THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL INCENTIVES FOR EMPLOYING YOUNG SPECIALISTS: A FACTOR IN ENSURING LABOR MARKET STABILITY
Jumayev Akmal G‘ulom o‘g‘li
Student of the Public Security University of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The legal foundation of youth policy in Uzbekistan and the analysis of constitutional reforms demonstrate significant progress in strengthening the protection of youth rights. The new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, adopted by referendum on April 30, 2023, has elevated the system of youth rights protection to a qualitatively new level. Unlike the previous version, the new Constitution explicitly enshrines youth rights in a separate article.

Analysis of Article 79 of the Constitution — the “Charter of Youth Rights”:
This article imposes an obligation on the state to ensure the protection of the personal, political, economic, and social rights of young people, as well as to create conditions for their active participation in the life of society and the state. From a legal perspective, Article 79 elevates the issue of youth employment from a mere social measure to the level of a constitutional obligation of the state.

Labor guarantees:
Article 42 of the Constitution guarantees every individual the right to work, to freely choose a profession, and to work under fair labor conditions. For young specialists, the realization of this right is ensured through a “system of legal incentives” facilitating their transition from education to the labor market. Constitutional reforms legally confirm the transformation of the state’s role from a “passive observer” to an “active facilitator” in youth-related issues. This serves as a higher legal basis for establishing quotas and tax preferences for youth in subordinate legislation.

Socio-legal necessity of ensuring youth employment under demographic growth:
Uzbekistan is currently considered one of the youngest countries in the world, with nearly 60% of its population consisting of young people. This demographic situation implies that more than 600,000 new entrants join the labor market annually.

The “first job” problem:
Although graduates of higher and secondary specialized education institutions possess theoretical knowledge, they often lack practical experience, making them less competitive in the labor market. Legal mechanisms (such as preferential probation conditions) are essential to bridge this gap and protect young people from discrimination.

Labor market stability:
Youth unemployment is not only an economic loss but also a social risk (including increased migration and crime). Therefore, a system of incentives for employing young specialists serves as a key tool for maintaining the balance between supply and demand in the labor market.

Elimination of legal conflicts:
In practice, contradictions arise between employers’ demand for experienced workers and legal obligations to hire graduates. Before analyzing the system of incentives, it is necessary to clarify the legal meaning of the term “young specialist.”

Legal status of “young specialist” and “graduate” in national legislation:
The term “young specialist” has a specific legal status closely related to, but distinct from, the concept of a “graduate.”

• “Graduate” refers to an individual who has completed higher, secondary specialized, or vocational education programs. According to the Law “On State Youth Policy,” youth are defined as individuals aged 14 to 30. 
• “Young specialist” is a narrower legal concept, typically referring to a person who, within three years after graduation, enters employment for the first time. In some cases, this period may vary depending on the sector or program. 

Connection with incentives:
The status of a “young specialist” provides certain legal benefits, such as employment without a probation period and assistance in job placement. While “graduate” indicates completion of education, “young specialist” reflects entry into professional activity and eligibility for legal protection.

Distinguishing between these two concepts is important for both employers and young individuals. Employers must comply with legally established benefits when hiring young specialists, ensuring fairness and transparency in the employment process.

International Labour Organization (ILO) standards and their transformation into national law:
As a member of the International Labour Organization (ILO), Uzbekistan has ratified several conventions and recommendations aimed at promoting youth employment. These standards serve as an important legal guideline for improving national legislation.

In ILO documents, “youth employment” implies not only job creation but also ensuring decent work conditions, protection of rights, and opportunities for professional growth. The ILO generally defines youth as individuals aged 15 to 24, although this range may extend to 30 in national contexts.

Key aspects include:

1. Conventions and Recommendations: Ratified ILO conventions (e.g., on employment promotion) form an integral part of national legislation and may have direct applicability. 
2. Best practices: International experiences, such as Germany’s dual education system and Japan’s lifetime employment principles, serve as models for shaping Uzbekistan’s youth employment policy. 

ILO standards ensure protection against forced labor, prohibition of discrimination, and the right to fair wages, reinforcing the concept of “young specialist” within both national and international legal frameworks.

Thus, the legal determination of the term “young specialist” is based on both national and international legal norms. It refers not merely to age but to a qualified individual entering the labor market who requires special legal protection. This concept forms the basis for applying all benefits and guarantees aimed at youth employment.

