In today’s developing society, we can see that people’s aspirations for the education system are growing, not only in our country, but also in many countries around the world, attitudes to all types of systems are changing.
In the context of increasing globalization and fierce competition in the world economy, it is important for a person to receive lifelong learning, not just education, for today’s life. After all, the future development of the country is closely linked with the achievements in this area.
Nowadays, a number of reforms are being carried out in the education system of the Republic. A number of measures are being taken in the system of continuing education in our country on the basis of the decision of December 10, 2012 on measures to further improve the system of learning foreign languages PQ-1875. In this direction, by Resolution No. 124 of May 8, 2013, the SES (State Education Standards) on foreign languages in the system of continuing education was adopted and the A-1 starting level of learning foreign language for primary grades was established.
Nowadays, these guides have found their own place. Our government is taking such measures to teach our students foreign languages, so are the foreign language teachers ready for the process? To be ready for this process, the teacher oneself must have perfect knowledge, skills and abilities in all aspects.
Today’s modern teacher is required to achieve three main goals in education: pedagogical, educational and developmental.
Today’s teacher will need to use a variety of methods and interactive methods throughout the lesson, depending on the purpose of the lesson. According to the decision of PQ -1875 dated December 10, 2012. Foreign languages are taught to students in general education schools of the Republic, for example, from the 1st grade. In the 1st grade, thinking and arguing are carried out mainly on the basis of oral speech. Writing, listening and reading skills are practiced in 2nd grade.
Can foreign language teachers achieve the goals set above? For this, first of all, they need pedagogical, psychological knowledge, skills and abilities. Alternatively, a foreign language teacher can teach students by comparing a foreign language only if he or she is fluent in his or her native language. Nowadays, it is important for a teacher to have the necessary competencies.
What is competence?
Competence is a competency formed in each teacher on the basis of acquired knowledge, skills and competencies. First of all, it should be noted that the main purpose of teaching a foreign language at all stages of education in the Republic of Uzbekistan is to form a communicative connection of a foreign language for learners to work in a multidisciplinary society in everyday scientific professions.
Today’s foreign language teacher needs to have the following language-related communications in order to communicate with students.
1 Linguistic competence (phonetics, vocabulary, grammar of the teacher’s language) is considered to be perfect knowledge, listening, reading and writing skills.
Sociolinguistic competence allows the speaker to choose the method of expression of the desired linguistic form based on a particular speech situation, communicative purpose, and desire.
2 Sociolinguistic competence encompasses the social and cultural context in which language is taught to students by comparing the customs and values, rituals of the country in which they live.
3 Pragmatic competence refers to the ability to repeat and ask when there are misunderstandings in a communicative situation in a foreign language being studied, and to get out of complex situations through hoaxes. The fact that we use many pedagogical technologies in the process of continuing education in our modern life, depending on the content of education, also requires competencies from the teacher. We need to provide more methodological support to today’s young professionals, namely, mainly students. Establishing a teacher-student relationship is a requirement of this period. We recommend teachers to young professionals to learn more pedagogical and psychological sciences perfectly to work with primary school students. Because working with younger students requires perseverance and dedication.
In order to achieve effective teaching, a foreign language teacher is required to set the following requirements.
1 A foreign language teacher must know one`s specialty perfectly on the basis of SES (State Education Standards).
2 Treat your student as a spiritually mature, noble, mentally gifted person.
3 A foreign language teacher should know perfectly about the pedagogical and psychological characteristics of primary school students.
One of the main qualities of a modern teacher is one`s devotion to their profession, his/her faith in love of the profession distinguishes from other professionals. To sum up, a teacher who loves children, dedicated the pedagogical mastery of all his/her strength, knowledge to educating the next generation is a true teacher.
Author: Madina Fayzullaeva, a master’s student in the faculty Pedagogy of Chirchik State of Pedagogical University
Before starting to talk about knowledge and its essence, if we learn about the person who acquires knowledge, acquires it, and uses it for his own interests, and its essence, it will be an excellent light upon light.
