Born in 2011 in Samarkand region, Sitora Sodiqova is a student of the 2nd general secondary school of Yangiyol city, Tashkent region. She’s 13 years old and was awarded a medal by the State of Egypt and a golden badge statuette for being Researcher of the Year for 2024.
Her creative works have been published in more than five countries and she’s mentoring about 30 students. She’s won one million vouchers for her courses, more than 200 international certificate diplomas, and Turkey issued an invitation to her in Bukhara region.
Her books are now available in over 20 countries, and her works have been published in German magazines and newspapers Morning Star and Bonfire.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Chorshanbiyeva Gulnoza Akrom qizi
2nd-year student of Applied Psychology
Mirzo Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan
Scientific advisor: Farhod Rahmatullayev
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Annotation
This article examines the emotional development processes of children aged 1.5 to 3 years, highlighting the emotional states typical for this period and the socio-psychological factors that shape them. Based on research, it explores the quality of emotional bonding with parents and its influence on the child’s psychological development.
Early childhood is considered to span from approximately 1.5 to 3 years of age. During this stage, children undergo rapid physical, psychological, and social development. The once helpless and inactive infant quickly transforms into an active, cheerful child who begins to interact with adults, grasp and use objects, and explore the surrounding world. Children observe their environment, touch and examine objects, respond to sounds, and attempt to replicate those sounds themselves. They also begin to form emotional connections with their mothers and close caregivers.
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Main Part
From the very first months of life, a child’s emotional development begins to take shape. By two months old, an infant can distinguish their mother’s face and voice from others. From 2–3 months, the child begins responding to their mother’s smile or laughter with their own smiles and physical movements. By 3–4 months, the child tries to express their desire to see, hear, or speak with their loved ones. At 8 months, infants show anxiety when placed in unfamiliar environments or in the hands of strangers, often expressed through crying. This anxiety tends to gradually decrease by the age of 14–18 months.
Early childhood is a crucial period in personality development. At this age, children’s actions are primarily driven by emotions rather than deliberate thought. Their behavior can be highly variable—for example, a child may quickly shift from crying to calmness. During this time, children form feelings of love and affection toward their caregivers and strive to receive praise from them. They develop a deep emotional attachment to their parents, often showing obedience and discipline. This strong bond helps meet the child’s fundamental emotional needs and reduces anxiety. Children who feel secure with their mothers become more active and curious about their environment. They also learn and internalize their own names, often defending them and resisting being called by another name. The way adults interact with the child during this period lays the foundation for the child’s self-awareness as a unique individual.
Emotional development is an integral part of psychological growth. It involves the child’s ability to recognize, express, and regulate their own emotions, as well as to understand and appropriately respond to the emotions of others.
Early childhood serves as a fundamental stage in emotional development. During this period, children begin not only to recognize their feelings but also to learn how to express and manage them. It is essential that close adults provide a caring and emotionally supportive environment during this stage.
Emotion is a psychological state that reflects a person’s internal response to external events and stimuli.
Emotional regulation refers to a child’s ability to identify, express, and manage their emotions, including controlling anger.
Emotional bonding is the affectionate, emotionally close relationship formed between the child and the caregiver (usually the mother or teacher). This bond fosters a sense of safety, emotional resilience, and forms the foundation for future social and emotional adaptability.
Psychological safety refers to an environment where individuals feel secure enough to make mistakes, ask questions, propose new ideas, or express opinions without fear of judgment. It implies a climate of mutual respect and trust, enabling individuals to unlock their full personal potential.
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Conclusion
Early childhood is a sensitive and crucial stage in laying the foundation for a child’s emotional life. During this period, the child learns to understand, express, and regulate emotions. A nurturing, attentive, and trust-filled environment is the key to fostering emotional maturity.
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References
1. Janpeysova, Ibragimova. Child and Adolescent Psychology. Tashkent, 2020
Chorshanbiyeva Gulnoza Mirzo is a 3rd year student of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Applied Psychology, National University of Uzbekistan named after Ulugbek.
Causes of negative atmospheric change andmeasures to prevent it
Abstract: This article extensively discusses the negative changes in the composition of the atmosphere, that is, the factors causing this change, measures to prevent this situation, reforms being implemented by international countries, the importance of air for humanity and all living beings that need to breathe, and the role and importance of global cooperation in preventing this situation.
Keywords: Atmosphere, air, oxygen, atmospheric air, life cycle, industrial enterprises, greenhouse gases, electric energy, green plants, carbon dioxide (CO2), global cooperation.
