Even if it’s just in my mind, I’ll reach my dream.
If there was a way, I would find a way,
My hope would save my heart from breaking
May the sky embrace my aching heart,
May the clouds fill my heart.
Even if it’s just in my mind, I’ll reach my dream,
Even if it’s just in my mind, I’ll embrace the sky.
There are no opportunities to make a dream come true,
There are no people who give me opportunities.
Murodillayeva Mohinur was born in 2008 in Kashkadarya region and is an 11th grade student of secondary school No. 44 of Guzar district of Kashkadarya region.
Investigating Lexical Access Latency in Trilingual Uzbek–Russian–English Speakers in a Psycholinguistic Perspective
Tojimurodova Latofat Farxod qizi
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
English first Faculty
Abstract: This study investigates lexical access latency in trilingual speakers proficient in Uzbek (L1), Russian (L2), and English (L3). Lexical access, the mental process through which words are retrieved from the mental lexicon during speech production and comprehension, is a critical aspect of language processing. In multilingual individuals, factors such as language dominance, frequency of use, emotional salience, and context of acquisition can significantly affect the speed of access across different languages. Utilizing a cross-modal lexical decision task (LDT), we examined reaction times for high-frequency and low-frequency words in each language using computerized experimental software. Data was collected from 30 university-level participants in Uzbekistan who reported regular use of all three languages in distinct domains—home, education, and digital communication. Our findings revealed that lexical access was fastest in the most dominant or contextually relevant language, though this varied across participants. Uzbek generally yielded the shortest response times, followed by Russian and English. The study contributes to psycholinguistic research by highlighting how multilingual lexical systems interact dynamically depending on linguistic environment and usage patterns. These results offer practical implications for multilingual education and cognitive assessments in diverse sociolinguistic contexts.
Keywords: Lexical access, trilingualism, Uzbek–Russian–English, reaction time, psycholinguistics, language dominance, lexical decision task.
Lexical access—the retrieval of stored words from the mental lexicon—is fundamental to real-time language comprehension and production. In monolinguals, this process is typically automatic and efficient. However, in multilingual individuals, lexical access becomes significantly more complex due to the presence of multiple, overlapping language systems. Trilingualism, especially in linguistically diverse regions like Uzbekistan, introduces a unique dynamic wherein each language plays a different sociocultural and functional role. Uzbek, as the official state language, is often acquired first (L1) and used predominantly in familial and national contexts. Russian, although not an official language, retains strong sociolinguistic influence due to historical, academic, and media exposure, functioning as a de facto second language (L2) for many. English, increasingly integrated into the educational system and international communication, typically serves as the third language (L3), acquired later through formal instruction.
Understanding how these languages are accessed in the mind has both theoretical and applied significance. From a psycholinguistic standpoint, it allows us to examine how cognitive resources are distributed across language systems. Practically, it informs language teaching, cognitive assessment, and clinical diagnosis for multilingual individuals.
The present study focuses on measuring lexical access speed across three languages using a Lexical Decision Task (LDT). Specifically, it addresses the following research questions:
Which language yields the fastest lexical access among trilingual Uzbek–Russian–English speakers?
How do language dominance and usage frequency influence access speed?
Are there consistent patterns in word retrieval latency across participants?
By systematically comparing access speeds and drawing correlations with self-reported language use, this study aims to contribute empirical insights to the broader field of bilingual and trilingual processing models. The outcomes not only shed light on the cognitive structure of trilingual speakers but also propose implications for educational policy, particularly in contexts where multilingualism is the norm rather than the exception.
Lexical access in multilingual individuals has long intrigued psycholinguists, especially in contexts involving unbalanced language exposure and usage. Classic models such as Levelt’s (1989) model of speech production emphasize a serial progression from conceptualization to articulation, where lexical retrieval plays a key intermediate role. For bilinguals and trilinguals, this process is not always linear due to the co-activation of multiple lexicons (Kroll & Stewart, 1994; Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002). The Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) model further refines this understanding by suggesting that both target and non-target languages are simultaneously activated during word recognition, with inhibitory mechanisms managing language selection.
