Previously published in Children, Churches and Daddies 

Kitten
 

"Cream of Wheat," said the young woman with a sigh, closing the menu and addressing her waitress.  It was 6 a.m. and Georgia had bustled into the Corner Diner, simply ravenous from a hard night's work.   She could have chosen to eat anything. but no, she still had a few pounds to lose, so she would be good.  It was very hard, however, and Georgia was in a constant struggle to contain her appetite; she loved to eat. 

 

As if scenting blood, the waitress asked, leaning in, "You want anything to go with that, Hon'?" 

 

Georgia thought hard for a moment, scowled, then said, "Yes!  Three eggs, over-easy, bacon, sausage, a breakfast steak and toast."  The more she thought of food the more she was compelled to order.  Okay, so she wasn't being so good.  "And a glass of orange juice, coffee, and a short stack," she added hastily.  Then she said, "do you have biscuits and gravy?"  The waitress just stared at her.  "Half order," said Georgia determinedly.

 

"Will there be anything else?" asked the waitress sardonically.

 

"Yes," said Georgia.  "Don't forget the hot sauce!"

 

"Wouldn't wanna do that, Hon'," the other woman assured her, then smiled and

flipped closed her order pad.

 

Georgia looked past the counter at which she sat and into the kitchen, in the rear

of the restaurant. There she spied what she supposed was the cook, a really tiny

woman with freckles and a red bandana wrapped round her dark hair.  She

appeared to be smoking a blunt.  Georgia was rather intrigued.

 

"Order up," snapped the waitress, ringing a bell and slipping order receipts under little spring-loaded hooks in front of he kitchen window.  "B & G, hamburger, chiliburger, three over-easy, breakfast steak, short stack, full stack and another

B & G..." 

 

Georgia could see the little cook roll her eyes as the waitress rattled on, then take the reefer from her mouth and next tackle preparing the food. The waitress returned, filling Georgia's coffee cup, said,

 

"Wanna donut?  They're free.  These are the old ones. They were fried last night, and we don't charge for them after 6 a.m."

 

"Sure," replied Georgia, still voraciously hungry.  She glanced at the waitress's

name tag, saw "Marj"  emblazoned on the plastic.  The ageless waitress ducked

her head into a display case and turned up a blueberry donut, served it on a

small plate.  "I could get you a fresh one, but then I'd hafta charge you a buck."

 

"Thanks...Marj."  The other woman smiled. 

 

"I'll just check on your order," she said, and then swept back to the kitchen.   She returned.  "Comin' right up, Hon'."

 

Georgia had a sudden idea.  "Say, Marj," she said, would it be alright if I go back to the kitchen and talk with the cook?"

 

"Help yourself, Baby, she could probably use the company.  Her name's Andrea."  Georgia smiled her thanks and slipped off her stool and headed back to the rear.  Stealing down a corridor marked by really terrible paintings of children with big eyes, Georgia edged up to a half wall separating the preparation area from the dishwashing area, laid her elbows upon the barrier. 

 

"Hi, Andrea," she said.

 

"Hey," replied the cook, scarcely looking up.  And Georgia could see why:  upon

the grill were arrayed sausages, eggs of every type, hash browns, American fries, French toast and her own breakfast steak.  Underneath a bacon press were six slices of sizzling, snapping bacon.  Georgia licked her lips.

 

"I'm Georgia," she volunteered.

 

"Good for you."  Andrea continued with the frenzied cooking.

 

"So...you're the cook, huh?"  Turning, the little cook regarded Georgia.  Looking steadily at her, she said,

 

"No, I'm the astrophysicist working this sector of the universe."  Georgia blinked, but then Andrea smiled, robbing her words of any offense.  She snatched slices of toast from an array of toasters and slathered melted butter across them.

 

"How can you work so hard when you're stoned?" Georgia asked suddenly.  

Andrea lifted the bacon press, flipped the slices of bacon, wiped her spatula

on a wet towel; then she flipped the eggs, rolled up an omelet, plated biscuits and drizzled them with white gravy.  Finally she transferred all the cooked meat to a bed of folded paper towels, plated the meat and turned again to face her visitor.

