi Edebiyat ve Düşünce Dergisi, writer for the Papirus Magazine, Literature House, Our Poetry Archive, Atunis Galaxy Poetry writer. As a member of the Writers Syndicate of Turkey, he is not only known for his original poetry but also as a leading figure in the translation of world poetry written in English into Turkish. İrdelmen is also a member of the poetry translator’s community, part of the ITHACA Foundation (Spain), building cultural and literary bridges across borders through the power of poetry.
The Significance of Foreign Language Learning for Young People
Norqulova Madina
a second-year undergraduate student
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Abstract:
In this article, the significance of foreign language proficiency in the lives of young people is analyzed. The impact of foreign languages on the educational process, professional development, and social engagement is examined from a scientific and theoretical perspective. Furthermore, the article substantiates that, in the context of globalization, the acquisition of foreign languages serves as a crucial factor in enhancing the competitiveness of youth.
Key words: Foreign language education; youth competitiveness; globalization; language proficiency; international integration; human capital; educational reforms; multilingualism; global labor market; lifelong learning.
Introduction
In the current era of globalization, knowledge of foreign languages is considered one of the crucial factors for societal development. In a period when information exchange has accelerated and international relations have expanded, young people’s mastery of foreign languages plays a significant role in their intellectual, professional, and social development. In particular, English, as a means of international communication, occupies a leading position in the fields of education, science, and technology.
Literature review
Foreign language proficiency contributes to the development of young people’s cognitive potential and enhances their critical thinking skills. Scientific research indicates that knowledge of multiple languages broadens an individual’s intellectual perspective and enables them to approach problems from various viewpoints. At the same time, acquiring foreign languages fosters young people’s ability to independently analyze information.
Within the education system, foreign language proficiency is regarded as one of the key factors ensuring academic mobility. Proficiency in a foreign language is considered a prerequisite for participation in international educational programs, grants, and exchange projects. Moreover, access to foreign academic sources and research contributes significantly to improving students’ overall level of knowledge.
At the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the President of our country emphasized: “The future and prosperity of our planet depend on what kind of people our children grow up to be. Our main task is to create the necessary conditions for young people to fully realize their potential.”At a time when the boundaries between globalization, culture and values, and national identity are rapidly diminishing, language plays a crucial and fundamental role in enabling young people to integrate into the global community. Today, young people clearly understand that without knowledge of foreign languages, it is almost impossible to find a place in international business, science, politics, economics, or the fields of information and communication technologies.
Furthermore, the establishment of the “El-yurt umidi” Foundation, aimed at providing opportunities for young people to study abroad, train specialists, and maintain communication with compatriots, has served as an additional incentive. One of the main requirements for participating in the foundation’s selection process is possessing a valid national (CEFR) or international language certificate (such as IELTS, TOEFL, or DELF). Every year, hundreds of young people take advantage of this opportunity to pursue undergraduate or master’s degrees at foreign higher education institutions and return to their homeland as skilled professionals. According to many of them, knowledge of a foreign language not only broadens their worldview but also serves as a key that opens the door to the global arena.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the mastery of foreign languages plays a pivotal role in the personal, academic, and professional development of young people in Uzbekistan. As globalization continues to shrink the distances between cultures, values, and national identities, foreign language proficiency has become a key factor for youth to successfully integrate into the global community. The state’s efforts to provide favorable conditions—such as high-quality language education, international certification support, and opportunities for studying abroad—ensure that young people can fully realize their potential. Ultimately, enhancing foreign language skills not only broadens the worldview of the youth but also equips them with the knowledge, competencies, and confidence necessary to contribute effectively to the country’s prosperity and compete in the international labor market.
Reference
1.Crystal, D. (2019). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2.Nunan, D. (2015). Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
3.Graddol, D. (2006). English Next. British Council.
4.Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
5.Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes. London: Routledge.
6.Phillipson, R. (2009). Linguistic Imperialism Continued. London: Routledge.
7.Kachru, B. B., Kachru, Y., & Nelson, C. L. (Eds.). (2006). The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
8.Jenkins, J. (2006). World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.
9.Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2012). Communication Between Cultures. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
10.Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Norqulova Madina was born in Pastdargʻom district, Samarqand region, Uzbekistan, in 2006. She is a 19-year-old undergraduate student currently in her second year at Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. Madina has earned over 50 certificates in various academic and professional fields, demonstrating her strong commitment to continuous learning and personal development. She has achieved a B2 level in English, reflecting her solid proficiency in the language. Her extensive qualifications highlight her dedication to academic excellence and her readiness to participate in international educational and research opportunities.