As long as there is a person in this bright world, his existence is made up of body and soul. Everyone lives within the bounties of these two elements. Physical blessings include good health, good food, beautiful clothes, and a comfortable life, and these blessings are given equally to all servants. Spiritual or spiritual blessings consist of positive qualities such as faith, morals, honesty and integrity, and these blessings are given only to the servants who have received the grace of Allah. And the only means that can lead us to this grace is knowledge based on real foundation.
In the dictionary, the word “science” means “to know, to understand, to form an understanding, to know the truth and essence of something”. That is why Islamic scholars defined science as “knowledge is the perception of truth as it is in reality.” This means that the received information can be considered true knowledge only if it correctly conveys the true essence of something, if it is useful for the world and the hereafter. The career of science is the best of careers. That’s why it is necessary to be in the prime of learning from a young age. Science is a torch that leads to happiness, and its place in people’s lives is extremely large. It was not for nothing that our wise people said, “From the cradle to the grave, one must seek knowledge.” When a person comes into the world, he begins to learn something from the people around him from infancy. As he grows up, these sciences accompany him and help him solve his problems. Knowledge taken from the heart will never leave a person, even if wealth and luck are lost.
Knowledge is a priceless treasure. Sometimes it seems easy to achieve, and sometimes it is very difficult. Sometimes it can be achieved in a short period of time, and sometimes its acquisition requires a longer period of time, patience and satisfaction from us. But we must not forget one thing, that is, a person can achieve wealth and knowledge by himself, but if a person protects the world of wealth, then knowledge protects the person. That is why science is considered our incomparable wealth. With this wealth, a person will be among the valuable ones in any place, at any time, in any situation. The reason is that knowledge takes a person from the abyss to the peak. Science makes a person valuable. Science makes a person as useful and useful as a fruit tree. A person without knowledge is like a tree without fruit. So, one should always strive to be in the ranks of scholars. Always try to gain knowledge and use it for good. The reason is that science is such a great power that there is no problem that it cannot solve. The path illuminated by the light of wisdom guides mankind to guidance and peace. He is a bright light.
A bright light that leads us from winter to light, illuminates our dark nights like moonlight. That’s why we should sincerely strive for knowledge. Ignorance does not suitable for us, the youth of a great country like us. Ignorance does not suit the generations of great ancestors. Ignorance is the root of all evil. A person without knowledge has done himself the greatest harm. An ignorant person is no different than a sack that cannot stand. Grandfather Saadi compares ignorance to the storm of war. Loud and empty inside. A mental chest that is not filled with beautiful concepts and treasures of knowledge is filled with useless and harmful things.
Now think about how you want to be? Is it a priceless treasure that is necessary and valuable for everyone, or is it an empty treasure chest without knowledge? It is true that not everyone can be equally knowledgeable, but you should not give up either. Ignorance is not a sin, not wanting to learn is a sin. Ibn Mas’ud says that knowing what one does not know is also knowledge. Because when a person knows what he does not know, he seeks to learn. It is not necessary to wait for a certain time to get knowledge, or knowledge is not only acquired at school or high school. A person strives for it only if he really wants it. However, learning has no age, no time, and no place. At any age, at any place, at any time, knowledge is learned, knowledge is the greatest investment, at any age, at any place and at any time, a person wants to increase his investment. Educate yourself with knowledge. Maybe you will face problems. You will go through some difficulties, maybe you will be disappointed, maybe luck will turn away from you, but do not forget: Everything of value is not easily acquired.
So don’t be left behind in the never-ending journey called science. Even if you are tired and have no energy left, go for it. After all, one day these difficulties will end and the doors of luck and happiness will open for you. You will become a desirable and valuable person everywhere and at any time. Therefore, never stop learning and achieving it! After all, while learning, you are laying the foundation for your bright future.
STILL STRANGERS:
EROS
IN EROSION
After years
of wear, she would sew
with those sharp dead
beads, new thoughts
into the threadbare pattern of memory,
and he solder
his older, darker, thoughts into place….