Incentives for employers:
Ensuring youth employment requires not only providing benefits to young people but also incentivizing employers. This helps maintain labor market balance and facilitates youth employment.

Tax incentives are among the most effective tools. Legal frameworks should allow reductions in social tax rates for enterprises hiring young employees. Relevant provisions of the Tax Code of Uzbekistan (such as those related to personal income tax and social tax) may include mechanisms for granting such benefits.

Currently, these incentives may take the following forms:

• Social tax benefits: Partial reimbursement or reduced rates of social tax for companies employing young specialists under certain conditions. 
• Income tax benefits: In some cases, enterprises implementing youth employment projects may receive tax preferences. 

These measures compensate employers’ additional costs and make hiring young specialists economically beneficial, especially for small and medium-sized businesses.

Conclusion:
Youth employment today is not merely an economic issue but a crucial legal element of Uzbekistan’s national security and constitutional stability. Therefore, studying the system of legal incentives for young specialists is of great theoretical and practical importance. Economic-legal mechanisms such as tax incentives, subsidies, and mentorship systems accelerate the integration of young specialists into the labor market. This system serves as an essential legal instrument for implementing state youth policy and encourages employers to invest in young human capital.

OLD AGE

Fatigue binds my eyelids and tightens my eyes, 

so they do not see your dear face. 

Hands have weakened from tireless work, 

so clumsiness has taken over in them. 

Unable to serve with honor and to earn their peace. 

From the long path of life, 

legs have begun to give out 

and to create problems for the body, 

and to inflict pain in the soul of my being. 

My dear old age, you come to me from behind, 

go, I beg you, away. 

I know that you come for what is yours 

and I know that this body is yours. 

Do not torment my soul, 

which does not belong to you, 

let it go, to let the light pass its rays 

and to allow the heart a rest. 

Oh, my dear old age, 

must you come to me right now. 

Know that it drives a knife into my heart. 

Oh, old age, my dear old age.

Maja Milojković was born in Zaječar, Serbia. She is the deputy editor at “Sfairos” publishing house in Belgrade, Serbia.  She is the vice-president of the association “Rtanj and Mesečev poetski krug”.  She is the author of 2 books: “The Circle of the Moon” and “Trees of Desire” She is the editor of the International Anthology “Rtanjski stihopevi” One of the founders of the poetry club “Area Felix” from Zaječar, Serbia and the editor of an international e-magazine for creative literature and culture “Area Felix”.

Choriyeva Oynur

Uzbek State World Language University, Faculty of English Philology, 2nd-year student

The Impact of Music on Study Efficiency

Choriyeva Oynur

Uzbek State World Language University

English Philology Faculty, 2nd-year student

Annotation.

This article explores how music influences students’ study efficiency. It discusses the positive effects of listening to music—such as improved concentration, reduced stress, and enhanced mood—and examines how different types of music affect learning outcomes. The article also highlights potential disadvantages, including distraction and decreased focus when listening to high-tempo or lyrical music. The aim is to identify how students can use music as a supportive tool to improve academic performance.

Key words: music, concentration, study efficiency, cognitive skills, learning, memory, productivity, supportive tool,academic performance.

Introduction.

Music plays a deeply influential role in the everyday lives of young people, particularly students who rely on it not only for entertainment, but also as a powerful tool for relaxation, motivation, and emotional balance. In academic settings, many students turn to music to create a comfortable study environment, improve their mood, or reduce stress during demanding learning tasks.

Scientific research supports these observations, showing that music can activate several key regions of the brain involved in attention, memory formation, and emotional regulation. For example, certain types of music stimulate neural pathways that enhance concentration and support cognitive processing, allowing learners to engage more effectively with their academic work.

Main Body.

Music is a universal language that connects people from diverse backgrounds and cultures. Beyond serving as a source of entertainment, it also functions as an effective therapeutic tool, influencing human emotions and cognitive processes. Researchers note that music activates the hippocampus, a part of the brain responsible for generating attachment-related emotions, which allows music to support social bonding and emotional connection (Koelsch, 2014). Additionally, music encompasses a wide range of genres, each with its own structure, rhythm, and characteristics. Because every genre appeals to different preferences, the influence of music varies from one individual to another.

