Short story from Bill Tope

Out of the Gloom

Following a breakfast hardly worthy of the name, Annie sat with her cup of coffee on the porch, swinging listlessly as she watched huge, sculpted flakes of snow blow across her front yard. The wind sang through the black, denuded boughs of her hickory trees. Although the outdoor thermometer showed the temperature to be a bitterly cold 12 degrees Fahrenheit, Annie didn’t feel the chill in the air. She did, however, feel the coldness of isolation and depression and a continuing deep sense of loss closing in on her.

She cast her mind back several weeks, to the two days voluntary absence she’d taken from work. Annie, 60, had worked for half of her life at Mercer Portfolio as an executive secretary. She knew, as did her employer, that she was very good at her job, and her record of attendance had been nearly spotless. She hadn’t requested personal time off from work since her mom died, almost a decade before. The time had been readily granted. Additionally, cards, flowers, prepared food and other expressions of condolence has been forthcoming. All this for the death of a woman with whom Annie had not stayed overnight for more than 40 years.

Mom, a cold and unfeeling woman trapped in parenthood, had never wanted to be a mother. Because of her ambivalance, she had treated her only child distantly. Annie’s father died when she was 7 and she could scarcely remember him. She remembered the last time she had visited her mother, 11 years before. She had just flown in.

“Mom, how can I help? Do you want me to do some laundry or shopping or…”

“I don’t want nothin’ from you,” snapped Delores Davis in her hacking, 3-pack-a-day voice. “You don’t come back but ever’ other month and you try to make up for it by doin’ laundry or shoppin’ or whatever. I jus’ want one thing from you,” she said.

“What’s that?” asked Annie tiredly. They went through this same drama every few months. “What could I finally do that would actually make you happy?”

“Don’t come back here no more,” said the old woman with an evil smirk. “That,” asserted Delores, “would make me very happy!”

Annie got a letter from the Edgewood Nursing Home a month later, telling her that Delores had entered their facility as a permanent resident. Annie never again saw her mother alive. She had several times sent a check to the Home to provide some extras for Mom, but the envelopes had been returned unopened. A phone call from that facility almost a year later informed her that Delores Davis had escaped her mortal bonds. Annie had felt numb for a day afterward, but that was all. No other member of her family was living.

Sam, however, was another story. Sam, Annie’s molly cat, had been an integral part of her life from the time she got her from Animal Rescue at 3 months until she finally died at 17 years. Sam was a fast friend and constant companion and Annie had come to rely emotionally on her cat to always be there for her. Conjuring an image of her beloved Sam still brought a tear to her eye. Perhaps most hurtful was that, unlike when her mother had died, others reacted rather coldly when Annie expressed her grief at Sam’s passing.

Her boyfriend, Arch, at her home on the day of Sam’s passing, at first seemed not to know what to say, but then folded her obligingly in his arms and patted her back. But, when she didn’t immediately snap out of it, he seemed not to understand why the loss of a friend whom Annie had known ten times as long as she’d known him should have struck her so hard.

“Annie,” he said with rock-headedness, “how long are you going to mope?” She looked up out of her tissue and blinked. “I mean, it’s only a cat.” Her lips drew into a straight, unhappy line. Arch, she knew, had never liked Sam, not really. What he said next was the worst thing: “If it had been a dog, then I could get it…”

“Then get this,” she told him coldly, and stuffed her snotty tissue into his shirt pocket and said, “Beat it!” He did beat it and, despite fruitlessly calling her daily for the first week, soon stopped trying to make contact.

“Hey, Sam, cute stuff,” cooed Annie, picking the cat up off the porch and cradling her like a baby in her arms. The cat instantly began to loudly purr. “That’s a good girl,” Annie said, and rubbed Sam’s belly. Annie sat down upon the swing, eagerly soaking up the love she she often hadn’t found elsewhere. “Hey,” she asked the cat, “do you want some treats?” Sam’s ears perked up and she squirmed and jumped from Annie’s arms, landing lightly upon the porch floor. She fed Sam her treats, but of course she wanted more. Additional crunchies were not forthcoming, however, for as Annie cautioned Sam, “We girls got to watch our figures, or no one else will.”

“Mr. Helper,” said Annie, speaking on the phone with her boss. “It’s Annie.”