Introduction : In our rapidly evolving world, many things have changed since the beginning of time, including changes in the environment, changes in air quality, the rise of modern buildings, the proliferation of modern technologies, and other innovations. However, not every change is 100% safe and effective. They can sometimes affect individuals, communities, regions, and the entire human world in our daily lives. One of these changes is “Atmospheric pollution,” which is now a major global problem. The atmosphere (from ancient Greek: ἀτμός – atmos – vapor and σφαῖρα – sphere) is the air envelope surrounding the Earth and rotating with it. The mass of the atmosphere is 5.15-1015 tons, which is approximately one millionth of the weight of the Earth (5.977-1021 tons).
Air is a natural mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, that make up the Earth’s atmosphere. Under the influence of air and water, important geological processes occur on the Earth’s surface, weather and climate are formed. Air is a source of oxygen necessary for the survival of almost all living organisms (see: Aerobes, Breath). From the combustion of fuel in the air, people get their It has long been used to obtain the necessary heat for living and production needs. In the past, scientists considered air to be one of the elements that make up the basis of existence. The concept of air as an independent substance persisted until the end of the 18th century. Atmospheric air is a layer of air surrounding the Earth, consisting of several different gases, a source that ensures the balance of living beings and other natural resources.
Atmospheric air gives life to humanity, as well as all living beings. Therefore, it is distinguished from other natural objects by its properties. Atmospheric air contains a number of gases, the main of which are nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen and other gases. Atmospheric air pollution is a violation of the rules for releasing pollutants into the atmosphere, as a result of which the maximum permissible concentration of a toxic substance in the air is exceeded. is increasing. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It is one of the main components of the Earth’s atmosphere and plays an important role in the biosphere and climate processes. In recent decades, problems related to the level of CO2 in the atmosphere have been observed, such as climate change, an increase in the composition of the atmosphere and its negative impact.
The atmosphere is our shell of life because it contains air, and air contains oxygen, which is an important source of nutrition for all living beings that breathe. Why do we lose this precious gift for every second of our lives? Of course, these are also reasons arising from human needs, that is, for every benefit there is a loss. What do we mean by this? A person strives for innovation as long as he lives, and as a result, he can gain a lot and lose a lot. We will give examples of modern technologies that lead to negative changes in the air layer and we can see how much this affects our lives. will be.
1. Chemical industry and toxic gases
The release of substances used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries into the air – for example, toxic substances such as dioxins, benzene, and formaldehyde – poses a serious threat not only to the air, but also to human health.
2. Photochemical smog
When exposed to sunlight, automotive and industrial emissions (especially nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons) react with each other to form ozone. This lower-level ozone creates smog, which is harmful to human lungs.
3. Greenhouse gases
Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are increasing due to human activities. These gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing global warming – climate change.
4. Changes in land resource use:
Urbanization and infrastructure construction change the appearance of the Earth’s surface, affecting how heat is absorbed and released. Such changes often lead to an increase in ambient temperatures.
5. Radiation pollution
Radioactive isotopes produced by accidents at nuclear power plants or nuclear tests.
6. Bioaerosols:
These are living organisms or their parts (e.g. mold spores, bacteria, viruses) that are suspended in the air. Changes in agriculture and the environment are increasing these bioaerosols.
7. Deforestation:
Deforestation, whether for farming or grazing, or for other reasons, creates emissions because when trees are cut down, they release the carbon dioxide they have stored into the atmosphere. Since forests are carbon sinks, their destruction limits nature’s ability to reduce harmful gases in the air.
8. Use of vehicles:
The burning of fossil fuels for transportation (cars, trucks, airplanes) is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.
9. Agricultural practices:
Large amounts of methane and nitrous oxide are produced, especially from livestock farming and the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers. These gases are powerful greenhouse gases.
10. Burning fossil fuels: Burning coal, oil and gas releases carbon dioxide (CO₂). This gas is an important greenhouse gas, trapping heat and contributing to the warming of our planet. These are just a few examples from our lives, but there are many more and more dangerous ones that we need to prevent, which is important for us humans and, of course, for all living things.
They say that nothing is impossible for a person, and indeed, he can prevent this danger that he himself has created, but this also requires a lot of work, and it starts with a small step. Let’s look at some approaches to prevent the increase in toxic substances in the air:
1. Save energy at home. To reduce energy consumption, it is recommended to reduce heating and cooling, use LED bulbs and energy-efficient electrical appliances.
2. Changing the source of home energy. Changing the source of energy in the home, for example, switching to renewable energy sources (solar, wind) instead of gas or coal, helps reduce the impact on the environment.
3. Walk, cycle or use public transport. Walking or cycling instead of driving reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves your health. Take the train or bus for long journeys.
4. Switch to an electric vehicle.
If you are planning to buy a new car, consider choosing an electric car as it is more environmentally friendly and causes less pollution.
5. Increase green vegetation: increase the number of trees and flowers, preserve and expand existing forests.
6. Electronics, clothing, and other things we buy produce carbon emissions during the manufacturing process. Buy fewer things, buy second-hand, repair, and recycle what you have.