 

"The real question," she said, "should be: 'how could I not be stoned and still

work in this shit hole?' "  She crossed her skinny arms and smacked the bell with

the blade of her spatula.   "Order up!" she snapped out. Marj appeared at the window, retrieved the food, said,

 

"It's slow right now; take a few minutes if you want, Hon'," she gestured with her head to Georgia, "with your new friend."  Food in hand, Marj withdrew.  Georgia furrowed her brow. 

 

"What'd she mean?" Andrea laughed raucously. 

 

"Marj thinks I'm a crazy lesbian and eager to take down any fresh meat that comes within trolling distance."

 

"Are you, a lesbian, I mean?"

 

"Why, you interested?"  Georgia shook her self, said,

 

"No.  No, of course not!"

 

"Why of course not?" Andrea came back.  "You ever been with a woman?"

 

"No."

 

"Ever been with a man?"

 

"Yes.  Of course."

 

"How many?" asked Andrea.

 

"Five!" said Georgia defiantly.  This gave Andrea pause.

 

"Five.  Well, you been around some.  Five men, huh?" Georgia blushed. 

 

"Well, no.  Two, actually.  I did it once with my prom date and then four times with another bo...man."

 

"How old are you, Kitten?"

 

"My next birthday, I'll be nineteen," said the girl, smiling a little.  "Why, how

old are you?"

 

"Aww, that would be telling," Andrea replied.  Georgia sulked a bit.  Andrea laid the blade of the spatula on the grill, said, "C'mon, let's get high."

 

"You're already high," the other girl pointed out.  Andrea waved that off and led the way to a storeroom, piled high with stacks of flour, sugar, potatoes, onions and all  the rest. 

 

Georgia examined her new friend:  she was small, even pixieish, and swarthy of complexion, like she might have some Hispanic blood, she thought.  Her work clothes weren't much:  overalls and a white thermal shirt underneath and the tiniest shoes that Georgia had ever seen.  She wore rectangular spectacles upon the bridge of her nose.  Her hair was pretty, cut short.  The two girls found a spot on which to perch, on an enormous bag of oatmeal.  Andrea busied herself rolling a new joint.  She was quite an expert at it, thought Georgia.  Her fingers moved so fast.  Completing her task, she handed the cigarette to her companion.  Georgia examined it as if uncertain what to do with it. 

 

"Light it, Kitten," said the little cook.  "You got fire?"

 

"Uh...no, I don't smoke, usually."

 

"Here, come here."  Andrea scooted close till their legs were touching and flicked her lighter.  Lighting the joint, she flicked the lighter shut with a loud snap.  Georgia took an enormous toke, instantly began coughing spasmotically.  Andrea pounded her on the back.  "Jeez, lightweight!"  Georgia, still coughing, nodded.

 

"I am.  I'm sorry."

 

"You ever been high?" Andrea asked.  Georgia nodded. 

 

"Just once.  That was here, tonight."  Andrea twisted her lips wryly and shook her head.  She took the joint, inhaled with gusto, held the smoke inside, then released it contentedly.

 

"Doesn't your boss care if you smoke grass on-the-clock?" asked Georgia.  Andrea shook her head. 

 

"Marj?  Nothin' she can do about it."  replied the little cook.

 

"How come?"

 

"My step-dad owns this joint and, since he's balling the manager, neither of them have anything to say about it.  So long as I keep my mouth shut, things are copasetic."

 

"What about your mom?"

 

"What about her?"

 

"Don't you feel guilty, her not knowing?"

 

"Hell, she's screwing at least two other guys herself," she exclaimed with a frown.

 

"You have a weird family." offered Georgia.

 

"Tell me about it."  She waited a beat.  "Say, Georgia, do you date anyone now?"  Georgia shook her head. 

 

“No, I was seeing this guy, Devon, but..."  Andrea interjected, 

 

"You mean, 'Mr. four-times?' "  Georgia nodded..

 

"Yes.  He told me he wanted to  'see other people' and that I was ‘smothering him.' "

 

"What a turd!  Gets you in the sack and then he dumps you."  She huffed.

 

"Do you...think you might be interested in....a girl?"  Georgia’s head snapped up.

 

"You mean you?  Is that a proposition?" she asked, dumfounded.  Andrea said nothing.  They passed the joint back and forth several times.

 

"Why, Andrea, are you lonely?" asked Georgia with genuine concern.

 

"Well, yeah, sometimes."  She paused a moment.  "I just don’t meet many guys that you know, you can trust, you know what I mean?"  Andrea seemed subdued now.