… Long ago…
they learned to slaughter
their eager laughter and tear
their deepest tears out of each’s other,
they taught themselves to utilize their exquisite words
like hamhamhammers and broadswords--
then, their mutual wounds
they wound all about their lives like poison ivy.
(Each just one more bothersome
clone to the other…)
But
There had been a time
, once,
before the tiny
mutiny,
when they were still strangers
to anger,
when they could lie naked,
sun-baked upon the jurassic sands
or beside the slow hearth,
unearthing new treasures from their together,
when, in some safe
cafe, their yes
-eyes could swallow entire
their sweet menus
of Venus
and for many an hour
pour their love
from lip to mouth like milk from a pitcher to a glass.
But that time passed…
Strangely
angel-like, two
naif
waifs
blown
down,
unable to unwind all the ivy accumulation
in a rugged wind – they just
shrugged, unable to face down
the demons of their facetious selves.
(This is not simply
to imply that they weren’t determined.
But, over time, stubborn assiduity becomes undermined,
especially when connubial cement lacks
reinforcement.
So, by fragile grapevines, over
tangled ravines,
the values they were hanging onto
kept changing.
They were unable to forge a structure anew
or to forget old collapse.
Neither the heights of their dear science nor
the weight of alerted conscience,
and not Keats, and certainly
not Yeats,
could keep the crevices in their isolate selves
from inventing the devices of their together’s undoing.)
Beached,
they discovered the sea:
inequal parts nausea and mystery.
MAGNIFYING GLASS
You are that lens
that focuses that passion
that assembles
that clearing conflagration.
Borders are kept
by habit, time, or treaty.
When virgin lands
are opened to new seeding
planters supplant
foragers, and old hunters
confront lightnings
to experience thunder.
Our species needs union for generation
but it splits to get searchlight approbation.
HER NAME IS JENNY AND MANY A MORN HAS SEEN HER FACE
:daybreaks are harlots all scarlet and huge with rouge and paste.
:some skies all rosy with hosiery (her limbs so prim, so chaste).
:some days hemorrhage like courage at our battleplace.
:other sunrises are sizes too large – whole yards of lace:
silk towns are pretty but cities of silk go wilt and waste.
(So like my Jenny: her any is much; her touch, embrace.)
(There is no middle. A little with her will work long ways.
:brown coffee mornings come pouring right up from cup to taste.
:all these sunrisings (dawn-icings) – like thieves, they leave no trace.
(So unlike Jenny:
so many a morn has worn her face, so many evenings.
Her leaving goes dim with flimsy haste.)
MONUMENT/MYTH
1. LA FONTAINE MÉDICIS, JARDIN DU LUXEMBOURG
You stroke the stonework
when you come upon the cyclops
and, so, I fountain.
2. ACIS
The bent bronze was crouched.
Your love urged blood into water
and so I fountained.
LOVERS PREFER ROMANCE BECAUSE
poets seek to explore “la mer’
while disregarding the isthmus
and when ‘st-stanzas st-stutter
they p-pretend ma-melisma.
TO AZERBAIJAN THE ONE WHICH IS MY LONGING...
Once upon a time, that was when I was going to primary school, I used to listen to my grandmother with all my heart while she was talking about Azerbaijan, and while I was listening, there were movements and excitements that I couldn't understand, I was experiencing emotional moments. Years later, I realized that this was called longing for Azerbaijan, and I still feel the pain of suffering this longing for years in my heart. It is an unforgettable and indescribable feeling for me. I was daydreaming and wondering if one day my longing for the homeland called Azerbaijan would end.