“Annie, are you feeling any better? I was surprised when you took a sick day yesterday. I checked, and you haven’t taken a sick day since you had Covid, nearly 5 years ago.”

“I’m alright, Mr. Helper, thank you. I need to call off today for a different reason.”

Helper’s voice suddenly turned harder. “What reason?” he asked suspiciously.

“Sam…my cat, Sam, died yesterday, and I’m still a little messed up about it.”

Silence.

“Mr. Helper?” asked Annie.

“You mean, you weren’t ill yesterday?” he asked.

“Well, not physically. But, emotionally I was a mess. I owned Sam for…”

He cut her off. “You can have one day, Ms. Davis,” said Helper, using her formal appellation. “You misled the firm yesterday when you called off with what turned out be a lie. One day,” he repeated. He disconnected.

Annie never went back to Mercer Industries.

Claudia, Annie’s best friend from work, called her 5 days into her continued absence from the job. “What’s goin’ on, girl?” asked Claudia. Annie had phoned her friend the day that Sam died and left a message, but until now, she had received no call back. “The rumor mill is working overtime, Annie. Did you really quit?”

“Quit?” repeated Annie. “Not exactly. I’m still grieving, Claudia. I told you, Sam died.”

“Yes,” murmured her friend. “You said that.” After a moment, she asked, “what else is it? Are you sick? Tell me you’re sick, Annie, and I’ll tell that to Helper. Then he can’t fire you.”

“I already told him why I missed work, Claudia,” said Annie.

“I can tell him you were upset, that you had a serious condition; you know, that you had an STD or something and were ashamed to talk about it.”

“I’m not ashamed, Claudia,” Annie said a little more sharply that she intended. “But I am grieving. If you and Mr. Helper and his bosses can’t cut me some slack after three decades of faithful service, then…” She was losing her temper, something she’d never done before with her friend.

“Do you feel suicidal?” asked Claudia eagerly.

Annie pulled her cell phone away from her face and stared into it. She said, “What?”

“If I could tell them you’re suicidal, then they could refer you Human Resources and get you some help…”

Annie retorted, “I don’t need help. I just need time to grieve.” Did she need professional help? she wondered. A shrink would only laugh at her, she feared.

“Then I could explain that you were raped–a date rape–and you had PTSD.”

Annie took a great breath and let it out. “Claudia,” she said calmly, “I’m not suicidal. But I could use some personal support, from my friends.”

“What about Arch?” asked Claudia.

“Yes,” replied Annie wearily, “what about Arch?”

“Is there anything I can do to help?” asked Claudia next.

“I’ll call you if I need anything, okay?” replied Annie softly.

“Okay, girl.”

“Oh, baby,” said Annie, kneeling by Sam’s side. The cat had just vomited again and lay prostrate in the mess. She pulled her pet from the discharge and took her inside to wipe her off. This was the third time is as many days that Sam had regurgitated. Annie phoned up the vet and made an appointment for that afternoon.

Dr. Patel gently palpitated Sam’s distended abdomen and checked her tongue and eyes and ears. He said something about “jaundice.”

“No parasites,” he murmured, “but we’ll check the stool sample and do an X-ray and an ultrasound.” Sam had known the vet all her life and trusted him. But, when he touched her stomach, she growled crossly. After an hour, the vet met with Annie again and told her that Sam’s liver was at issue.

“It’s hepatic failure, Annie,” said the vet. “It’s almost certainly the result of the ingestion of toxins. We’ve gotten a number of similar cases in the area. Do you use any toxins around your house?”

Annie frowned thoughtfully. “No,” she began but then remembered, “the groundskeeping crew has used a defoliant on my blackberries the last two years. But, I asked them and they said it was pet-friendly and wouldn’t hurt Sam.” When he asked, she told him the brand name. He stared sadly at her. “Do you think they lied to me?” she asked in a tiny voice.

_______

Annie and Sam sat alone on a bench in the consultation room at the vet’s. She sat not in her lap as she usually did, but stretched out on the seat. She gently stroked her side. Dr. Patel had told her that, given Sam’s condition and her age, surgery was not indicated. It would be very expensive and it simply wouldn’t work; Sam would never survive the procedure.

“Pretty girl,” she murmured. The cat rolled onto her back and stuck her paws into the air.

The vet reentered the room.

“How long does Sam have, Dr. Patel?” she asked, feeling the moment was surreal.