 

"Have you had bad experiences with boys?"  Andrea nodded.  "What happened?" asked Georgia.

 

"Give me another hit off that reefer," said Andrea, then,  "It was a member of my own freakin’ family, Georgia."  The other girl’s eyes opened wide. 

 

"Who?   You mean your brother, or your uncle, or..."

 

"My father," she cut her off.  "My own freakin’ father."

 

"What happened?"

 

"When he lived with us he used to drink, at night.   My mom would get pissed and go off and leave him.  And he would...come into my bedroom and...”"

 

"No!  Your own father!  I’m so sorry, Andrea."  Georgia put her arm around the other girl’s neck, pulled her close.  Andrea began to quietly weep.  "What happened?" Georgia wanted to know.

 

"He hurt me.  He really hurt me, then said if I told, he would kill my little sister.  I was afraid."

 

"How long did this go on?"

 

"Almost a year."  Tears leaked out of Andrea's eyes and disappeared into the fabric of her blue overalls.

 

"How did it end?" asked Georgia.

 

"I told my mom and she didn’t believe me at first, and then she actually caught him in the act"   She threw up her hands, blew out a breath.  "Nuclear explosion."

 

"And they got a divorce?"  Andrea nodded. "Then your mom met your step-dad?"  Georgia prompted.

 

"Uh-huh.  He was my mother’s divorce attorney and they ‘fell in love,' whatever that's supposed to mean."

 

"How long ago did all this happen?  How old were you?" Andrea took a shuddering breath. 

 

"tt happened nearly five years ago; I was fourteen," she said.

 

"You’ve had a lot to deal with," observed Georgia and hugged her again.  She glanced back toward the kitchen.  "Don’t you have to get back to work?"

 

"No," said the little cook.  “"I just prep and the a.m. cook comes on; he was a little late this morning.  And then this afternoon I'll help clean up and prep for the evening cook; leaves most of my day free."

 

"So what do you do all day, when you're not setting up for the cooks?"

 

"Hang around and get high."

 

"Do you see any boys?" Georgia asked.  Andrea shook her head. 

 

"No, I guess I have a problem trusting after what happened with my dad."  She stared at her hands in her lap.   “Sometimes it gets hard, Georgia, not having anyone to...touch you.”

 

"Do you really...like girls," asked Georgia.  Andrea frowned, shook her head no.

 

"I don't like them, that way," she explained.  "It's just that girls are a whole lot less scary than boys, you know?  I mean, I've got a cousin who's gay and hey, he's my cousin, I love him.  I'm not against gays or lesbians.  But, it's just not who I am."  Georgia nodded her understanding. 

 

"That's how I feel, too.  Not all males are human garbage, Andrea."  The little cook sniffed.

 

"They’re not?" she asked uncertainly.

 

"No.  The men...boys, I’ve known haven’t been all that bad.  Not monsters, not like your dad.  The really bad ones are somewhat rare, I think.  You’ll find someone."

 

"I will?”"

"Certainly.  You’re cute!”"  The other girl grinned shyly. 

 

"Have you made any girlfriends?" Georgia asked.

 

"Just one.  That was here, tonight..."  Both girls smiled.

 

"I won't be your lover, Andrea, but I'll be your girlfriend; your BFF!  Deal?"

 

"Deal."  They sat in companionable silence for a few moments.

 

"Does your step-father hate you because you’re blackmailing him over Marj and everything?" Andres smiled bashfully. 

 

"No, I made up all that stuff about Mom and Dad cheating on each other."

 

"Why?" asked Georgia, baffled. Andrea shrugged. 

 

"I don’t know; to make myself seem more interesting?"  She smiled some more.  She asked, "are you going to keep your arm around me for the rest of the morning?"

Georgia arched her brows. 

 

"For just as long as you want.”"  Andrea leaned in and kissed Georgia almost impossibly softly on the lips.

 

"Thank you, Kitten."

The Leaves

The Leaves
Life is a leaf of a tree
Green or dry - blowing up and down
On the soil or water
Life sketches life
As the leaves flutter on
The heart charmed with
The age takes it up all - the leafy body
And falling down on bed rests in the grave
Life smiles on life in spring
All seem to be colorful and green
On the other hand
The scattering leaves under the feet
Getting mixed with the soil in the sun and rain
Though they glitter with the bright color of brown and pink.

Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh,
25 February, 2024
 

Md. Mahbubul Alam is from Bangladesh. His writer name is Mahbub John in Bangladesh. He is a Senior Teacher (English) of Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. Chapainawabganj is a district town of Bangladesh. He is an MA in English Literature from Rajshahi College under National University. He has published three books of poems in Bangla. He writes mainly poems but other branches of literature such as prose, article, essay etc. also have been published in national and local newspapers, magazines, little magazines. He has achieved three times Best Teacher Certificate and Crest in National Education Week in the District Wise Competition in Chapainawabganj District. He has gained many literary awards from home and abroad. His English writings have been being published in an International Online Magazine - Synchronized Chaos from America for seven years. 

   
                                                          Eary Problem

This problem has led to marital problems because of my persistence.  I just don’t want to quit despite its reputations for causing health problems.  I’ve had to have something extracted from my ear canal because of my compulsion, but q-tips feel so good in my ears.  Am I the only one with outer ear itching?

                                                          Head Scratcher

This should be a private vice, but it is so ingrained sometimes I do it in public.  Eczema or dermatitis makes my eyebrows, beard and hair itch.  Nothing I’ve tried has eliminated the dry, itchy rashes.  Quitting drinking would be easier.

                                                           Child (dibble and a half)

My father read the Oz books to my sister and I at bedtime.  To refresh my memory I bought a set of Oz books.  I used to listen to Cinnamon Bear stories in the late ‘40s and early ‘50s.  I bought the cds so I could listen again.  A few years ago I restarted playing softball.  As a child I did childish things.  That still works now that I’m eighty, so I’m keeping at it.

                                                          Negotiation

You will have the sun and the stars.  I’ll take care of you in sickness and health.  You’ll have a lovely home and no worries.  All I ask is that you love me too.
Will you lower my taxes?
I can’t do that.
Then I’m voting for the other guy.

                                                          Maroon

I like my aloha shirts.  I feel that a colorless person - me – should have colorful shirts.  Solids are OK if they are out there – orange or maroon.  My maroon shirt fits well, feels good, and looks good.  It’s OK that it’s a dead man’s shirt.  He can’t use it.

                                                           Joints

Our joints allow us a variety of movements until they don’t.  Learn from this arthritic old man.  Years of jumping from heights, lifting excessive weights with bad form and repetitive strain left me with bad knees, one bad shoulder and one questionable one.  Treat them right and they will last.

                                                       Game Over
 
Last inning, behind by two runs.  I got a walk, and there were three on base.  The next batter could tie or win the game.  The manager replaced two of us with pinch runners, which caused our second and third outs for batting out of order.  We lost, I quit.
                                                        Time

A few months ago, I tried to get in touch with a woman that I went to grade school with to organize another get together.  Cheryl had been an insurance adjuster and had kept track of our grade school graduating class.  She had died in memory care three months ago.

                                                      Rejection?

The response to my submission was “Nicht include”.  Sounded like a rejection.  Was my sub too political?  Should villains have gotten away with plotting the destruction of much of the world?  The next day I got an email explaining that the rejection was a typo.  Story will appear tomorrow.  Woo-hoo!

                                                           Pitch
He had been following her for over an hour.  Just his luck, she walked into an alley.  When he followed her, she reached into her bag.  When he became conscious she was picking up a baseball by his head.  “Don’t stalk the star pitcher on my baseball team you creep.”

                                                         Spill Rules

One second for spilled tequila, whisky, or gin drinks to be sucked out of the carpet.  Chocolate, peanut butter, or wheat thins three second pick up, most other food the usual five seconds.  Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, or most cooked vegetables, next time carpet is vacuumed, and into the garbage.

                                                           Scatterbrain


Odd remembrances haunt my lazy, bored brain.  Almost drowning when very young.  The now great grandmother and widow that I made out with sixty years ago.  A small clothing store that I walked past in Portland fifty plus years ago.  The traumatized beauty that abruptly rejected me while in college.


                                               Northeast Portland Years Ago 
 
As a teenager, I was walking through Northeast Portland to get to a friend’s house.  An older male pulled up and asked something like “Do I know you?”  I didn’t and told him so.  He wanted to know if I wanted a ride.  I was a bit nervous and passed. 