As I reached Kemal's age and read books on the subject, this incredible longing, this circle of passionate longing was getting bigger and bigger. I kept thinking about Azerbaijan. I was reading whatever I could and adding to my knowledge, I think it was the early eighties, I came across a Turkish literature magazine, the poems of the great Azerbaijani poet Nebi Hezri were published in the magazine. I read his poems with pleasure and wrote a detailed letter to Mr. Nebi Hezri. While writing the letter, I wondered if this great poet would reply to me. ? I was asking questions to myself. Finally, after two months of hopeless waiting, the answer to my letter came from Nebi Hezri. I was very, very excited. The following was written at the beginning of the letter, which I opened with my hands shaking.
Calling out and rejoicing in the earth,
How many times have I seen a flood in my life?
Even if you don't see me once,
I have always seen you in my heart.
This beautiful poem, written especially for me by that great poet, touched me very much and literally made me cry. From that moment on, my longing for Azerbaijan continued to increase unlimitedly. When the date came to 20-01-1992, imperialist Russian tanks brutally attacked the elderly, women and children in Azerbaijan. It was committing the bloodiest massacre in history without any attention, the Western world was turning a deaf ear to what was happening and was shamelessly watching the events. On this occasion, Azerbaijan became my wounded heart, my heart was about to stop. We were trying to keep the events on the agenda by protesting the terrible massacre committed by the imperialists by holding meetings condemning the terrible massacre committed by the imperialists every day, but the longing was still continuing at full speed.
Time passed quickly and Azerbaijan became independent by paying a bloody price. I went to Azerbaijan and hugged and longed for them. They welcomed my humble person with great magnificence. In the eighties, I was trying to satisfy my longing for years by corresponding with friends I knew in absentia, but my longing did not end, it still continued to increase. I couldn't control my tears of happiness. My friends who saw my tears also started to cry. Tears of longing and joy were flowing like a flood. They were competing with each other to take my humble person as a guest. My dear friend Edalet Guliyev immediately arranged a television program. We made a one and a half hour chat program. In the program, questions about Turkey were asked and I answered. When we finished the program and went to the market, people who knew me from the television screen approached me to meet my humble person and asked me if I was a Turk, I replied that we were all Turks, so the sincerity between us continued to increase. They visited a few newspaper offices and interviewed me, asking questions about Turkey. They immortalized our pictures and gifted them to life.
The next day, I see my pictures and interviews with me in the newspapers, I get emotional, and I almost cry, I think to myself that this is what it is like to quench my longing, and we go to the martyrs' paradise, we recite fatihas to the souls of the martyrs, thus the road to Azerbaijan has been opened, and these visits continue from time to time. I was very happy to have my poems published in the Anthology titled "VOLUMES OPENING TO TURANA" published by Aybeniz Gafarlı and Gabil Adalet, and considering the point we have reached, I cannot help but say, FROM WHERE TO WHERE?...
Medina
Today Medina is summoning me,
My heart is filled with joy and pleasure
There is real treasure in it,
Good luck going to Kaba.
Today Medina is summoning me,
My heart is filled with the light of faith.
I set out today,
I want to be like an angel.
Today Medina is summoning me,
I thanked God.
My dream is to be a singer of Koran
I begged Arshi in a whisper.
Today Medina is summoning me,
Delivered, blessed Kaba,
I bowed again in silence,
I thanked God.
Nosirova Gavhar was born on August 16, 2000 in the city of Shahrisabz, Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan. Today, she is a third-year student of the Faculty of Philology of the Samarkand State University of Uzbekistan. Being a lover of literature, she is engaged in writing stories and poems. Her creative works have been published in Uzbek and English. In addition, she is a member of «All India Council for Development of Technical Skills», «Juntos por las letras» of Argentina, «2DSA Global Community». Winner of the «Korabl znaniy» and «Talenty Rossii» contests, holder of the international C1 level in the Russian language, Global Education ambassador of Wisdom University and global coordinator of the Iqra Foundation in Uzbekistan. «Magic pen holders» talented young group of Uzbekistan, «Kayva Kishor», «Friendship of people», «Raven Cage», «The Daily Global Nation», Argentina's «Multi Art-6», Kenya&;s «Serenity: A compilation of art and literature by women» contains creative works in the magazine and anthology of poets and writers.
Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Phd),
Department of Zoology, Termez Staty University, Termez, Uzbekistan
Mamarajabova Matluba Tilakovna
Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Termez Staty University, Termez, Uzbekistan
Saidova Elmira Anvarovna
Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Termez Staty University, Termez, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT:
The article provides data on the distribution of phytonematodes by representatives of the order Tylenchida (Filipjev, 1934) Thorne, 1949 in the apple orchards of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan. As a result of the study, 28 species of phytonematodes were identified in the root system and root soil of apple plants. During the research, species dominated Filenchus filiformis, Psilenchus hilarulus, Ditylenchus intermedius, D.myceliophagus, D.triformis,Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus, Bitylenchus dubius, Quinisulcius capitatus, Merlnius brevidens, Rotylenchus robustus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H.erythrinae, Pratylenchus pratensis, Paratylenchus hamatus and Ditylenchus dipsaci.
KEYWORDS: Phytonematodes, apple orchards, order Tylenchida, root system, rhizosphere, phytohelminths of nonspecific pathogenic effect, phytohelminths of specific pathogenic effect.
INTRODUCTION: Phytoparasitic nematodes among parasites and pests of wild and cultivated plants are not the last in nature. The Tylenchida order occupies a special place in the phytohelminthology system, since it contains the central and most important group of phytonematodes, represented by typical phytohelminths: pathogenic forms that cause plant diseases -phytohelminthiasis.
When studying some crops and their nematological fauna, it turns out that yield losses are determined not only by the harmful activity of the “stylet nematodes” of the tylenchid order. The forms of this group of nematodes are also involved in the processes of saprobiotic decay and expand, the volume of the affected areas of plant tissue as a result of vigorous inoculating function [9, 446 p.]. On the territory of Uzbekistan, in particular the Surkhandarya region phytonematodes of apple orchards were studied by E.T.Turaev, T.S. Skarbilovich [1, pp. 58-61.], Sh.Kh. Khurramov, E.T. Turaev [2, p. 115-124.].
MATERIALS: To study the distribution in apple orchards of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan in the period from 2020 to 2021. We collected phytonematodes from the root soil and root system of plants in shirkat farms from the territory of the Surkhandarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The studies were carried out by the generally accepted route method [9, 446 p.]. During the phytohelminthological study, 700 samples of soil and root system of apple plants were collected and analyzed.
METHODS: Phytonematodes were removed by the Berman funnel method and fixed with a 4% formalin solution. Enlightenment of nematodes was carried out in a mixture of glycerin with alcohol (1: 3), and permanent preparations on glycerin were prepared for in-office processing of the material according to the Seinhorst method [10, P. 67-69.]. Soil samples for the presence of cysts forming nematodes were usually analyzed according to the standard Decker method [3, 445 p.].
The species composition of nematodes was studied under an MBR-3 microscope. To determine the species, we used morphometric indicators obtained according to the generally accepted De Man formula [4,104 p.] In its modification according to Micoletzky [6, 650p.]. The degree of dominance of phytonematodes in plant and soil samples was determined from the percentage state of individuals of certain species to the number of all detected by Witkowsky [5, – 53 p].
RESULTS: For the entire period of phytohelminthological studies of apple orchards on the territory of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan, representatives of the order Tylenchida, we identified 28 species of phytonematodes.Discovered species belonging to 3 suborders (Tylenchina, Criconematina, Hexatylina), 5 superfamilies (Tylenchoidea, Dolichodoroidea, Hoplolaimoidea, Criconematoidea, Anguinoidea), 7 families (Tylenchidae, Dolicilenidae, Dolichodoridae, Tylenchorhynchinae, Psilenchinae, Rotylenchinae, Rotylenchoidinae, Pratylenchinae, Paratylenchinae, Anguininae, Nothotylenchinae) and 14 genera (Tylenchus, Filenchus, Aglenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Bitylenchus, Quinisulcius, Merlnius,Psilenchus, Rotylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Ditylenchus, Nothotylenchus).