The vet stroked the cat; Sam purred. “She could last for six months. Or she could expire tomorrow.”

Expire, thought Annie bleakly. What a cold, lifeless word to describe the death of a friend.

“It’s up to you, of course,” the vet went on, “but the kinder course would be to put Sam to sleep, as soon as possible.”

Annie felt as though a hundred pound weight were on her shoulders. “Is she in any pain?” she asked.

The doctor nodded. “Yes,” he said.

Sam was euthanized 30 minutes later, after Annie had said her goodbyes. She didn’t cry, which she felt was weird, inasmuch as her grief was manifest. She told herself she was still in shock. The vet’s assistant gave Annie a wax imprint of Sam’s paws, plus a bill for $1,500, including $100 for the cremation.

Annie sat alone in her car and wept bitterly.

_______

For the first week, Annie felt as if, when she entered a room, she would find Sam padding across the floor or mischievously shredding the curtains or sharpening her nails in the doorways. Then she’d remember and just sigh. Her friends, all from work, were by this time avoiding her. Claudia had emailed her and told her that at Mercer, Annie was persona non grata and no one dared be seen with her. This explained the mild rebukes she’d gotten from work friends she’d texted to spend some time with. She was dreadfully lonely. The house and yard were home to ghosts.

Doing what she always did when she faced uncertainty, Annie booted up her PC and consulted Dr. Google. She clicked on Grief Over Pets and received a panoply of advice. She read that modern Western society had a rather unforgiving attitude toward those who claimed to be suffering grief over the death of an animal. They called this disenfranchised grief and said that it only added on additional layers of misery to those so afflicted.

By the time the second week had passed, she thought to seek professional help. Dialing up the HMO in which employees of Mercer were enrolled, she talked to what sounded like an older woman at the HMO and explained her situation, asking if she could have an appointment with a mental  health professional. The woman apparently placed her hand over the telephone receiver and spoke to someone else. When she came back on the line, she said, barely containing her hilarity, “Maybe you should contact an animal psychologist,” and exploded into gales of unpleasant laughter. “I think they got one at the greyhound track,” she added, then cackled some more.

Annie hung up the phone.

Nights were the worst. When Arch wasn’t there, Sam had spent the nights in Annie’s bed, curled on top of the comforter and nestled in her owner’s arm. But, because Arch was now a ghost as well, Annie spent every night. every second, alone. She hated it.

Mercer was an investment brokerage and the employees, including the secretaries, had profitted from the firm’s investment strategies and enjoyed rich supplements to their already generous remuneration. After 30 years, Annie was but 7 years from retirement. And, because she was in good health and excellent financial shape, decided she wouldn’t reenter the work force. Although she had been discharged, the company was still obliged to pay her substantial pension. Annie retired.

Annie sat in the living room, wathing a PSA on television, showing the dire situation of abandoned and neglected animals. It was a fund-raising effort by Animal Rescue, the same group where she’d gotten Sam so long agp. Videos of starving dogs and abused kittens and lame horses flashed across the screen, ripping at her heart. When the commercial ended, Annie turned to her PC and looked up Animal Rescue on the web. She was surprised to learn that the local shelter was still located at the same spot it had been when she got Sam so long ago. Taking up a wrap, she walked to her car and into her salvation.

Annie was shocked to discover that the same ageless woman who had facilitated Sam’s adoption was still working at the shelter, only now she was the director. Her name, she read on her name tag, was Gladys. Next on the string of miracles was that the woman recognized Annie as well when she mentioned the animal she had adopted.

“Sam, yes, I remember,” said Gladys. “In our follow up telephone interview with you, you said you named her Sam. But, she’ll always be Cuddles to me,” she said, recalling the temporary name that the shelter had given her. She expressed condolences when Annie told her that Sam had passed. But, she didn’t press Annie to immediately readopt and Annie was a little surprised.

“It’s important to grieve properly after a friend passes,” Gladys said. “If you adopt too soon, it’s not fair to the memory of your friend and it’s not fair to your new animal.” Gladys went on to recommend a grieving period of 2 to 3 months, at a minimum. “And Cuddles…Sam, has been gone just six weeks.”

Annie smiled with relief; she had half expected a hard sales pitch; perhaps she was too used to the mercenary buyers and sellers of the transactional American culture. “I agree with you, Gladys,” said Annie.