Introduction This article analyzes the impact of migration on culture from the perspectives of personal identity, cultural adaptation, and transformation. Migration is not only a geographical phenomenon but also a process that leads to significant changes in cultural space. This research examines cultural hybridity and individuals’ understanding of their cultural identity within the context of migration. The article is based on a theoretical analysis conducted at the intersection of cultural studies and the social sciences.
In today’s technology-driven world, migration has become a global tendency. Economic inequality, political instability, and opportunities for education and employment are among the main factors that motivate people to move from one region to another. When migrants settle in a new place, they bring their traditional customs, language, and mentality with them. As a result, intercultural interaction and mutual cultural influence increase.
Sociological and Cultural Background In sociology and cultural studies, migration is defined as the permanent or temporary relocation of people. Culture encompasses historical experience, customs, language, art, and other social conditions of a society. Therefore, migration is an indispensable part of social life and cultural development.
Cultural scholars argue that migrants initially attempt to preserve their original culture; however, over time, they gradually adopt elements of the host culture. Migration also influences individuals’ self-perception. Migrants living in a new cultural environment often face the question, “Who am I?” This situation triggers the reconstruction of cultural identity.
Cultural Adaptation and Identity Migrants are required to adapt to new cultural norms while simultaneously striving to preserve their traditional, religious, or linguistic identities. This dual process contributes to cultural development and transformation. As a result of migration, cultural hybridity emerges. Cultural hybridity manifests itself in language use, clothing styles, and everyday practices. For example, in regions with migrant populations, new festivals, as well as literary and musical forms, may develop. Traditional values are often reinterpreted within the context of migration.
Globalization and Migration Globalization is one of the main factors that accelerates migration. Advances in information technologies and transportation systems strengthen intercultural connections. Globalization provides practical conditions for migration; however, a major challenge in the globalized world is the preservation of cultural identity.
Conclusion Migration is a process that exerts a profound and multifaceted influence on culture in contemporary society. It leads to the reshaping of personal identity as well as to cultural hybridity and transformation. While migration intensifies intercultural interaction and enriches societies culturally, it also creates challenges related to cultural adaptation and identity preservation. Therefore, a thorough examination of these issues is essential for ensuring intercultural harmony in the future.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS IN FRENCH AND UZBEK
Xurramova Farangiz
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Faculty of Romance and Germanic Languages
2nd year student of the French Department
Annotation: This article deals with adjective–noun agreement in French and Uzbek. From a comparative perspective, it examines gender and number agreement of adjectives in French and the grammatical invariability of adjectives in Uzbek. The study identifies key differences between the two grammatical systems and contributes to reducing difficulties in learning French.
Keywords: French language, Uzbek language, adjective–noun agreement, comparative grammar, adjective variation
INTRODUCTION
The study of grammatical relations between word classes in linguistics is of great theoretical and practical importance. In particular, the relationship between adjectives and nouns is one of the main factors that determine the grammatical structure of each language. These relationships are expressed differently in different types of languages. French belongs to the group of inflectional languages, while Uzbek is an agglutinative language.
For this reason, the agreement of adjectives and nouns is based on different grammatical mechanisms in these languages. This article will be devoted to a comparative analysis of these differences.
Quality and agreement of horses in French
In French, adjectives must agree with the noun in gender (masculine, feminine) and number (singular, plural). This agreement is manifested in the formal variation of the quality and is one of the important features of the French grammatical system (Grevisse, 2016).
For example
un garçon intelligent
une fille intelligente
des garçons intelligents
In addition, there are color adjectives, compound adjectives, and some invariable adjectives that create exceptions to the agreement process. These complexities pose a challenge for foreigners learning French, including Uzbek speakers.
Quality and attitude of horses in Uzbek
In Uzbek, adjectives are grammatically invariable and do not agree with the noun in gender or number. An adjective only indicates the sign or characteristic of a noun and does not undergo formal changes (Rahmatullayev, 2006).
For example:
good book
good books
big house
big houses
It is clear that even though the noun changes in number, the adjective retains its form. In Uzbek, grammatical relations are mainly expressed through suffixes, while adjectives perform a lexical-semantic function.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study examined the issue of agreement of adjectives and nouns in French and Uzbek based on a comparative-linguistic approach. Descriptive, comparative and analytical techniques were used in the research process. Based on the materials of both languages, the grammatical features of adjectives, their relationship with the noun and their function in speech were determined.
Using the comparative analysis method, the agreement of adjectives with nouns in terms of gender (masculine, feminine) and number (singular, plural) in French and the invariability of adjectives in Uzbek were compared. In the study, the formative and semantic aspects of grammatical agreement were given special attention.