                                                                   Oval

Joe asked the man next to him “Do you believe this flying saucer nonsense?”
“No it’s absurd.  The ships are Oval.”
”Huh?”
“Aliens aren’t little green men.  We come in many colors.”
“Where do you get these ideas?”
“I’m an Oval pilot - check my pants.  I’ve got four legs

                                  How Old Do I Look?

About forty on the average.  
What do you mean on the average? 
 Your face is an 80 and your body is a 30.  
Wait a minute, that averages 55.  
Well, the guy part is about 10.
So, to look younger I should stop wearing pants? 

                                               Memories

I worried that I had age-related memory loss.  Editor would tell me it’s a hike day, minutes later I wouldn’t know.  Then I repeatedly saw two men in black suits walking away from me.  Because I had seen the movie, I knew it wasn’t age, it was Men In Black.
 
                                                     The End

CULTURAL ETIQUETTE. ETIQUETTE OF A GUEST AND A HOST.

1. Ahmedov Azimjon Ilhomovich the teacher    of Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
2. Mamasharipova Shakhnoza Akhmadjon qizi 3^rd year student of Andijan State Institute of Foreign languages
3. Umaraliyeva Maftuna Zohidjon qizi 3rd year student of Andijan State Institute of Foreign languages.

Annotation: In this article cultural etiquette, politeness and good manners of guests and hosts, cultural guidelines for what is appropriate or inappropriate and polite or impolite are considered. Additionally global etiquette, cultural tips, tips for what to do and avoid, hospitality etiquette will be discussed below.

Key words: elite, occational, hospitality, balance, manners,massive arrivals.

In the course of our lives, many of us have had reasons to find ourselves as guests in other people’s homes or have had to play hosts to guests who’ve come visiting us. People have had to put up in homes of friends, colleagues or family members as a result of demands of daily activities or even holidays – work and play.
Human interactions can be as complex and as varied as there are human beings on the planet. This means that in order to maintain the acceptable level of ‘order’ that good relationships are essentially incumbent upon, certain behavioural codes must be adhered to by both guest and host. That fine balance between a considerate guest and a thoughtful host should always be aimed at.

Within the context of the text above, the goal of this paper is to present authors’ complex overview of the approaches to the issue of interaction between hosts and guests. So far, most authors have only  focused on a certain theoretical model. Therefore, they have not fully and comprehensively revealed the stages of development and changes in the ‘host-guest’ relationship, but they aspire to describe the gradual shift from negative impacts of tourism on the host community to positive ones. Tourism becomes an important element through which local communities can control and regulate the degree of power they have over a dominant group of guests. At the same time, tourism reinforces hosts’ cultural identity, stimulates their interest in the local culture, cultural  heritage, and ethnic identity. Therefore, the main research question of this paper  concerns the development of interactions between hosts and guests and tourism impacts. This descriptive case study strives to process and describe interactions between hosts and guests while summarizing the general framework for studying the host-guest encounters and impacts of tourism. In tourism anthropology, the socio-cultural impacts of tourism are necessary for monitoring and predicting changes in societal value  systems, community structures, social relationships, individual behaviour, ways and standards of living.

Many authors pointed out that the host and tourist relationships turn into commercialized hospitality, they are similar to business transactions and lack spontaneity. Mathieson and Wall (1982) described the relationship between tourists and local residents using the five-stage process. The first feature indicates transience, transitoriness, and superficiality of the relationship. Deeper relationship may only arise at destinations where tourists return to the same accommodation. The second feature is pressure on tourists who go  through a wide range of experiences over a short time. Thus, irritation increases if they  do not get the experiences they want, or only with delay. The third feature is linked to  the isolation of tourists who often separate themselves from the locals and who spend most of their time in a tourist resort and its vicinity with other tourists. Their encounters with local residents are limited to tourist personnel.

The fourth feature points out that host and tourist relationships are not spontaneous, but formalized and planned. The fifth feature describes the host-guest relationships as unequal and asymmetric in terms  of material wealth and power. In every tourist destination, there are limits to growth that are likely to cause many negative and sometimes even irreversible changes when exceeded, “there is a threshold of tolerance of tourists by hosts which varies both spatially and temporally. As long as the numbers of tourists and their cumulative impacts remain below this critical level, and economic impacts continue to be positive, the presence of tourists in destinations is usually accepted and welcomed by the majority of the host population”

Modern tourism disrupted pre-modern host-guest relationships based on agreements of protection, reciprocity and reciprocal rights and duties. Before, hosts  secured guests’ satisfaction and guests became temporary members of the family while adhering to the rules of the host’s home. Reciprocity and mutuality formed “an inevitable part of the social exchange in the host-guest relationship”  
Traditional host-guest relationships resulted in commercialization and commodification. 

