The Role of Phytochemical Components in the Therapy of Liver Diseases and Uterine Fibroids and Their Organic Chemical Classification

Senior Lecturer of the Department of Medical and Biological Chemistry

Fergana Public Health Medical Institute

Rozia Mamadaliyevna Nazirtashova

Second-Year Pharmacy Student

Merojxon Ahliddin qizi Majidova

Abstract

This article explores the biological and chemical interrelations of phytotherapy in the treatment of liver pathologies and hormone-dependent benign tumors, particularly uterine fibroids. The study mainly focuses on the chemical structures, stereochemistry, isomerism, and mechanisms of action of biologically active organic compounds such as flavonolignans, glycosides, and alkaloids found in medicinal plants including Silybum marianum, Rhodiola quadrifida, and Chelidonium majus.

Keywords: Silybum marianum, Rhodiola quadrifida, Chelidonium majus, silybin diastereomers, flavonolignans, phenylethanoid glycosides, chelidonine alkaloid, estrogen metabolism, hepatoprotective activity, uterine fibroids, phytochemical analysis, stereochemistry.

Introduction

In the human body, gynecological homeostasis and hepatobiliary system functions are closely interconnected. Liver cells (hepatocytes) perform the detoxification and utilization of excess steroid hormones, especially estrogen, which is considered the main stimulator in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. When liver function deteriorates or hepatocyte membranes are damaged, the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous hormones becomes impaired. As a result, the concentration of free estrogen in blood plasma increases, contributing to the enlargement of uterine fibroids, which are hormone-dependent tumors. Therefore, the use of phytochemical compounds promoting liver regeneration indirectly provides significant therapeutic benefits in fibroid therapy.

Main Part

Medicinal Plants Used in Liver Diseases

Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) — Silymarin Complex

The active extract isolated from Silybum marianum fruits, known as Silymarin, is a polyphenolic compound belonging to the flavonolignan class. The most active component of silymarin is Silibinin (Silybin), with the molecular formula C25H22O10 and molecular weight of 482.441 g/mol. It naturally occurs as an equimolar mixture of two diastereomers: Silybin A and Silybin B. Their molecular difference lies in the spatial configuration of hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) and phenyl groups at chiral centers.

Silymarin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is widely used to protect liver cells from toxins and to support treatment of liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. It reduces damage caused by toxins, medications, and free radicals, stimulates protein synthesis in hepatocytes, and enhances liver regeneration. Silymarin is commonly prescribed as supportive therapy in chronic hepatitis and alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Typical dosage ranges from 100 to 300 mg daily.

Regioisomers

The extract also contains regioisomers such as Isosilybin A and Isosilybin B, Silychristin containing a benzofuran heterocyclic ring, and Silydianin characterized by a bicyclic ketone system. The biosynthetic precursor of these compounds is the flavanonol Taxifolin (C15H12O7).

For liver protection and профилактика, recommended doses are 140–280 mg/day. In chronic hepatitis and steatosis, 140 mg two or three times daily is administered. In Amanita phalloides poisoning, intravenous doses of 20–30 mg/kg/day are used to block amanitin uptake into hepatocytes.

Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) — Hypericin

Hypericin is a polycyclic aromatic compound derived from anthraquinone with the molecular formula C30H16O8. Due to its highly conjugated pi-electron system, it demonstrates anti-inflammatory and strong photodynamic activity. It reduces bile stasis in the gallbladder and hepatic ducts.

Hypericin exhibits significant biological activity:

– Antidepressant effects by inhibiting reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine;

– Antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including HIV and cytomegalovirus;

– Photodynamic activation under light exposure, producing reactive oxygen species capable of destroying cancer cells.

Because of its photosensitizing effects, hypericin may increase skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, causing burns or rashes.

Medicinal Plants Used in Uterine Fibroid Therapy

Rhodiola quadrifida (Red Brush) — Salidroside, Phenylethanoid Glycoside

Molecular formula: C14H20O7. The molecule consists of glucose and p-tyrosol (aglycone) linked via a beta-glycosidic bond.

Salidroside possesses adaptogenic properties and stabilizes estrogen and progesterone balance. Since uterine fibroids are hormone-dependent tumors, chronic stress may disrupt hormonal balance and accelerate fibroid growth. Salidroside reduces cortisol levels and helps normalize hormonal status.

Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects reduce oxidative stress and pathological fibrosis in uterine tissues. In vitro studies indicate that salidroside can suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of gynecological tumor cells. However, sufficient clinical evidence confirming its effectiveness in shrinking uterine fibroids in humans is still lacking.

Chelidonium majus (Greater Celandine) — Chelidonine

Chelidonine belongs to the benzophenanthridine alkaloid group with the molecular formula C20H19NO5. Due to the presence of a tertiary amine group, it forms salts with acids and exhibits high toxicity.

Chelidonine demonstrates cytostatic activity by inhibiting mitosis, thereby suppressing hyperplasia and proliferation of fibroid tissues. However, unsupervised use may result in hepatotoxicity.

Chemical Basis of Antioxidant Mechanisms

The hepatoprotective effects of polyphenolic compounds such as silymarin and hypericin are associated with the hydrogen-donating ability of their phenolic hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Free radicals damaging liver tissue react with phytochemical antioxidants according to the following mechanism:

Ar-OH + R• → Ar-O• + RH

Table of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Compounds

Plant Name| Active Compound| Chemical Class| Molecular Formula| Main Function

Silybum marianum| Silibinin (A and B)| Flavonolignan| C25H22O10| Restoration of hepatocyte membranes

Hypericum perforatum| Hypericin| Anthraquinone derivative| C30H16O8| Choleretic and anti-inflammatory effect

Rhodiola quadrifida| Salidroside| Phenylethanoid glycoside| C14H20O7| Modulation of estrogen/progesterone balance

Chelidonium majus| Chelidonine| Benzophenanthridine alkaloid| C20H19NO5| Cytostatic inhibition of tumor growth

Conclusion

This study presents new scientific perspectives on understanding the pathogenetic relationship between liver diseases and uterine fibroids based on principles of organic chemistry and modern phytopharmacology. The findings indicate that the functional state of the hepatobiliary system plays a crucial role in regulating hormonal homeostasis, particularly estrogen metabolism.

Diastereomers and regioisomers of silibinin found in Silybum marianum stabilize hepatocyte membranes and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby enhancing detoxification capacity and indirectly reducing hormonal imbalance that stimulates fibroid growth.

At the same time, glycosides of Rhodiola quadrifida and alkaloids of Chelidonium majus exhibit selective cytostatic and adaptogenic effects on fibroid tissue proliferation. Nevertheless, the high biological activity of phytochemical substances and the hepatotoxic risk associated with compounds such as chelidonine require careful medical supervision during phytotherapy.

Considering the potential negative effects of phytoestrogen-containing plants in patients with uterine fibroids, phytotherapy should not be regarded as an independent treatment method but rather as a supportive synergistic approach complementing standard clinical therapy under physician supervision.

Future studies focusing on the molecular mechanisms of natural polyphenols and alkaloids may contribute to the development of new safe therapeutic agents at the intersection of gynecology and hepatology.

Interpretation of the Female Image in the Works of Cho‘lpon and Hamza 

Hamida Nazarova Teacher of Uzbek Language and Literature Scientific Supervisor: Normat Yo‘ldoshev 

If we look at the works of Abdulhamid Cho‘lpon, we can see the richness and diversity of his creativity. His depictions of nature and human emotions attract every reader deeply. Cho‘lpon wrote poems and stories about topics connected with every person’s life. His novel “Night and Day” and many other stories reflect important social and moral issues. 

Cho‘lpon especially described the difficult condition of Uzbek women of that period, the injustice and humiliation they faced, and society’s silence toward such oppression. In many of his works women are insulted, oppressed, and treated unfairly. Fathers often looked at their daughters as objects and sacrificed them for their own interests or reputation. This shows how tragic the condition of women was at that time. 

One of the brightest examples is the novel “Night and Day.” In this work Cho‘lpon truthfully portrays characters such as the innocent and simple Zebi and Qurvonbibi, whose life passes in darkness because of ignorance and oppression. 

Zebi is an Uzbek girl who completely submits herself to the environment around her. The writer presents her naturally, without exaggeration. Like Qurvonbibi, she spends her whole life within four walls. Although she has no education or special knowledge, her innocence and simplicity make the reader admire her. 

Throughout the novel Zebi experiences many hardships. Fate punishes her mercilessly for crimes she never committed. However, despite all the suffering, her inner purity and moral beauty never change. In many literary works heroes grow and change over time, but Zebi remains the same innocent and sincere girl from beginning to end. Her suffering only increases, yet her spiritual beauty becomes even stronger. 