In the process of grammatical (structural) analysis, the formative changes of adjectives in French, concurrence suffixes and exceptional cases were considered. In the Uzbek language, the invariability of adjectives and their semantic connection with nouns were analyzed using examples. Examples of interesting Uzbek book – interesting books were compared, for example, with the French forms un livre intéressant – des livres intéressants.
Through semantic analysis, the role of adjectives in expressing meaning and their function in identifying characteristics were studied. It was found that although the meaning of adjectives is similar in both languages, there are significant differences in their grammatical expression.
In addition, the features of the use of adjectives in oral and written speech were analyzed using the method of functional analysis. It was determined that the correct agreement of adjectives in French ensures the grammatical correctness of speech, while the invariability of adjectives in Uzbek serves the simplicity and clarity of speech.
These methodological approaches served to comprehensively cover the subject of the study and scientifically reveal the main differences in the systems of adjective and noun agreement in French and Uzbek.
TAHLIL VA NATIJALAR
Til
Misol
Grammatik holat
Izoh
Tahlil natijalari
French
Un homme courageux
Masculin, singulier
The adjective ends in -x, the agreement is preserved.
Gender and number agreement binding
French
Une femme courageuse
Féminin, singulier
The adjective has the suffix -e.
Sex-specific variation
French
Des maisons blanches
Féminin, pluriel
Quality came with es
Gender and age are displayed simultaneously.
French
Un travaille difficile
Masculin, singulier
The quality does not change in form.
There are also unchanging adjectives.
Uzbek
Go’zal qiz
Invariant
Quality does not undergo a formal change.
There is no grammatical agreement.
Uzbek
Go’zal qizlar
Invariant
The noun is plural, the adjective does not change.
No number agreement.
Uzbek
Eski uy
Invariant
Denotes character
Quality only serves a semantic function.
Uzbek
Baland binolar
Invariant
No gender category
Agglutinative property
Comparative analysis: Comparative analysis shows that in French, the agreement of adjectives and nouns is an integral part of the grammatical system, while in Uzbek, such agreement does not exist. This situation causes interference phenomena in the speech of Uzbek speakers learning French. In particular, errors related to the disagreement of adjectives in gender and number are common. The comparative approach is of significant methodological importance in identifying and eliminating these problems in advance.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE USED
In the course of this study, a number of scientific sources devoted to highlighting the grammatical structure of French and Uzbek languages were analyzed. In particular, the question of quality and horse agreement in French grammar has been studied in depth by many mature linguists.
M. in highlighting the issue of gender and numerical agreement of adjectives with nouns in French. The work “Le Bon Usage” by Grevisse is an important source. This work details the agreement of adjectives, exceptions, and the grammatical features of adjectives that do not change and indicate color. Bescherelle’s grammar guides also systematically explain the rules of agreement of adjectives in French, which are of great practical importance from the point of view of grammar.
In Russian linguistics, V. covered the issues of general and comparative grammar. V. Vinogradov’s scientific views are important. His works theoretically substantiate the grammatical relations between parts of speech, including the agreement of adjectives. Also, A. V. Kunin and N. N. Amosova’s works highlight the semantic and functional aspects of grammatical categories, providing an important theoretical framework for comparative analysis.
Grammatical features of adjectives in Uzbek linguistics and their relationship with the noun Sh. Rahmatullayev’s work “The Modern Uzbek Literary Language” covers this topic extensively. The author scientifically demonstrates the invariability of adjectives in the Uzbek language and their participation only as lexical units denoting a sign. A. E. Mamatov and A. Hajiyev’s research also analyzed in depth the grammatical system of the Uzbek language, the functional features of word categories.
On the basis of these sources, the agreement of quality and nouns in French and Uzbek was studied in a comparative way, identifying the main differences in the grammatical system of the two languages. The literature used served to strengthen the theoretical basis of the study as well as to ensure the scholarship of the conclusions drawn.
CONCLUSION
In short, the system of agreement of adjectives and nouns in French and Uzbek is fundamentally different. In French, adjectives are grammatically active and agree with the noun in gender and number, while in Uzbek, adjectives are invariable. The results of this comparative study are of theoretical and practical importance for the study of the French language and can be effectively used in the process of language teaching
REFERENCES
1.Grevisse, M. Le Bon Usage. Paris: De Boeck Supérieur, 2016.
2.Bescherelle. La grammaire pour tous. Paris: Hatier, 2015.
3. Rahmatullayev, Sh. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. Toshkent: Universitet, 2006.
4. Hojiyev, A. Tilshunoslik terminlarining izohli lug‘ati. Toshkent, 2002.v