“Then what can I help you with today, Annie?” asked the other woman. “Or did you just want to visit with some of our little friends?”

‘Is…is that allowed?” asked Annie timidly.

“Of course. Look around and visit. They love company.”

So Annie did, strolling around and visiting every animal. They all seemed pathetically eager for attention, for socialization. When she had completed her visit, she asked the question she had when she came.

“Is there anything that I can do?” she asked.

“What did you have in mind?” asked Gladys, all business now.

“Well,” replied Annie. “As a volunteer. I’m recently retired and I have a lot of hours to fill. And I’d like to help, if I can.”

“What sort of work did you do?” asked Gladys.

“I was an executive secretary for a financial firm for thirty years,” replied Annie.

“Well,” said Gladys, we don’t have much call for dictation or typing and the like…” Annie’s shoulders slumped. “…but,” she continued, “If you can muck out cages and give the animals water and food and assist the visiting vets and love the precious creatures, then you got a job.” She smiled warmly.

“Can I start today?” asked Annie.

Annie began working at the shelter 15 hours a week, which soon escalated to 6 hours per day, five days per week. She loved her work, menial as it was. She enjoyed getting her hands dirty and returning home in the evening smelling like cats and dogs. She fell in love with all the animals, though Sam was never far from her mind. By August, Annie felt that the intensity of her grief was at last at an end. She approached Gladys one afternoon.

“I think I’m ready,” she said.

Gladys somehow knew exactly what she meant. “I think you’re ready too,” she said. “Does this mean you’ll be leaving the shelter?” she asked with concern.  Annie was one of her most avid helpers and her sudden absence would surely be felt. Not only a favorite of the shelter’s patrons, board members and workers, but the animals took to her naturally as well. Their love was returned.

“You’ll never get rid of me, Gladys,” vowed Annie.

“Who’s the lucky girl, or guy?” asked Gladys.

“I’m adopting Jupiter,” declared Annie with a big smile, referencing a large gray male cat.

Gladys frowned. “Honey, Jupiter is 13 years old.”

“I know.”

“In just a couple of years you may have to go through with him what you did with Sam.” Jupiter was diabetic and needed daily insulin injections, which the shelter’s pro bono vet had trained Annie to give.

“I know all that, Gladys,” said Annie. “But, Jupiter has been here for two years, and if I don’t adopt him, then nobody will. He’s an outcast, sort of like me. I think we belong together, you know?”

The night that Annie adopted Jupiter, she lay asleep with the big gray cat curled into her chest and she dreamed. Of Sam. In the dream, Sam was in her lap on the swing and Annie was stroking her fur. Sam suddenly began purring very loudly. She looked up into Annie’s green eyes and opened her mouth.

“What is it, baby?” asked Annie, bending down. In response, Sam leaned up and bit Annie almost impossibly softly on the nose. Then she was gone.

Annie woke up abruptly, said aloud, “Sam?” But, it was Jupiter who lay nestled up against her. There had, Annie realized, been a changing of the guard and a release from her ever-present malaise. The cat looked up inquiringly into his mistress’s eyes, as if to say, this is all new to me too. “I’m out of the gloom now,” murmured Annie, and fell back into a dreamless sleep.

Article from Federico Wardal

Young man photographed with dreamy eyes and hazy outlines. He's got blue eyes and dark hair.

Massimo Sangalli: the swing between fame and life

We are talking about a foreign world where the USA were the absolute protagonists, a world, however, that was only shown in the USA in the magazines dedicated to celebrities: it is the post-dolce vita Rome, which follows the Rome – Dolce Vita, so called, because brilliantly depicted by my mentor Federico Fellini in his famous film of the same name. 

We are in 1995 in Rome. The poets, the writers, the filmmakers, the global stars all frequent the literary café “Caffè Greco” and the night clubs. My friend Prince Egon Von Furstenberg, who introduced me to Joan Crawford in NYC, and I were leaving the famous Jackie O’ nightclub, in homage to Jackie Onassis, with a group of movie stars to continue the night at “Gilda”, another famous nightclub dedicated to Rita Hayworth, owned by my friend Giancarlo Bornigia. Wild dancing with songs by Corona, Cher, Haddaway and a group of fans around their idol took up all our space. The idol was the adolescent star of photo stories, the fascinating Massimo Sangalli, accompanied by Doriana Bianchi, the favorite actress of movie director Marco Ferreri.