The impact of music on students’ concentration and attention span has long been debated. Although many students believe that listening to music makes studying more enjoyable, psychological research suggests that music may sometimes be more distracting than beneficial (Mercer, 2021). However, due to the widespread use of music among high school and university students, understanding its role in learning has become increasingly important.

This research emphasizes the relationship between music and concentration, exploring how musical preferences, cultural background, and genre differences shape students’ study habits. The findings highlight that the effects of music are not universal—what helps one student focus may distract another. Therefore, evaluating the potential benefits and drawbacks of listening to music during study sessions is essential for improving concentration and academic performance. Since current evidence across studies remains inconclusive, further research is needed to draw clearer conclusions about how music influences learning efficiency.

1. Positive Effects of Music

Many students say that music helps them during their study sessions. One of the main reasons is that it can improve concentration. Soft and slow music in the background reduces outside noise and helps students stay focused on their tasks for a longer time.

Music can also lower stress and anxiety, which is very common among students, especially during exams or when deadlines are close. Calming music makes the study environment more comfortable and helps students feel more relaxed.

Another important benefit is that music can boost mood and motivation. When students listen to songs they enjoy, they often feel more energetic and willing to continue studying. A good mood usually leads to better productivity.

Some studies also suggest that certain types of music can support memory and learning. For example, instrumental tracks can help students stay calm, which may make it easier to remember information.

2. Negative Effects of Music

However, music does not always help. In some cases, it can even make studying more difficult. The biggest problem is that songs with lyrics can be distracting. When a student is reading or writing, the words in the music compete with the text, and this reduces comprehension.

Another issue is loud or fast music, which can interrupt concentration. High-energy music makes it harder to focus on tasks that require deep thinking or careful analysis.

Finally, some students become too dependent on music while studying. This can cause problems later in situations where they are required to work in complete silence, such as during exams or in quiet classrooms.

3. Best Types of Music for Studying

Researchers generally recommend types of music that are calm and do not include lyrics. These include:

Classical music, especially gentle piano pieces

Lo-fi beats, which have a steady rhythm and are not distracting

Instrumental piano music

Nature sounds, such as rain or ocean wave

Ambient or meditation music, which helps create a peaceful atmosphere

These styles help students stay focused while avoiding unnecessary distractions.

Conclusion.

When used wisely, music can significantly boost study efficiency. Soft, instrumental tracks help students stay focused, improve attention, and feel calmer during study sessions. They can also reduce stress and create a more comfortable learning environment. On the other hand, loud or lyric-heavy music may distract students and make it harder to concentrate on tasks that require deep thinking. By selecting the right type of music for their needs, learners can enhance productivity, retain information more effectively, and achieve better academic results.

References:

1. Hallam, S. (2010). The Power of Music.

2. Jäncke, L. (2008). Music, Memory, and Emotion.

3. University of Maryland Medical Center – Stress Reduction Research.

4. Stanford University School of Medicine – Music and Brain Studies.

The Wind Song 

Wind sings a song to me.

Sweet music to my soul.

Take me to the spirit world of Mother Earth.

To lie down on the sandy beach .

With waves flowing over my body and face.

I want to stay  under the water.

Touch the rhythms of the starfish and dolphins .

The essence of another world.

I cry out to the water world.

Take me, sing to me.

Hold me close and dance with me.

The music of the land sings loud .

I’m being split apart .

A force grows into me like a Titan .

Crashes take place within me,

At last I’m back lying on the sand.

The sweet music grows within me.

A divine calm takes hold .

Yellow Flowing Fields 

I miss the yellow fields flowing with the wind. 

My beautiful wild flowers are swaying in the wind.

Dancing for me.

I look up at the sky.

With white clouds flowing so peacefully .

  Just me nature and the blowing of the wind.

Heaven Rainbow

Heaven open your colors to me.

With blue sky painted with touches of yellow, red, gold and black of night.

Gold is for Kings and Queens of noble birth.

Red is for the torch that brightens the sky.

Black is for the mystery of another world hidden in the stars that guides ships

of long ago.

See for yourself how the blue sky sends flying wings to the kingdom in the sky.

I wish I could see the shooting star that burst into flames that color the sky.