PHYTOHELMINTHS OF NONSPECIFIC PATHOGENIC EFFECT: In our material, they are represented by 11 species: Tylenchus davainei Bastian, 1865 was identified in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Saryassi, Muzrabad, Jarkurgan and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region. Filenchus filiformis (Butschli, 1873) Meyl, 1961 was registered in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Baysun, Denau, Sumkurgan, Saryassi, Termez, Muzrabad and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region. F.infirmus (Andrassy, 1952) Andrassy, 1976 was found in the rhizosphere of apple plants in the Angora and Termez districts of the Surkhandarya region. F.leptosoma (De Man, 1880) Andrassy, 1972 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Dzharkurgan, Bandykhan and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region.Aglenchus agricola (De Man, 1884) Meyl, 1961 was found in the rhizosphere of apple plants in the Jarkurgan, Termez and Muzrabad districts of the Surkhandarya region.
Psilenchus hilarulus De Man, 1921 found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Denau, Baysun, Kumkurgan, Muzrabad and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region.D.intermedius (De Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Uzun, Altynsai and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region.D.myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Altynsai, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan, Muzrabad,
Terme and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region.D.triformis Hirshmann et Sasser, 1955 was registered in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Jarkurgan, Bandykhan and Muzrabad districts of the Surkhandarya region.Nothotylenchus acris Thorne, 1941 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Jarkurgan, Termez, Saryassi and Muzrabad districts of the Surkhandarya region.N. exiguus Andrassy, 1958 was found in the rhizosphere of apple plants in the Angora, Dzharkurgan and Termez districts of the Surkhandarya region.
PHYTOHELMINTHS WITH A SPECIFIC PATHOGENIC EFFECT: In our research, they are represented by 17 species: Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb, 1913 was recorded in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Angora, Denau, Dzharkurgan and Termez districts of the Surkhandarya region.T.brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Baysun, Denau, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan, Muzrabad and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region Bitylenchus dubius (Butschli, 1873) Siddiqi, 1986 was registered in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Baysun, Denau, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan, Muzrabad and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region.
Quinisulcius capitatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Termez, Jarkurgan, Muzrabad and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region.Merlnius brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1975 was recorded in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Baysun, Denau, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan, Muzrabad and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region. Rotylenchus robustus (De Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1934 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Termez, Denau, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region.
Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Termez, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region.H.digonicus Perry, 1959 was recorded in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Termez, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region.H.erythrinae (Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 1956 found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Shurchinsky, Baysunsky, Altynsai, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Uzun, Bandykhan, Sherabad, Termez, Muzrabad and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region. H.multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Sherabad, Termez and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region.
H.pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Dzharkurgan, Termez and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region.Pratylenchus pratensis (De Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936 found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Baysun, Denau, Altynsai, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Bandykhan, Dzharkurgan, Termez, Muzrabad and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region.P.crenatus Loof, 1960 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Altynsai, Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan, Termez, Muzrabad and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region. P.penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev et Sch.
Stekchoven, 1941 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Kumkurgan, Dzharkurgan, Termez, Muzrabad and Angora districts of the Surkhandarya region. Paratylenchus bukowinensis Micoletzky, 1922 was identified in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in the Kumkurgan, Saryassi, Dzharkurgan, Termez and Angora regions of the Surkhandarya region. P.hamatus Thorne et Allen, 1950 was found in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Denau, Jarkurgan, Termez, Muzrabad and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 was recorded in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants in Denau, Altynsai, Saryassi, Uzun, Termez and Angora districts of Surkhandarya region.
DISCUSSIONS: During the studies carried out from phytohelminths of a nonspecific pathogenic effect, the species Filenchus filiformis, Psilenchus hilarulus, Ditylenchus intermedius, D.myceliophagus, D.triformis were identified in numerous specimens in the roots and rhizosphere of apple plants. Among phytohelminths with a specific pathogenic effect, the dominant species were Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus, Bitlenchus dubius, Quinisulcius capitatus, Merlnius brevidens, Rotylenchus robustus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H.erythrinae, Pratylenchus pratensis, Paratylenchus hamatus and Ditylenchus dipsaci.