When imagining Zebi, one sees a modest, innocent, and honorable Uzbek girl. She does not know deceit, trickery, or rebellion. She accepts injustice silently and represents the traditional image of an Uzbek woman of that era. 

During the same period Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy was also creating literary works. The themes in Cho‘lpon and Hamza’s works are very similar: criticism of ignorance, encouragement of enlightenment, and love for the nation and homeland. While Cho‘lpon described the suffering of oppressed women, Hamza encouraged women to become educated and enlightened, to free themselves from ignorance and darkness. 

In his poems Hamza wrote: 

“The time has come to reveal yourself, Break your chains and scatter them everywhere.” In the novel “New Happiness” he encourages people to seek knowledge and education:

“Study and gain knowledge, Drink from the fountain of enlightenment, Free your tongue from ignorance, Live with concern for your nation.” 

In Cho‘lpon’s works women suffer physically and spiritually, while in Hamza’s works women struggle for their freedom and dignity. In the drama “Poisonous Life or Victims of Love,” the heroine Maryam refuses to accept injustice and even chooses death instead of surrendering to oppression. 

Maryam and Mahmud are educated young people who dream of bringing enlightenment to society. Maryam especially believes that women and men together should guide the nation from darkness toward light. However, the conservative environment destroys their dreams, and in the end they sacrifice themselves as a form of protest against the unjust system. 

Cho‘lpon’s stories such as “Tulip in the Snow,” “Breakfast,” “The Baker’s Daughter,” and “In Moonlit Nights” also reveal the patience, sincerity, and simplicity of Uzbek women. In “Tulip in the Snow,” the fate of the young girl Sharofatxon resembles the tragic fate of Maryam. She is forced to marry an old religious leader against her will. 

Unlike Maryam, Sharofatxon does not resist injustice. She obeys her parents and submits to destiny. This difference can be explained by education and awareness. Maryam becomes educated and develops her worldview, while Sharofatxon remains powerless because of ignorance and lack of opportunity. 

The title “Tulip in the Snow” itself carries symbolic meaning. The tulip symbolizes a young girl in the spring of her life, while snow symbolizes coldness, old age, and tragedy. The story criticizes a society in which young girls are sacrificed to old men in the name of tradition and blind respect. 

The image of the old Eshon creates strong anger in the reader. Even though he is very old, society praises him when he takes the young bride. This demonstrates the deep ignorance and injustice of that period. 

A father giving away his daughter like an object naturally creates hatred toward such behavior. Girls, just like boys, have the right to happiness, freedom, and a meaningful life. The reason for such oppression was ignorance and lack of education. 

Education and morality play an important role in human life. An educated person can resist cruelty and protect oppressed people. Unfortunately, in the past many people had no opportunity to receive education, while wealthy people spent their money on pleasure instead of knowledge. Ignorance brought selfishness, cruelty, and indifference, which became the main causes of women’s suffering. 

References: 1. Qosimov B., Yusupov Sh., Dolimov U., Rizayev Sh., Ahmedov S. Uzbek Literature of the National Awakening Period. 2. Sultonxo‘jayeva Sh. The Skill of Creating Characters in Cho‘lpon’s Stories. 3. Haqqul Ibrohim. Two Articles about Cho‘lpon. 4. Cho‘lpon A. Night and Day. 5. Niyoziy H. Poems for Uzbek Women. 6. Niyoziy H. Poisonous Life or Victims of Love. 7. Niyoziy H. New Happiness.

The Magician Wears a Hat

The magician, who cut off a rhinoceros’s horn and wore it on his head,

Borrowed a penguin’s wings to caress the texture of a green apple.

Click, he opens the door to the heart and steps inside.

Cut in half the time you have experienced and tap on its flank.

Dress each and every seed with imagination.

Lift the shade, as if invisible hours are opening their eyes one by one.

Pay heed to the mesmerizing silhouette from behind, and the tears in between.

The desert wind blows in, carving away the walls of the mind.

An occasional, unexpected intent—the hunger grows desperate.

Causing a stir at the center of life, the fallen apple’s shoulders tremble.

The magician secretly, stealthily covets

Dali’s art book hidden inside his hat.

On days when his neck stiffens from trying to soothe colliding tendons,

He stands Gala from the drawer upon a plate.