Recent empirical research on trilinguals indicates that lexical access latency is modulated by a range of variables: age of acquisition (AoA), language dominance, frequency of use, and emotional significance (Costa et al., 2000; Tokowicz & Kroll, 2007). For instance, de Groot (2011) observed that L1 access remains fastest in most contexts, but domain-specific proficiency may reverse this trend, especially when the L2 or L3 is frequently used in academic or professional settings.
In Central Asian multilingual communities, research remains limited. However, studies by Sharipov (2018) and Nurmurodova (2020) indicate that Uzbek speakers often switch to Russian in academic discourse and to English in digital and professional spheres. This pragmatic distribution suggests a form of contextual language dominance, which may not always align with chronological order of acquisition.
Despite these advances, trilingual lexical access in post-Soviet societies remains understudied. The current study fills this gap by offering quantitative data on access speed across three actively used languages in Uzbekistan, drawing connections between cognitive activation and sociolinguistic patterns.
This study highlights the intricate and dynamic nature of lexical access in trilingual speakers of Uzbek, Russian, and English. The data suggest that although Uzbek generally serves as the dominant and most accessible language for most participants—presumably due to early acquisition and daily usage—Russian, which holds significant functional value in academic, scientific, and media domains in Uzbekistan, at times surpassed Uzbek in lexical retrieval speed. This finding challenges the traditional assumption that the first language (L1) always ensures the fastest access, emphasizing instead the role of contextual language dominance and domain-specific language activation.
English, as the third language (L3) and often acquired through formal education rather than naturalistic exposure, demonstrated comparatively slower access speeds. This result is consistent with the weaker links hypothesis, which posits that less frequently used languages create weaker associative pathways in the mental lexicon, leading to delayed retrieval.
These findings have several pedagogical and theoretical implications. First, they support the idea that language proficiency alone is insufficient to predict lexical access efficiency; educators and researchers must also consider the emotional salience, frequency of use, and functional distribution of each language within a speaker’s life. Language educators in multilingual societies like Uzbekistan should adopt a more context-sensitive approach, designing instruction that mirrors learners’ real-world language environments. Furthermore, the results reinforce psycholinguistic models that emphasize co-activation and competition among multiple lexicons, particularly in multilinguals navigating sociolinguistically layered settings. The overlap and interaction between languages in the brain appear to be shaped by both linguistic history and current sociocultural utility.
For future research, it is advisable to expand the demographic scope of participants to encompass a more diverse range of language users, including older adults, early childhood trilinguals, and individuals from rural or monolingual-dominant regions. Such inclusion would allow for a more comprehensive analysis of how variables such as age, linguistic exposure, and local language ecology influence lexical access and processing in multilingual individuals. These demographic extensions could reveal developmental, experiential, and sociolinguistic dimensions of multilingual lexical organization that are not captured in studies with homogenous participant pools.
Furthermore, integrating neuroimaging techniques—such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) or Electroencephalography (EEG)—would offer valuable insights into the neural correlates of lexical activation and selection in multilingual speakers. These methods could empirically substantiate behavioral findings and help delineate the cognitive and neurological mechanisms underlying the management of multiple lexicons. By combining behavioral data with neurophysiological evidence, future studies can deepen our understanding of how multilingual minds store, access, and control language in both everyday and cognitively demanding contexts.
References
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 175–197.
Kroll, J. F., & Tokowicz, N. (2005). Models of bilingual representation and processing: Looking back and to the future. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism (pp. 531–553). Oxford University Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. MIT Press.
de Groot, A. M. B. (2011). Language and Cognition in Bilinguals and Multilinguals: An Introduction. Psychology Press.
Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 940–967.