Another hazy, dreamy photograph of a young man with locks of dark hair.

I called the director of Gilda, my friend Angelo Ciccio Nizzo, to calm down Sangalli’s fans and to have some space for us to dance too. I met Sangalli and Doriana Bianchi, we started dancing together, but we also started a friendship that never ended. With the great poet Dario Bellezza, a pupil of Pasolini, we were working on a big show, based on the novel by Dario Bellezza: “Turbamento” about Pasolini. I invited Sangalli and the Italian star Sebastiano Somma to act with me. It was a great success for Sangalli in his theatrical debut and then he became internationally famous. Sangalli is currently starring in “Music in the Forest” by Roberto Lippolis with Nastassja Kinski, John Savage, Cassandra Gava, Vincent Spano, soon to be released.

In Lippolis’ film, set in the Second World War, Sangalli plays Zigmund, a Jewish poet. Both female and male beauty in the world of cinema is certainly important, since it is the easiest road to fame, which, however, survives only if you have talent and gradually put aside roles based on the beauty of physical appearance and often superficial, to interpret psychologically complex and profound roles, as in the case of Sangalli. Of course, the world of fashion, especially in Italy and France, opens the doors to perfect bodies and enchanting faces and so Massimo Sangalli has participated in events of the famous fashion designer Anton Giulio Grande. He is the testimonial for “Angel” by Dolce & Gabbana. He has been photographed by Helmut Newton, Louis Vidal, Carlo Bellicampi, Dario Plozzer, working in cinema with prestigious directors such as Tinto Brass, Pupi Avati, George Lucas and others.

Young man and older woman dressed up in white gloves and suits and pearls in a movie.

Sangalli will soon be in an Italian-Californian film about Pirandello and in an interesting film written by Hollywood authors, based on the transition between the era of communication without the internet and with the internet. Cinema continues to be an important reference for all of us to improve ourselves, but I fear that it will continue to always be based on “fame” which for Hannah Montana by Michael Poryes, instead falls to second place, since life reconquers the first. https://synchchaos.com/?s=Poryes&submit=Search . 

A difficult swing for those who, like Sangalli, face this aspect on a daily basis.

Poetry from Yucheng Tao

Observation of Blood (previously published in The Lake

Today, the museum closes its doors early,
waiting;
how much of the night’s bleakness
seeps into it, enjoying the dark corridors.
The Indian tents with pointed frames,
like spears of bone, stand pierced
in the empty lobby, lonely,
waiting;
how the winter wind cuts through it.
As the cold artifacts of the museum
catch the outside glow,
the carnivalesque slaughter brings
laughter to civilization.

Denver’s rain is absent and dry,
the natives of the Arapaho
meditate on the sacred mountain
when the invaders come.
I watch how blood spreads—
past and present—and death favors
their flesh, buried under black moonlight
by fire and sword.
Left with sword marks,
they dye the river bend with blood,
winding like red silk;
now it leaves collections
lying in the museum of darkness.
Their bones cannot be read,
as their residues are covered
under the ash of death.

Inside or out, there is no sweetness—
only the salty taste of blood.
The truth sinks and vanishes;
as for the sleeping city folks,
the moon is clear tonight.

They Came (It was published Cathexis Northwest Press

Tuol Sleng
like a poisonous flower
exhaling
a piercing venom.

The palm trees swayed
beneath the faltering shadow,
a procession of bones
   

—the dead—
labeled as intellectuals.

They came
like a gust of wind,
They came
like a herd of wild beasts.
They came
slaughter upon slaughter,
cursing Tuol Sleng,
damning its streets and rivers.

They regarded themselves as fanatical idealists,
But never, made the place a paradise.
Passion torched it into a fiery hell.

They came
with frantic lusts.
They came to Cambodia—
its flesh drenched in rouge.

When Tuol Sleng opened,
Moonlight buried people
in a sunken pit of earth.

None to cry those words:
“ They came!”

Yucheng Tao is an international student from China, currently studying songwriting in Los Angeles. His work has been featured in Wild Court (UK), The Lake (UK), Red Ogre Review (UK), Cathexis Northwest Press, and NonBinary Review (which includes an interview). His poems have passed into the semifinalist round of the Winds of Asia Award by Kinsman Quarterly, and many poems and fiction have been published in Yellow Mama, Apocalypse Confidential, Waymark Literary Magazine, Ink Nest, The Arcanist, Synchronized Chaos, Down in the Dirt, Academy of the Heart and Mind, and others.