          Therefore, tourists and travellers are no longer merely guests; tourists turned into consumers of experiences and hosts became providers of these experiences . Under these circumstances, “hosts are no longer hosts, just providers of services, while the guests are no longer guests, just customers”  

The financial agreement for goods and services replaced “the nonmaterial reciprocity  of the old covenant”  This type of commercialized hospitality is based on a ‘holy trinity’ of provision of food, drink and accommodation. Hospitality can be regarded “as a product, a process, an experience, or all three” Nevertheless, the purchase of services is much more complex than purchase of manufactured goods and artefacts. Services always include a certain form of social interaction and most frequently partial proximity between consumers and providers: “to buy the service is to buy a particular social or sociological experience”

                                                     References

1. Andrews, H. (2000). Consuming Hospitality on Holiday. In C. Lashley & A. Morrison (Eds.), In  Search of Hospitality: Theoretical Perspectives and Debates (pp. 235–254). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Aramberri, J. (2001).
2. The Host Should Get Lost: Paradigms in the Tourism Theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 738–761. DOI: 10.1016/S0160–7383(00)00075-XChambers, D. (2007).
3. An Agenda for Cutting Edge Research in Tourism. In J. Tribe & D. Airey  (Eds.), Developments in Tourism Research (pp. 233–245). London: Elsevier Science Ltd. DOI:  10.1016/B978–0-08–045328–6.50022–4.Greenwood, D. J. (1977).
4. Culture by Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization. In V. L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (pp.  129–138). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.  Greenwood, D. J. (1989).
5. 5.    Culture by Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization. In V. L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (pp.  171–185). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Methods of forming new words in Uzbek and English languages.
 
Moydinova Mavludakhon 
Student of Kokand State Pedagogical Institute

 Abstract: This article analyzes the ways of word formation in English and Uzbek and explains it through several examples. We know that every language has its own rules of word formation in its grammar. Therefore, the ways of forming words in Uzbek and English differ from each other.

Key words: English language, Uzbek language, word formation, affixation, composition, affix, prefix, postfix, infix

Each language has its own way of development based on word formation. After all, in order for a new word to be formed, that country must develop. Emergence of language Word formation is a separate category in grammar and is studied as a separate topic in linguistics. The emergence and development of language is definitely dependent on word-forming affixes. New words are formed with the help of word generators in the language, and the vocabulary of the language expands. The creation of new words using the existing words in the language and word generators is understood as word formation.In Uzbek, two methods of word formation are shown: affixation and composition. We know that words that do not have formative suffixes are called root words. method is called affixation method. For example, words expressing new meaning are created by adding a formative suffix to the words "cotton" and "stone". Word formation using affixes is a basic tool for many languages. In particular, the types of affixes in English and Uzbek languages ​​are formed in almost the same way. Affixes are divided into prefixes, postfixes and infixes based on their addition to the base of the word. As the name implies, a prefix comes before the root, a postfix comes after the root, and an infix is ​​added between two independent words to form a new word. 

For example, in words such as beor, noshkur, nomard, a prefix is ​​added to the words or, shukur, mard to form another independent word group, that is, adjective. In English, new words are created by adding prefixes such as "rewrite" and "rebuild" to the words "write" and "build". If a new word is formed as a result of adding a suffix, we can take as an example words such as speaker, freedom, beautiful in English. Infixed suffixes are less likely to be found in English, as they belong mainly to Arabic Arabic languages. However, since many words in the Uzbek language come from the Arabic language, they can be found in literary booksThe method of composition is characteristic of English and Uzbek languages, and this method is a method of creating a word with lexical meaning, which is formed by joining two or more independent words. In the method of composition, words are found by writing together, but also in the form of a line. For example, hardworking, mushroom (added), one hundred and twenty-five, dream (arranged). It is made in English just like Uzbek. For example, grandparents, firefighter (added), up-to-date (underlined), ice cream (lined up). In English, such words are called "compound words".