CONCLUSION: For the entire period of phytohelminthological studies of apple orchards on the territory of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan, representatives of the order Tylenchida, we identified 28 species of phytonematodes (phytohelminths of nonspecific pathogenic effect-11 species, phytohelminths of specific pathogenic effect-17 species).
The results of the phytohelminthological study showed that phytonematodes of the order Tylenchida cause serious diseases in apple orchards in the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan and cause great economic damage to the productivity of these crops. Therefore, the study of the distribution and species composition, bioecological features and substantiation of measures to combat these pests is of great scientific and practical importance in the fruit growing of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
REFERENSES: 1) Тураев Э.Т., Скарбилович Т.О. Динамика фауны нематод яблони в Сурхандарьинской области Узбекистана. Бюл. ВИГИС, 1981.1/31. С. 58-61. 2) Хуррамов Ш.Х., Тураев Э.Т. К вопросу изучения нематод плодово-ягодных культур юга Узбекистана. Узбекский биологический журнал. 1978. С.115-124. 3) Dekker H. Nematodes of plants and the fight against them. – M. Kolos, 1972. 445 p. 4) De Man J.G. Die einheimischen, frei in der reinen erde und im siissen wasser Lebenden Nematoden. – Tijdschr // Nedrl. Dierk. Vereen, 1880. – V.5. – 104 p. 5) Witkowski T. Struktura zgrupowania nicieni zyjacych w glebie upraw rolniczych // Stud. Soc. Sci. Torum. 1966. T.8. – No.3. – 53 p. 6) Micoletzky G. Die freilebenden ErdNematoden, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Steiermark under Bukowina, zugleich mit einer Revision samtlicher nicht mariner, freilebender Nematoden in Farm von esenus– Beschreibungen und Bestimmungsschlusselh // Arch. Naturgesch. -1922. Ant. A. – Vol. 87. – 650 p. 7) Kiryanova E. S., Krall E. L. Parasitic nematodes of plants and measures to control them. – Moscow: Nauka, 1969. – Vol. 1. 447
Today, the Internet has opened the door of great opportunities to people. It depends on who uses it and how. We have such young people who use it effectively in the pursuit of their dreams and aspirations.one of our young people, Behruz Toshtemirov from Surkhandarya, has been constantly searching for creative young people like him, and has done exemplary work in order to introduce them on the “Jakhan” scale.
So far, more than 200 of Uzbekistan’s best creative examples have been placed on the Internet and print media, contributing to their promotion and growth at the world level. Behruz Toshtemirov is the winner of the “Active Researcher” badge as a result of his research. He works tirelessly to live up to that title. Uses available capabilities. and the results are happy. He is the author of books entitled “The Value of the Motherland”, published in 2022 by the publishing house of Uzbekistan, and “The Place of Theater in Life” published by the publishing house of the Russian Federation in 2023.In 2023, the American publishing house “Autumn Rain”, and in early 2024, the publishing house of the Russian Federation created the anthologies “Silver Winter Refreshment” and “The Artists I’m Looking For”.
Behruz Toshtemirov
It is noteworthy that all these works were collected online, edited and published using the Internet. A young artist is constantly on the move, constantly looking for new ideas. poems, scientific and artistic articles are constantly published in regional, regional, republican and international newspapers and magazines. By the way, Behruz Toshtemirov, the anthology “Creators I’m Looking For” recently selected, edited and printed with the help of Russian publishers includes samples of the creative works of 25 artists. Among them, there is a place for my biography with my picture and my story “Khazon”. Fortunately, the book is being posted on the Internet and sold. It is also planned to pay pen fees to the participating authors from the collected funds.
Right now, preparations are being made for the Jahanshumul pageant, which will be held in cooperation with Turkey, with such anthologies. I wish him great success in his endeavors…