Essay from Gafurova Mahbuba

Problems and Analysis Methods of Translation Practice in the Exercise 

Andijan Davlar Institute of Foreign Languages

4th Printing Student: Gafurova Mahbuba

mahbubaalisherovna@gmail.com

+998946812826

Supervisor: Kadirova Nargiza

Annotation. This article discusses in detail a wide range of problems in translation practice, the reasons for their origin and methods of analysis. In particular, the grammatical, lexical, stylistic and cultural differences between the Uzbek and German languages affect the translation process, and what scientific methods should be used to overcome these differences. On the basis of the leading ideas of translation theory, practical and theoretical approaches are analyzed, the qualifications, skills and strategies necessary for the translator are discussed.

Keywords. Translation practice, translation theory, German language, Uzbek language, methods of analysis, grammatical differences, lexical differences, cultural differences, pragmatic differences, linguistic approach, cultural approach, functional equivalence, transcription.

Translation has been one of the most important tools of intercultural communication throughout human history. Today, the role of translation is becoming more and more important as global connections in science, technology, literature, politics, and other fields increase. Translation has become not only a means of transferring information between languages, but also of transferring spiritual and social values from one culture to another. The structure of the Uzbek language and the German language, the style of expression, and the cultural basis differ significantly. These differences create many difficulties in the translation process. A translator must translate not only literally, but also correctly convey its meaning, style, cultural context, communicative purpose. The article comprehensively analyzes the problems encountered in translation practice and proposes solutions based on modern scientific methods.

The main problems of translation practice. Lexical problems. There are significant differences between the vocabulary and lexical structures of the Uzbek and German languages. Whereas in Uzbek a word often has many meanings, in German there is a specific expression for each meaning. For example, the Uzbek verb “to see” denotes a general action and is used in different contexts: to see (with an eye), to see (to experiment), to see (to meet). In German, various verbs are used for these cases, such as sehen (to see with the eye), erleben (to experiment), sich treffen (to meet). The translator should analyze the context in depth and choose the appropriate option. Problems are also common in the translation of phraseological units. Phraseologisms often have a cultural basis in German and appear strange or incomprehensible in German when translated directly. For example, expressions such as “Heartbreak” should be conveyed in translation with an appropriate equivalent or annotation.

Grammar problems. Differences in grammatical systems create many problems in the translation process. Uzbek language is an agglutinatable language, and grammatical meanings are expressed by suffixes. In German, there are genders of nouns (masculine, feminine, neutral) and are designated by the articles. In Uzbek, the basic structure of a sentence is simple (I went to school), whereas in German the word order is based on a strict rule (Ich bin zur Schule gegangen). Secondary verbs and auxiliary verbs are used a lot in the sentence. In German, the form of nouns and articles change (der Tisch – den Tisch, dem Tisch and so on) if more pronouncements are indicated in Uzbek.

Such discrepancies require structural adaptations and grammatical transformations in translation.

Stylistic problems. Uzbek literary style is characterized by softer, more emotionally rich expressions. In German, on the other hand, the emphasis is on expressing clearly, concisely, and logically. It takes great skill to find their functional equivalent when translating into German poetic metaphors, exaggerations, means of expression, which are often used in Uzbek literature or in everyday speech. Otherwise, the translation may look dry and artificial. Also, many expressions used in the Uzbek language as part of respect and manners are divided into formal or informal forms in German (via the forms Sie and du). Choosing the right level will ensure the accuracy of the translation and its appropriateness to the context.

Cultural and pragmatic issues. Fundamental differences between Uzbek and German cultures are often noticed in the translation process. For example, in Uzbek culture special respect is given to adults and requires a lot of care in speech. In German society, however, the principle of equality is stronger, and this is also noticeable in the tone of speech. Since religious and national realities (for example, “iftor”, “savob”, “Sufi”) often found in Uzbek are not exactly equivalent in German culture, the translator must interpret these concepts or translate them with cultural adaptation. Pragmatically, what is acceptable and acceptable in one culture may have negative connotations in another. In such situations, the translator should use the method of adaptation (localization), taking into account the purpose of the text and the audience.