Language and Identity: How Language Shapes Cultural Belonging
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
English First Faculty
Sa`dullayeva Dilshoda Qalandar qizi
Abstract: Language is a fundamental element in shaping personal and collective identity. It serves not only as a tool for communication but also as a carrier of cultural values, beliefs, and traditions. This paper explores the intricate relationship between language and cultural belonging, focusing on how linguistic practices influence a person’s sense of identity within their cultural group. By analyzing sociolinguistic theories, real-life examples, and multilingual contexts, the paper highlights the role language plays in maintaining cultural heritage and community cohesion. The paper also considers the impact of globalization, migration, and language loss on cultural identity, emphasizing how shifts in language use can lead to feelings of displacement or transformation in self-perception. The findings suggest that language is not merely a means of expression, but a core component of cultural belonging that deeply shapes how individuals see themselves and are perceived by others. Understanding this dynamic is crucial for both linguistic and cultural preservation.
Keywords: Language and identity, cultural belonging, multilingualism, language preservation, sociolinguistics, language and culture, bilingualism, language loss, heritage language, linguistic diversity
Language is one of the most defining characteristics of human beings. It is not only a functional tool for communication but also a complex system through which we understand ourselves and the world around us. From the moment we begin to speak, language becomes deeply embedded in our identity—it shapes our thoughts, emotions, and how we interact with others. In many ways, language acts as a mirror, reflecting the culture, history, and values of the community to which we belong.
The study of language and identity is a multidisciplinary field, involving insights from linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and sociology. Identity itself is not static; it evolves over time and across contexts, and language plays a central role in that evolution. Our accent, vocabulary, and even the way we structure our sentences can signal where we come from, what communities we are part of, and how we see ourselves in relation to the world. This relationship becomes especially complex in multilingual societies, where individuals may switch between languages to navigate different social settings or express different facets of their identity.
Moreover, language can serve as a powerful symbol of cultural resistance and pride. Minority and indigenous communities around the world often struggle to maintain their languages in the face of globalization, assimilation pressures, and linguistic imperialism. In such contexts, language becomes a battleground for identity preservation, where losing a language can mean losing an entire worldview.
In this paper, we aim to explore the profound connection between language and cultural belonging. How does language shape our sense of self? What happens to identity when a language is lost or suppressed? How do multilingual individuals reconcile competing linguistic identities? These questions are at the heart of this inquiry. By examining linguistic theory, case studies, and real-life examples, this paper seeks to understand the vital role of language in the formation, expression, and maintenance of cultural identity in a rapidly changing world.
Language functions as a social identifier, distinguishing individuals based on their linguistic choices, dialects, or accents. People often infer social background, ethnicity, or even educational level based on how someone speaks. For example, in the UK, the difference between Received Pronunciation and regional dialects can signal class distinctions. Similarly, in the United States, African American Vernacular English (AAVE) serves not only as a linguistic system but also as a marker of African American cultural identity.
The choice to speak one language over another in different contexts can signal allegiance, resistance, or adaptation. A person who switches from their heritage language to a dominant societal language may be attempting to integrate, while another may insist on speaking their native tongue to assert cultural pride. These choices are often not just personal, but political. In many cases, marginalized communities have been stigmatized for their language use, leading to internalized shame and efforts to assimilate linguistically. However, reclaiming one’s language can also be a powerful act of cultural affirmation and identity restoration.
Language is the primary vehicle through which cultural knowledge, traditions, and social norms are transmitted across generations. Through everyday conversations, rituals, songs, idioms, and stories, language encodes the values, beliefs, and shared histories of a cultural group. For example, indigenous storytelling practices not only entertain but also serve to teach moral lessons and preserve spiritual beliefs. Oral traditions are especially critical in cultures without a strong written record, making language vital for continuity.
When a language is lost, a vast amount of cultural knowledge can be lost with it—often irreversibly. This loss affects not just vocabulary but also the way people conceptualize the world. Different languages offer unique ways of categorizing time, space, and relationships, and the disappearance of a language can erase these unique worldviews.
Furthermore, cultural ceremonies, naming practices, and kinship terms are often language-specific. Without linguistic fluency, newer generations may lose the ability to fully engage with or even understand their own heritage. Thus, maintaining a language is essential not only for communication but for preserving the soul of a culture.