Shall we stir the hardening spring water with the rhinoceros’s horn?

Shall we borrow the magician’s hat and wear it for just ten months?

Who knows? On the first day of the New Year, in a major daily newspaper,

We might just read the smile of a ripe, red apple.

마술사는 모자를 쓰고

연명지

코뿔소의 뿔을 잘라 머리에 쓴 마술사

펭귄의 날개를 빌려와 풋 사과의 결을 매만지다

딸깍, 심장의 문을 열고 들어가

경험한 시간의 반을 잘라 측면을 두드려보세요

씨앗 하나 하나에 상상력을 입혀주세요

보이지 않는 시간이 하나 둘 눈 뜨듯이 그늘을 들어 올리세요

매혹적인 뒷태와 사이의 눈물에 유념하세요

사막의 바람이 불어와 마음의 벽을 깎아낸다

간간이 허를 찌르는 의도, 허기가 간절해진다

삶의 중심에서 소동을 부리다 떨어진 사과의 어깨가 떨린다

마술사는 몰래몰래 모자안에 숨겨논

달리의 화집에 눈독을 들여요

충돌하는 힘줄들을 말리느라 뒷골이 당기는 날에는

서랍 속 갈라를 접시위에 세우지요

코뿔소의 뿔로 굳어가는 샘물을 저어볼까요

마술사의 모자를 빌려와 열 달만 써볼까요

혹시 알아요 신년 첫날 중앙 일간지에

빨갛게 익은 사과의 미소를 읽을 수도

Profile

Poet Yeon Myeong-ji began her literary career in 2013 with the poetry collection 『Gashibi』, published in the Minerva Poetry Series.

Her published works include the poetry collections 『Sitting Like an Apple』 and 『Where would the House of the Sorry’ be? 』 the e-poetry collection 『Seventeen Marco Polos,』 and the travel essay 『Step by Step, Walking the Camino.』

She has received the Tolstoy Literary Award, the Homi Literary Award, the Cheongsong Gaekju Literary Award, and the Aviation Literary Award. In 2025, she was awarded the Bronze Prize in Poetry at the Literature Asia Awards.

Her poems have been translated and published in local languages in India, Pakistan, Kosovo, Italy, Egypt, the United States, and Belgium, Greece, UK, and Iraq.

MEMORIAL DAY 2026

I’ll feed you, house you, offer you a job—
but die for you? Give up my life? No way!
Who goes that far? Who sacrifices life?
Well, Jesus did. We thank him when we pray.

And one more category—saints or fools—
who put their bodies in the line of fire:
our military troops, young girls and boys
who fight our battles, hoping to retire

and live out normal lives-- with grandkids, peace,
and future, just like all the rest of us. 
Instead, they’re killed.  Statistics of a war
that weighs its gains against “acceptable loss.”

Yet those who die for causes simply trust
that martyrdom will make life’s wrongs more just.

Copyright 5/2026	Patricia Doyne


ODORS FROM THE EPSTEIN FILES
     Trump watched as girl’s newborn was murdered and dumped in lake, Epstein document says. – LGBTQ Nation, May 21, 2026

I’m 13, but I’ve never been a child.
My uncle Jeffrey sold me to his friends,
and someone got me pregnant.  Many men
made use of me. They liked their victims young.
Compliant. Scared. Too scared to sneer or shame
grown men who bully children. Hateful men.

And now, nine months are up. I’m racked with pain--
but soon my daughter gives triumphant cries.
My uncle grabs her. Kills her. Dumps my child
Into Lake Michigan, to be erased.
Another man looks on. “Apprentice” star.
He watched my uncle kill my newborn baby.

The FBI did nothing.  I’m a whore,
and whores are things, not people. But my tale
is part of the enormous Epstein file
released today. The head of DOJ
said no one should believe my nasty smear.
Will POTUS lawyers keep him in the clear?

Copyright 5/2026             Patricia Doyne

Methods of Developing Linguistic Skills in Grades 5–6

Introduction

In modern language education, one of the primary objectives is to develop students’ linguistic competence, enabling them to understand language structures and use them effectively in communication. Grades 5–6 represent a crucial stage in this process, as students begin to acquire systematic knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. Developing linguistic skills at this level not only enhances language proficiency but also strengthens critical thinking, communication abilities, and overall academic performance. Therefore, teachers should employ innovative and effective methods to facilitate the formation of linguistic skills among learners.