Elaine Murray

2002

”  The Algorithm of Will  “

As twilight fell over the busy streets of Tashkent, Zohid sat under the flickering lights of a student dormitory in Chilonzor, tiredly tapping away at his laptop keys. While his roommates had already finished dinner and dived into computer games or endless social media videos, Zohid was battling complex red error messages on his screen. For this young man from the province, life felt like a bridge between two worlds: on one side were the high hopes of his parents back in the village, and on the other, the ruthless demands of the modern IT world.

One day, an uncle who worked in an influential organization called him with an unexpected offer. He promised a significant share of money and a comfortable life until graduation in exchange for simply “closing” a government project. Although Zohid had only 20,000 soums left in his wallet and was wondering what to eat for lunch, and this offer seemed like a “lifesaving ship,” he remembered the lessons he had studied during long nights and why he entered this field. “I’m sorry, uncle, I didn’t come here to close someone else’s ready-made project; I came to build a system from scratch,” he replied firmly. Thus, Zohid’s true test began.

He started freelancing on international platforms, relying on coffee during daytime classes and writing code for foreign clients at night. One night, when the power went out, he took his laptop to a corner of a 24/7 cafe and spent the dawn with a single cup of tea—days like these further sharpened his will. Six months later, at a major startup competition at the university, he presented his agricultural digitalization algorithm, the product of those sleepless nights. His uncle, sitting among the jury, looked away as he realized that Zohid was not a “template-user” but a true “creator.”

Zohid won not only the grand prize but also a job offer from a prestigious American company. Riding the bus home that day, he felt with his entire being that true capital is knowledge; while money and connections are fleeting, a foundation built through hard work serves for a lifetime. He was no longer just a student; he had become a steadfast architect of his own future, staying true to his principles.

Uzbekistan

Toshmamatov Javohir     

The Vegetative Nature of Longing

Even when erased,

Even when erased again,

It reappears like a crescent moon,

Grows beyond a half-moon,

Becomes a full moon.

Like a face

Drifting as a full moon,

People hang

The space of longing

In their hearts.

Love,

Even when one tries to forget,

Has a terrifying vegetative nature—

It reveals itself, it grows.

That is why tonight is a full moon.

그리움의 식물성

지워도

지워도

생기는 초승달같이

반달에서 더 자란

만월같이

만월로 둥실

걸린

얼굴같이

사람들은 그리움 공간을

가슴에 걸어 두지요

사랑은 

잊으려 하여도

드러나고 자라나는 무서운 

식물성이 있어요

그래서 오늘밤 만월이에요

Poet Kim Sun-Young was born on May 17, 1938, in Kaesong, Gyeonggi Province. She graduated from Sudo Women’s Teachers College and later served as a teacher at Sudo Girls’ Middle School and as a professor at Sejong University. In 1962, she made her literary debut in Hyundae Munhak(Modern Literature) after her poems Bluebird, Echo, and Graffiti of the Seasons were recommended for publication. She was also an active member of the literary coterie Cheongmi (靑眉). Since the publication of her first poetry collection, Saga (思歌), in 1969, she has published 15 poetry collections, including The Shoe Store of Emptiness (1972), Wildflower Ritual (1976), Atmosphere of Fantasy (1976), Words Written at Night (1982), God Who Lives in the Lilac Tree (1983), Song of Longing (1987), and To Shatter (2008). She has received numerous literary awards, including the Contemporary Poetry Award and the Korean Literature Award. She has also served as an advisory board member of the Korean Poets Association and the Korean Women Writers’ Association, as well as a member of the International PEN Korea Center.

That Letter I Don’t Write 

A bridge of words that never crosses the river, 

White sheets stored in drawers of silence, 

Ink frozen in the heart of the pen, 

A message that sails between 

what is said and what is felt. 

Memories folded like old paper, 

Voices that whisper in each empty line, 

Distance, an ocean without ships, 

Hands that imagine what the envelope will look like. 

Phrases that are born and die in the throat, 

Time that is written on invisible margins, 

Feelings, stones that sink into the soul, 

A letter, a tree that grows where there is no soil. 

Eyes that weep letters that never form, 

An embrace that travels in each written sigh, 

Truth that waits on the threshold of the page, 

Words that sleep in the pocket of memory. 

GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution’s Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet in the Educational and Social Relations Division of the UNACCC South America – Argentina Chapter.