In multicultural societies, it is increasingly common for individuals to be fluent in more than one language. Multilingualism allows people to participate in different cultural spheres and can contribute to a rich, hybrid identity. For example, children of immigrants often grow up speaking the home language with their family and the dominant language in school and public settings. This duality may lead to a complex sense of belonging, where individuals feel connected to multiple cultures at once. Code-switching—alternating between languages within a conversation—is a common strategy among bilinguals to navigate these layered identities. It can signal cultural affiliation, intimacy, or humor, and is often used to express concepts that do not easily translate between languages.
However, this hybrid identity can also produce internal conflict or external judgment. Some individuals feel “not enough” of either culture, especially when they are not fully fluent in one of their heritage languages. This can lead to what some scholars call “identity limbo,” where people feel culturally unanchored. Educators and communities that support bilingual education and multicultural recognition can help affirm and legitimize these blended identities.
The spread of globalization has had a profound effect on linguistic diversity. Dominant global languages—particularly English, Mandarin, Spanish, and Arabic—are becoming increasingly necessary for economic success, education, and technology. As a result, many speakers of minority languages are abandoning their native tongues in favor of these dominant ones, often under social or economic pressure.
This trend has contributed to what UNESCO calls “language endangerment.” When a language becomes obsolete, its associated culture may follow. Linguists estimate that a language disappears every two weeks, taking with it centuries of cultural expression.
At the same time, globalization also creates new opportunities for language revitalization. Movements across the world—from the revival of Hebrew in Israel to efforts to preserve indigenous languages in North and South America—demonstrate that with intentional policy, community will, and educational support, endangered languages can survive and even thrive.
Digital platforms have also played a key role, allowing marginalized communities to share and promote their languages globally. However, true revitalization must involve everyday use and intergenerational transmission, not just symbolic preservation.
Maori Language Revival (New Zealand): In New Zealand, the Maori people experienced decades of language suppression during colonization. Through grassroots activism, educational reforms (such as Kōhanga Reo language nests), and government recognition, the Maori language has seen a notable revival. This linguistic resurgence has empowered a new generation of Maori to reclaim their identity and culture.
Spanish-English Bilingualism (United States): In the U.S., Hispanic communities navigate between English and Spanish to maintain cultural ties while adapting to American society. Bilingualism in these communities reflects pride in Latinx heritage, but also brings challenges in education and assimilation. “Spanglish,” a hybrid linguistic form, is often used as a cultural bridge.
Inuit Languages in Canada: Efforts to preserve Inuktitut and other Inuit languages involve integrating them into school curriculums and official signage. Language reclamation here is seen as vital to cultural survival and sovereignty.
In conclusion, the intricate relationship between language and identity reveals how language is far more than just a tool for exchanging information. It is a living, dynamic expression of who we are, where we come from, and how we understand our place in the world. Language allows individuals to connect with their cultural roots, transmit traditions, and engage with their community in meaningful ways. It is also a key mechanism through which individuals navigate personal and social identity, especially in multicultural and multilingual environments.
Throughout this paper, we have seen how language acts as both a bridge and a barrier—capable of uniting people through shared heritage and simultaneously excluding others through linguistic differences. The examples of Maori revitalization, bilingualism among Hispanic communities in the U.S., and indigenous preservation efforts all illustrate how language directly influences not only cultural survival but also emotional and psychological well-being.
Yet, the forces of globalization, migration, and cultural assimilation continue to threaten linguistic diversity across the globe. As dominant languages expand, smaller languages—and the identities they support—are pushed to the margins. This calls for intentional action from governments, educators, and communities to preserve and promote linguistic heritage. Investing in language education, supporting mother-tongue instruction, and creating space for minority languages in public discourse are critical steps toward safeguarding identity and inclusion.