7. Eat more vegetables. Eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and reducing meat and dairy products can significantly reduce your impact on the environment.
8. Throw away less food. When you throw away food, you also waste the resources and energy that went into growing, manufacturing, packaging, and transporting it. When food is lost to landfill, it releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas.
Preventing global air pollution requires global cooperation from countries. Global cooperation is the process of working together between countries, organizations, and communities on a global scale, pooling resources to achieve common goals, and finding joint solutions to problems. Global cooperation is very important in preventing negative changes in the atmosphere, because this issue is not limited to one country or region, but must be implemented on a global scale. Therefore, many measures are being taken to improve atmospheric changes, and these reforms are important steps to solve environmental problems. These steps include switching to renewable energy sources, reducing pollution in industry and transport, reducing greenhouse gases through international agreements, and strengthening environmental education. These measures serve to improve the quality of the atmosphere and prevent climate change. It has also been noted that great progress can be made in environmental protection through global cooperation and the introduction of innovative technologies, and reforms have been initiated.
Every person is responsible for the negative change in the composition of the air on Earth, so the solution requires joint and individual action. The real negative situations that occur in our lives are increasing day by day, for example, it has been proven that environmental pollution in developed countries is caused by toxic substances emitted by car engines. In some capitalist countries, for example, in Japan, due to the large number of cars, a police officer directing traffic is forced to change his oxygen mask every 2 hours. That is why experts call cars “chemical factories on wheels.” The gas emitted by a car engine contains carbon oxides, carbon dioxide, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, carbohydrates, and lead compounds, which have a negative impact on human health. Carbon oxides combine with hemoglobin in the blood, reducing its oxygen-carrying function. Lead compounds, passing through the respiratory tract, damage the heart and blood vessels of people.
Conclusion: Every person and society must be responsible for preventing negative changes in the atmosphere. Measures such as the development of green technologies, reducing industrial emissions, making transport environmentally friendly, and preserving forests can help prevent and reduce atmospheric changes. These measures are important not only for saving natural resources, but also for the future of humanity. Thus, the most effective way to preserve the atmosphere and prevent its negative changes is global cooperation and a responsible approach.
REFERENCES USED
1. “Ecology and nature protection” D.YO. Yormatova, XSKhushvaqtova TASHKENT-2018
Faizullayeva is the daughter of Nodira Sherali, I currently live in the village of Kushkapa, Kamashi district, Kashkadarya region. I am a 3rd year student at Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute. I am interested in learning languages and writing poems.
Should All Lawbreakers Be Imprisoned, or Are There Better Alternatives?
It is widely acknowledged that the issue of whether all lawbreakers should be imprisoned or whether alternative forms of punishment may be more effective has sparked considerable debate in recent years. While perspectives on this matter differ, it remains a significant concern that affects both individuals and societies. This essay will explore the key aspects of this topic before presenting a final conclusion.
On the one hand, a common argument in favor of imprisoning all offenders is that it ensures public safety. Supporters of this view argue that strict punishments act as a deterrent to crime, thereby protecting innocent citizens. This is particularly relevant in cases involving violent criminals, regardless of their age. For instance, a study conducted by Eliot in 2018 revealed that the number of crimes significantly decreased in regions where strict enforcement policies were in place.
On the other hand, lenient punishments may encourage further criminal behavior. If criminals are not held accountable through fair and appropriate measures, the number of offenses may continue to grow. Simply imposing fines might not be sufficient, especially in serious cases. A just and balanced system is essential. Governments must also consider the broader needs of society. For example, a 2023 BBC report highlighted a case in which two offenders repeatedly committed crimes despite receiving lenient penalties in the past.
In conclusion, the question of how to deal with lawbreakers presents both challenges and opportunities that require thoughtful consideration. While opinions may differ, it is crucial to adopt a balanced approach that combines justice with rehabilitation. Collaboration among policymakers, educators, and the general public is vital in order to implement effective strategies. Without such efforts, lasting progress will remain out of reach.
My name is Sabina Nafasova, and I was born on May 22, 2008, in Shahrisabz district, Qashqadaryo region, Uzbekistan. I am currently a senior student at School No. 74 in my hometown.
I am actively involved in the SMORM project, which focuses on social awareness, media literacy, and responsible digital behavior.
In 2025, I was selected for the third round of the MGIMO-Tashkent Model United Nations (MUN) conference as a delegate representing the UNESCO committee. Participating in MUN has strengthened my leadership qualities and broadened my understanding of global issues.