Translation Analysis Methods. Linguistic analysis. Linguistic analysis is a method of in-depth study of the interaction of language systems and elements in the translation process. It is carried out at the level of grammatical structures, syntax, morphology and phonetics. For example, differences such as the adaptation of the free speech order in Uzbek to the strict order of free speech in German, or the manner in which tenses are expressed (in Uzbek language the most accurate tense is clearly defined, then in German tenses are often understood in context) are determined by linguistic analysis. Cultural analysis. Cultural analysis involves the analysis of the cultural codes, values, traditions of the translated text. The translator identifies the differences between the source culture and the receiving culture and develops adapted options. Cultural analysis is especially important in translating national concepts, holidays, religious terms, and everyday customs. Functional Analysis. Functional analysis is a translation technique that takes into account the communicative purpose, audience, and context of a text. In this way, the translation is done not only verbatim but also while maintaining the overall effect of the text. For example, when translating ad text, you need to remember that its goal is to sell the product, so it will be more important to maintain an impactful focus on your audience, rather than translating the words correctly.

The practice of translation is not a simple language change, but a complex cultural and stylistic process of transfer. Translation work between Uzbek and German should study in depth the grammatical, lexical, stylistic, and cultural differences and apply the appropriate analysis techniques to each gap. The use of a harmonious combination of linguistic, cultural and functional analysis methods in overcoming translation problems is a key factor for improving the quality and effectiveness of translation. A translator should always expand his language skills, cultural knowledge and be aware of modern translation methodology. Translation is a process that requires not only knowledge, but also art, patience, experience and a creative approach.

                                              References

1. Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge, 2018.

2. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall, 1988.

3. House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment: Past and Present. Routledge, 2015.

4. Hatim, Basil; Mason, Ian. Discourse and the Translator. Routledge, 1990.

5. Nord, Christiane. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application. Rodopi, 2005.

6. Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge, 1995.

7. Kadyrova, M. Comparative grammar of Uzbek and German languages. Tashkent, 2015.

8. Shukurov, B. Fundamentals of translation theory. Tashkent, 2010.

9. Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. John Benjamins, 1995.

10. Schäffner, Christina. Translation and Intercultural Communication. Routledge, 2012.

Essay from Oblaqulova Gulshoda 

Central Asian teen girl in a white tee shirt, long black hair in a ponytail, an arch of books behind her.

Japanese and Uzbek Idioms: Shared Wisdom, Shared Mentality

Abstract:

This article presents a scientific analysis of the similarities between Japanese and Uzbek idioms. Through examples, the shared aspects of both nations’ worldviews are revealed. The meanings of the idioms and their cultural significance are examined, as well as their importance in translation and language learning.

Keywords: Japanese language, Uzbek language, idioms, proverbs, mentality, culture, translation, semantic similarity, language teaching, translation practice.

Every nation’s mentality and culture are reflected through its language. Idioms and proverbs, in particular, embody the accumulated experiences, values, and perspectives of a people over centuries.

Although the Japanese and Uzbek peoples are geographically and linguistically distant, the similarities in their idioms reflect shared patterns in thought and worldview.

This article analyzes the similarities of idioms in Japanese and Uzbek based on scholarly sources.

1. Shared Mentality Reflected in Idioms

Idioms in both Japanese and Uzbek are often rooted in life experience, wisdom, and ancient proverbs. The following examples clearly demonstrate this:

七転び八起き (Nanakorobi yaoki) – “Fall seven times, rise eight.”

This corresponds directly with the Uzbek idioms.

In both cultures, this phrase expresses resilience and determination in the face of hardship.

猿も木から落ちる (Saru mo ki kara ochiru) – “Even monkeys fall from trees.”

This aligns with the Uzbek expressions .

It means that even experienced individuals can make mistakes.

蓼食う虫も好き好き (Tade kuu mushi mo sukizuki) – “Some insects even enjoy eating bitter herbs.”

This idiom corresponds with the Uzbek saying (“Everyone has different tastes”).

It highlights that personal preferences vary from person to person.

2. The Role of Idioms in National Mentality

Through idioms, nations express their life experiences, values, and psychological characteristics.

Japanese idioms tend to emphasize patience, calmness, and aesthetic values, while Uzbek idioms highlight friendship, devotion, and perseverance.