Ultimately, language is a repository of memory, identity, and culture. It shapes not only how we express ourselves, but also how we are understood and accepted by others. To protect language is to protect the very essence of cultural belonging. As we move further into a globalized era, acknowledging and preserving the bond between language and identity will be vital to fostering respect, diversity, and human dignity across all societies.
References
Fishman, J. A. (1999). Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press.
Kramsch, C. (1998). Language and Culture. Oxford University Press.
Norton, B. (2013). Identity and Language Learning: Extending the Conversation. Multilingual Matters.
Edwards, J. (2009). Language and Identity: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge University Press.
UNESCO. (2023). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. unesco.org
How Feedback Can Help Students Speak Better: A Practical Look at EFL Classrooms
Nasirova Xurshedabonu Sharof qizi
Student of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract: For many students studying English as a foreign language, speaking fluently and clearly is one of the most difficult obstacles. While grammar drills and vocabulary lists might help, the quality of feedback students get is frequently what determines true progress. This essay looks at how timely, insightful, and well-delivered criticism may help students develop their speaking abilities. Drawing on current research and classroom experiences, the study demonstrates how various sorts of feedback, whether from teachers or peers, may help learners become more fluent, accurate, and motivated. It also examines frequent obstacles that instructors experience while providing feedback and suggests practical solutions that might make a difference in the classroom. In summary, the correct feedback may help a hesitant speaker become a confident communicator.
Speaking is generally the most challenging ability for language learners. Unlike writing or reading, speaking requires rapid thought, confidence, and the ability to articulate ideas in real time. Many students in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) schools struggle to discover their voice, not because they lack information, but because they are unsure how to utilize it. This is where the feedback comes in. Good feedback does more than only point out flaws; it also helps learners progress. As studies has demonstrated (Hattie & Timperley, 2007), feedback is one of the most effective methods a teacher can employ to increase student achievement. This research investigates how feedback may help students enhance their speaking skills and how it can be used effectively in modern classrooms.
METHODOLOGY
To investigate the effect of feedback on speaking abilities, a mixed-methods approach was adopted. Quantitative data were acquired via pre- and post-feedback speaking examinations, while qualitative data were gained through classroom observations and student interviews. The research looked at two groups of EFL learners: one got corrective feedback (for pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary problems), while the other received constructive feedback (for fluency, clarity, and language usage in context). The data were evaluated to compare increases in speaking performance and student involvement across both groups.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Impact of Corrective Feedback
Corrective feedback is vital for encouraging pupils to more accurate language use. Typically, the teacher will intervene directly to point out particular mistakes in grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary and recommend the proper form. In this study, students who got continuous corrective feedback shown significant progress in their ability to create grammatically correct sentences and use new vocabulary effectively. After repeated warnings and practice, learners who often misused verb tenses such as “I go yesterday” were able to correct themselves. Pronunciation mistakes, such as confusion between /θ/ and /s/ sounds, have decreased with time. While critical criticism can make students feel self-conscious, when offered in a helpful and polite manner, it helps them absorb right structures and build long-term accuracy. Teachers discovered that incorporating correction into communicative activities, rather than interrupting pupils while speaking, made feedback more effective and less threatening.
2. Impact of Constructive Feedback
Constructive feedback encourages students to express themselves freely by recognizing their strengths and gently assisting them to address their weaknesses. Unlike corrective criticism, this sort of feedback does not require frequent interruption and instead promotes pupils’ fluency, confidence, and communication ability.
In the observed courses, students who received constructive comments were more open in conversations, tried lengthier replies, and took more chances with language. Instead of stating “That’s wrong,” teachers can say, “That was a great idea—let’s try saying it with the past tense.” This positive framing reduced students’ anxiety of making errors and increased their willingness to talk. The classroom setting became more casual and student-centered. Over time, learners demonstrated not just greater fluency, but also improved interaction skills such as turn-taking, subject management, and spontaneously responding to inquiries – all evidence of increasing confidence and genuine communication ability.