One of my articles was recently published in the Kenya Times newspaper.
their hues shifting from black and white to radiant colour
each stroke of ink, colour of an era
Here, seasons reveals in cycles of brush and verse
cherry blossoms scatter as hopes for renewal
fallen leaves turn retreats into solitude
and the moon rises, a serene witness
to centuries of longing
The weight of tradition presses gently
layered meanings drift like petals in the wind
plum for passing beauty, pine for the everlasting
The borderlands between village and forest blur
where foxes haunt the edges of knowing
mystical, in-between
To look upon a garden
is to see history tell stories
a pine’s shadow carries the chill of distant winters
while lanterns reflect moons in memory
yet present still in gleaming silk
This is not nature untouched
but nature shaped, revered
held both close and cautiously distant
a mirror for the human soul
seasonal cycles
woven into the fabric of living
And in the end
the cherry blossom
is never just a cherry blossom
it is a thousand years of seeing
a transient note
the happiness of eternity
V.T.N.M.
Võ Thị Như Mai was born in the soft breeze of high land Dalat, carrying within her both a resilient spirit and the gentle soul of an artist. From her meaningful time at Edith Cowan University to the warm, intimate classrooms of Western Australia, she has been not only a dedicated teacher but also a poet and translator with a heart devoted to literature. Through her delicate verses and meaningful translations, she has helped bring Vietnamese literature to a wider audience, connecting communities through bilingual poetry festivals and meaningful publications.
For her, literature is an art of words and a bridge of emotions mixed between real life and wishes. She finds inspiration in quiet moments and the small corners of everyday life, crafting tender poems and graceful translations. With four published poetry collections, nearly ten bilingual books, and more literary projects underway, she is a poet of passion and dedication. A woman of quiet charm and vision, she brings Vietnamese literature to the world while preserving the soul of her homeland in every poetic line.
Technology of Artificial Tooth Implantation and Post-Treatment Care
Alfraganus University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dentistry, 3rd-year student O‘ktamova Shakxnozabonu
Annotation: Artificial tooth implantation (implantation), X-ray and 3D scan to evaluate jawbone condition, avoiding hard or sticky foods, visiting the dentist every 6 months, cleaning with a soft toothbrush, the success rate of artificial tooth implantation
Keywords: Artificial tooth, psychological condition, preparatory stage, implantation, prosthetics, diabetes, osteoporosis, inflammation, osseointegration, laser implantation, computed tomography.Artificial tooth implantation (implantation) is one of the most important and widely used fields in modern dentistry. This technology helps restore the patient’s aesthetic appearance and chewing function in cases of tooth loss. Artificial tooth implantation not only restores external appearance but also improves psychological well-being. This article analyzes implantation technologies, their success rates, and post-treatment care.
Technology of Artificial Tooth Implantation Artificial teeth are implanted into the jawbone using titanium-based implants. This process includes several stages: Preparatory stage: The patient undergoes a general examination. The condition of the jawbone is assessed using X-ray and 3D scan. Implantation: The implant is placed into the jawbone using special instruments. Local anesthesia is used during this stage. Integration: The implant fuses with the bone (osseointegration). This process takes 3–6 months. Prosthetics: In the final stage, the artificial tooth is placed on top of the implant. Today, the process is carried out with much more precision due to computer-assisted planning, navigation surgery, and laser technologies. The success rate of artificial tooth implantation is around 90–98%.
The following factors influence it: Patient’s age: Usually applied to patients older than 18 with fully developed jawbones. Health condition: Conditions like diabetes, osteoporosis, and smoking can negatively affect the success of implantation. Oral hygiene: If hygiene is not maintained, inflammation and infection may occur. Surgical expertise and technology: It is important for the surgery to be performed by an experienced specialist using modern technologies. According to statistical data, the success rate has increased in the last 10 years. Especially, the use of laser implantation and computer tomography reduces the chance of error.
Post-Treatment Care Proper care after implantation is very important. The following steps should be followed: Brush teeth twice a day and use dental floss; Visit the dentist every 6 months for a check-up; Avoid hard or sticky foods; Quitting smoking – this reduces inflammation around the implant; Clean with a soft toothbrush. In addition, patients may be advised to use special antiseptic mouth rinses and antibiotics. — Conclusion: The technology of artificial tooth implantation is a great achievement in modern dentistry. To achieve successful results, not only the technological process but also the patient’s health and post-treatment care play an important role.
References:
1. Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W., & Sarver, D. M. (2013). Contemporary Orthodontics (5th ed.). Mosby Elsevier.
2. Graber, L. W., Vanarsdall, R. L., & Vig, K. W. (2016). Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques (6th ed.). Elsevier.
3. Bishara, S. E. (2001). Textbook of Orthodontics. W.B. Saunders Company.
4. Misch, C. E. (2015). Contemporary Implant Dentistry (3rd ed.). Mosby.
5. Albrektsson, T., & Johansson, C. (2001). Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration. European Spine Journal, 10(Suppl 2), S96–S101.