Main Part

The Concept of Linguistic Skills

Linguistic skills refer to a learner’s ability to recognize, analyze, interpret, and appropriately use language units in both oral and written communication. These skills are developed through the integration of theoretical linguistic knowledge and practical language activities.

Methods of Developing Linguistic Skills

1. Analytical Exercises

Analytical exercises encourage students to examine language structures and identify their functions. Activities such as classifying parts of speech, analyzing sentence structures, and identifying grammatical patterns help students understand the nature of language and improve their analytical thinking.

2. Problem-Based Learning

Problem-based learning engages students in discovering language rules through inquiry and investigation. Teachers present linguistic problems or questions, and students work collaboratively to find solutions. This approach promotes independent thinking and deeper understanding of language concepts.

3. Interactive Teaching Methods

Interactive methods such as brainstorming, clustering, role-playing, concept mapping, and group discussions increase student participation and motivation. These techniques encourage active learning and help students apply linguistic knowledge in meaningful contexts.

4. Text-Based Learning

Working with texts is one of the most effective ways to develop linguistic skills. Students analyze vocabulary, grammar, and stylistic features within authentic texts. They also practice summarizing, retelling, and interpreting texts, which enhances both comprehension and language production skills.

5. Educational Games

Considering the age characteristics of 5–6-grade students, educational games play an important role in language learning. Activities such as word-building games, language competitions, puzzles, and vocabulary challenges make learning enjoyable while reinforcing linguistic concepts and skills.

6. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

The integration of digital technologies, multimedia presentations, online quizzes, and educational applications creates an engaging learning environment. ICT tools provide interactive opportunities for practicing linguistic concepts and support individualized learning experiences.

Assessment of Linguistic Skills

The assessment of linguistic skills should include various forms such as written assignments, oral presentations, tests, projects, and classroom participation. Effective assessment enables teachers to evaluate students’ ability to apply linguistic knowledge in practical situations and identify areas requiring further development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, developing linguistic skills in Grades 5–6 is an essential component of language education. The effective use of analytical exercises, problem-based learning, interactive methods, text-based activities, educational games, and information and communication technologies contributes significantly to students’ linguistic competence. These methods help learners acquire a deeper understanding of language structures, improve communication skills, and foster independent and critical thinking. As a result, students become more confident and proficient users of language, which supports their academic and personal growth.

About the Author

G‘iyosova Mohinur Yoqubjon qizi was born on June 16, 2001, in Namangan city, Namangan region, Uzbekistan. She completed her secondary education at School No. 1 in Namangan city. Later, she graduated from the Uzbek Language Department of Andijan State University, where she gained a strong academic foundation in linguistics and language teaching.

Currently, she is a second-year master’s student at Namangan State Pedagogical Institute, pursuing advanced studies in the field of education and language teaching. Her academic interests include modern teaching methodologies, linguistic competence development, language education, and innovative approaches to improving students’ communicative skills.

As a young researcher, Mohinur G‘iyosova actively participates in scientific and educational activities, contributing to the advancement of language teaching practices and pedagogical research. She is dedicated to exploring effective methods that enhance students’ learning outcomes and foster their intellectual development.

PEACE IN THE WORLD

I wonder when peace will dawn upon the world,

so that even flower petals may freely live upon their bloom,

so that children may have their childhood,

and enjoy the embrace of their mothers.

When will hatred among people cease,

when will one person stop taking freedom from another,

why do all these divisions exist,

wouldn’t we all be better without them?

Every day, boats of pain sail across the world,

the sound of sirens destroying hopes, wishes, and dreams,

wars have never brought good to anyone,

so why are they still so close to us?

I call upon all the people of the world,

do not make each other targets,

share love, freedom, and peace,

let every touch reflect love.

Wars bring only darkness,

they take away happiness, joy, and all that is good,

heavy sounds tear through our ears,

because sick minds rule this world.

Why sow the seeds of evil,

instead of love, which we need so much,

let children have their freedom,

for your wars do not concern them.

So many tears have been shed because of cursed war,

will it ever stop?

Will peace finally take its rightful place…

People, be human,

do not close your hearts, nor your eyes.

Live for peace, leave evil behind,

let the sun shine upon us all,

let the clouds of pain finally disappear,

because we all want only one thing: our freedom.

 Danijela Ćuk

 Croatia