3. Feedback Timing and Frequency
The timeliness of feedback is as crucial as the content. Feedback can be offered immediately or later, either at the end of the exercise or in the next class. Each has their advantages. Immediate feedback enables students to recognize and rectify their faults in real time, which can be beneficial for pronunciation or word choice. For example, if a student says, “He went to school yesterday,” a simple answer like, “He went?” might inspire self-correction. In contrast, delayed feedback fosters reflection. Teachers may take notes during a speaking assignment and then address frequent faults with the entire class to minimize personal shame and promote deeper learning. The frequency of feedback is also important; too little, and kids do not improve and feel overwhelmed.
4. Peer Feedback
Peer feedback enables students to collaboratively reflect on one another’s performance. It fosters not just their listening and analytical abilities, but also a deeper feeling of classroom community. When students give each other feedback, such as pointing out a misused term or suggesting a cleaner sentence structure, they learn to pay more attention to language. In the research, peer feedback was frequently employed in pair or group projects. Students were given short checklists or suggestions like “Did your partner speak clearly?” “Did they use the past tense?” and “What did they do well?” This kept the feedback session focused and positive. Peer feedback also increased self-awareness, as students were more aware of their own speaking habits when assessing others. Importantly, students reported feeling more at ease taking advice from peers than from professors, which helped reduce nervousness and boost engagement in speaking activities.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, feedback is critical for helping EFL students acquire improved speaking abilities. Whether it is corrective feedback, which improves accuracy and pronunciation, or positive feedback, which increases confidence and fluency, each type has distinct advantages when utilized correctly. Timing and consistency of feedback are also important, since quick input can drive real-time modifications, but delayed feedback stimulates deeper thinking. Furthermore, using peer feedback promotes teamwork, self-awareness, and a more supportive classroom climate. Together, these feedback mechanisms provide a well-balanced strategy that not only improves student speaking but also promotes motivation to engage. Using a variety of feedback approaches strategically and consistently may help teachers transform speaking practice into a more successful, engaging, and learner-centered experience.
REFERENCES:
1. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112.
2. Lyster, R., & Saito, K. (2010). Oral feedback in classroom SLA: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32(2), 265–302.
3. Min, H. T. (2005). Training students to become successful peer reviewers. System, 33(2), 293–308.
4. Tee, M. Y., Loo, T. E., & Yap, Y. F. (2019). Oral feedback strategies and learner motivation in speaking classes. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 1–18.
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The path I have chosen is for the future of children.
Every time I hear the laughter of children, something flutters in my heart. As if a voice inside me says: “That’s why you live.” They are innocent, pure, sincere.
One of their tears shakes the world, one of their smiles warms the heart.
I want to live for children. Not just that – as a person who listens to their pain, heart, and breath. I want to protect them. That’s why I chose Pediatrics.
This profession requires not only knowledge, but also heart, love, and patience. You can’t just treat a child – you also need to understand him. You need to look into his fearful eyes and give him confidence.
Being a doctor is not just about writing prescriptions, it’s about giving love, receiving blessings, and being a reason to live. Even though I’m still a student, I’m learning slowly. Every lesson, every page of a book brings me closer to my dreams. Every night I memorize terms, every morning I wake up – all this is for the future I want.
Sometimes I get tired, cry, and suffer. Questions like “why did I choose this profession?” also arise inside me. But suddenly my parents’ voices are heard, and every time I write to my father, they say: “Daughter, you will grow up, you are our greatest hope, we trust you, you will justify our trust.” These words give strength to my heart. In fact, the biggest reason for me to choose this profession is my father. My father’s faith in me, his dreams, and his prayers will not stop me from my path. I did not choose this path by chance. My heart chose this path. For the children, for the future, and above all, for the trust in my parents.
Rushana Raupova Sanjar qizi was born on May 7, 2005 in Yakkabag district of Kashkadarya region. Currently she resides in Tashkent city. She is a 2nd year student of the Faculty of Pediatrics of Tashkent State Medical University and participated in the international anthology in Turkey. Her articles are being published in the international anthology.