In conclusion, we can say that creating a new word in any way and by any means is called word formation. In any language, the formation of words and the ability to use them correctly is very important for us.

References 

Iriskulov M., "Introduction to Linguistics" Tashkent.: 2019. (pp. 119-120)
Rahmatullayev Sh. Modern Uzbek literary language. Textbook. -Tashkent, University, 2006.
A. Abduazizov. "Introduction to Linguistic Theory" (p. 97)

Inscribed In Siltstone

Ancient the relics of thy chthonic passion
Primeval is the amygdala-saurus
Of thy unperturbèd ur-intelligence
Pristine your solicitous quickest instinct

A splendid bolus hardcoded through eons
In the original processing system
Stupendous corpus in tenebrous locus
Coffer’d miscellaneous minutalia

Neither impermanence nor transience affect
Thy everlasting sentience macadamized
Unalterable in unmoving hardness

Took up thy abode in the first guts to stay
Record uncorrupted of feral forebears
Always safe from annihilation to come




Maurizio Brancaleoni is a writer and translator. His poems/haiku/short stories/pastiches have appeared in several journals and anthologies. He has a bilingual blog where he posts literary gems, interviews and translations. ‘Inscribed In Siltstone’ is a meditation in sonnet form about fossils and their obscure antiquity.

THE INTERPRETATION OF TIME AND PERIOD IN THE WORKS OF GHAFUR GHULAM

Ibrokhimov Saidakbar
Faculty of Criminal Justice
3rd grade student

Abstract: Gafur Ghulam is a famous writer of Uzbekistan. The history of the Uzbek people found its artistic expression in the poetry and prose of Gafur Ghulam. The writer’s creativity is diverse – poems, songs, epics, odes, stories, short stories. Gafur Ghulam’s work
took an incomparable place in the development of Uzbek literature in the post-war period.
Key words: work, era, interpretation, literature, poetry, poet, work, folk, prose, writer, literature, stories, creator, examples of creativity.

“… When we talk about the personality, memory and legacy of Gafur Ghulam, we compare this great man first of all as a broad, literal poet of the people, in front of his immortal name and unfading work our boss”

Islam Karimov.

Gafur Ghulam is a unique talent who left a golden name in Uzbek literature of the 20th century. People’s poet of the Republic of Uzbekistan, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, this great artist greatly contributed to the
development of national literature, culture and science of the Uzbek people with his unique creativity and activity. That is why his work is constantly studied and researched. While reading the works of the writer, we can understand the philosophy of that time and come to primary thoughts about the era. The works of contemporaries greatly influenced the formation of Gafur Ghulam’s world view and artistic taste. Gafur Ghulam writes in one of his articles: “I know and love Russian classical artists and have translated many of their works into my native language. But I want to say that I am a student of Mayakovsky, who “opened up the most exciting and unlimited possibilities for me in the fields of weight, vocabulary, symbols, and the melodic structure of poetry.”

In addition to anger in Mayakovsky’s satire, critical sarcasm, and the enormous power of feeling in his lyrics, I tried to gather in myself… the bold eloquence of his methods, the courage of metaphors, the expressiveness of exaggerations. I even had to use the methodical, melodious and meaningful construction of the poem in the structure of Uzbek poetry.” These are reflected in many poems of Gafur Ghulam, for example: “On the roads of Turksib”, “Motherland”, “Long live peace!”.

In one of the poetic passages written by Gafur Ghulam in 1962, we can come across such a sentence:
Time and mother
Rhyme is coming

Through this verse, as much as the poet was a son for his mother, he was as much a child of the times as a person. It is impossible to understand the creator, whose entire creative period and life path are closely connected with his time. If the period is studied in a strong
connection, both its successes and its shortcomings will be shown accordingly. Almost every poem of Gafur Ghulam, written in the spirit of belonging to the 20th century, requires special attention. The works that cover all the foundations of society and include
people’s dreams and hopes, thoughts about the past and the future, evoke a feeling in the heart of the fan. There are other works of the poet (for example, the poem “Sharaf Manuscript”, stories such as “Hasan Kaifi” and “Aliqul’s Debt”), through which it is possible to read the author’s hidden pains and deeply artistically expressed ideas of
independence. we can understand.

Gafur Ghulom’s prose skill is clearly visible in the short stories “Netay” (1930), “Resurrected Corpse” (1934), “Yodgor” (1936), “Shum Bola” (1936-1962). In particular, in the story “Netay”, the social era causes the fate of the main character to become tragic. In the short story, the writer covers the issue of relations between man and society. He strongly condemns any kind of unrest and draws attention to the fact that even in the “Troublesome days when fathers do not know their sons and mothers do not know their daughters”, true human qualities are preserved and the dear and delicious feelings of fatherhood do not choose a beautiful nation. Ghafur Ghulam writes about one of the great evils of society. The writer angrily exposes “the tyranny of the evil khan”, the violence of
the thousand chiefs, city judges, and governors, and protects women whose “hearts are crying, their faces are smiling, and their hearts are bleeding from insults”.

Today, Gafur Ghulam’s pedagogical views have become a component of our national pedagogic heritage. In the 20s of the last century, ideas about eliminating harmful habits in children’s behavior were discussed. Looking at the work of the writer, he suffers from the
growing number of harmful habits among children. He looks for the causes of harmful habits in the environment in which children live. In his opinion, “thousands of children are not involved in general education due to the fault of officials sitting at the top of the
educational system.”

It is known that during the last century, hundreds of thousands of children were left homeless in the former Soviet state due to national conflicts, war, and drought. As a result, child neglect has reached its peak in the country. Thousands of children who were left out
of school and family control learned harmful habits from street schools. The state and the general public are worried about the increase in child delinquency. Therefore, the poet was
worried about the fate of such orphaned children and said in the poem “I offer”:

Look at this young teenager:
“He lived from the beginning
What a shame, what a shame
He is proud like his grandfather,
You eat a lot!” – you say
…Not yet
School, study is up to him…

In a number of works of the writer, human qualities are recognized. That is, education shows a sense of respect. Respecting one’s parents, elders, and everyone else was considered a high recognition for this person. Respect and value are harmonious concepts, and a person who appreciates the country, parents, and all the circumstances in general is the owner of high education. In this way, the so-called human being becomes the possessor of high virtue. As an example, we can show the poem “Hello” by the writer on page 1.58:

Respect for a person is self-recognition.
The land where the holy term lived.
Na qulu na xo‘ja, na minnat, na zulm,
Dear Sanamak, the sweat on his forehead

Now let’s think a little about the story “Shum Bola”, the most famous example of the author’s work. We all know that the period in which this work was written, that is, the 30s of the 20th century, is a difficult period for our country. In this situation, the emergence of
a work with fundamentally opposing concepts to the politics of the time is an unprecedented event. The events of the 10th years are written in the well-known work. If we pay attention, there is no trace of class conflict, struggle, revolutionary spirit in this story. However, the events in the work are reflected in the ordinary life of the people, who are busy with their work in the market, on the streets. When you read the story, it seems that the work consists of adventures, but it creates a special mood for the people of this era, who are in a state of politics. Shum Boy, the main character in the play, is a character
who does not fit into the mold. However, the attention to the life, time, and people who left the children of the nation to fend for themselves in the events of the story is expressed through the character of a simple child. Page 2.8

In conclusion, in Gafur Ghulam’s works, we can see not only creativity, but also the harmony of time and space. Today, if we look at the past, we can see that some of the works written by a number of our writers have fallen from the history. In general, there is
no creator, writer or poet whose works cannot take place on the stage of folk and literature. Because time is sorting out their works. But there are such creators whose works created at the level of their talent still remain in the language of the people, and their name is a
symbol of pride and honor for the people and the era. Therefore, Gafur Ghulam is considered to be such a talented and great creator of the 20th century. A rare talent, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, a philosopher-poet, a poet Gafur
Ghulam will remain a scientist, poet and writer who listens to the hearts of our people and all well-intentioned humanity, and can feel the pain of fans from the heart.

Why can’t I be happy, we are finally with perfection,
With knowledge, with love, with beauty,
Our hearts are full of all humanity,
We are sitting on the road in the heart.
Excerpt from the poem “The power of one greeting”.
Gafur Ghulam

References:

1. Naim Karimov, publishing house named after Gafur G’ulam, Tashkent-2003.

2. The spiritual and educational significance of Gafur Ghulam’s work. Scientific conference. Tashkent-2003.
3. www.ziyo.net