3. The Importance of Idioms in Translation and Language Learning

For translators and language learners, idioms hold particular significance.

A translator must prioritize the semantic and contextual equivalents of idioms rather than their literal meanings. This ensures that the translation feels natural and culturally appropriate.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Japanese and Uzbek idioms show many similarities, reflecting shared aspects of the two peoples’ life philosophies.

Analyzing idioms reveals the interconnection of mentalities and cultural values. In translation and language teaching, the accurate and natural rendering of idioms is of great importance.

References:

Ikegami, Y. (2005). Japanese Proverbs and Sayings. Tokyo: Kodansha International.

Toshmurodova, G. (2018). Idioms in Uzbek: Concept, Classification, Interpretation. Tashkent: Fan Publishing.

Natsume, S. (2020). Understanding Japanese Culture through Idioms. Kyoto University Press.

Komatsu, H. (2016). Japanese Idioms: Cultural Insight through Language. Osaka: Nihon Bunka Kenkyūsha.

Nazarova, G. (2019). The Role of Idioms in Translation and Their Equivalent Matches. Journal of Philological Issues, No. 2, pp. 45–49.

Khudoyberganov, Q. (2017). Theory and Practice of Translation. Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi.

Oblaqulova Gulshoda was born in Bakhmal district, Jizzakh region.

She is a first-year student at the Uzbekistan State World Languages University, Faculty of Eastern Philology, majoring in Japanese Language.

Essay from Davronova Asilabonu (Published May 1 for International Press Freedom Day)

Young Central Asian woman holding a book and standing on a lawn near trees and large buildings. She's got a brown buttoned coat and white top.

The Role and Future of Journalism in the Digital Age

Journalism has always been an inseparable part of society. It serves the purpose of informing people, uncovering the truth, and delivering unbiased information about significant events. However, with the development of digital technologies, journalism has undergone significant changes. The widespread use of the internet and social media has forced traditional media outlets to transform their formats. In this article, we will discuss the importance, opportunities, and future of digital journalism.

The Importance of Digital Journalism

Digital journalism is much faster and more comprehensive than traditional media, making it the most modern method of delivering information to the public. People can now access news not only through newspapers or television but also through websites, blogs, podcasts, and social media. Moreover, thanks to mobile technologies, news can be read at any time and place.

Additionally, digital journalism stands out for its interactivity. People have the opportunity to comment, share their opinions, and directly engage with journalists. This helps strengthen the connection between journalists and their audience and allows them to better understand the audience’s needs. Journalists can also monitor public opinion in real-time and use it to create news stories.

Opportunities in Digital Journalism

Digital journalism opens the door to new opportunities. Firstly, collecting and analyzing information has become much easier. Artificial intelligence and big data processing technologies allow journalists to explore pressing issues in more depth.

Secondly, new platforms allow independent journalists to amplify their voices. Through blogs, YouTube channels, and social media pages, anyone can gather an audience and spread their news. This has led to the emergence of diverse opinions in the media sector, increasing the diversity of information sources.

Thirdly, the importance of visual content is growing. People are more likely to engage with infographics, videos, and podcasts rather than text-based news. Therefore, journalists need to make their content visually appealing. Furthermore, technologies like artificial intelligence, such as automated news reading or text-to-video conversion tools, are also developing.

Future Developments in Journalism

In the future, journalism is likely to become even more digital. With the advancement of artificial intelligence, automated news-writing systems may emerge. At the same time, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies will allow news to be presented in a visual and interactive format. These technologies will make journalism even more engaging and realistic.

However, this development also comes with challenges. The increase in fake news and disinformation, the security of personal data, and the financial stability of independent journalism are major concerns for journalists. Therefore, in the future, journalists will need to develop new strategies and use technology appropriately to deliver trustworthy and unbiased information.

Moreover, improving media literacy is crucial. People should not trust every piece of information they find on the internet and should develop the habit of verifying sources. Journalists, in turn, must deliver reliable and fact-based content to gain the trust of their audience.

Conclusion

Digital-age journalism has transformed traditional journalism and created new opportunities. The speed of information delivery has increased, interactive communication with audiences has developed, and new possibilities for independent journalists have emerged.

Davronova Asilabonu Jo’rabek qizi was born on October 6, 2007, in the Jarqo’rg’on district of Surxondaryo region, Uzbekistan. She is currently studying in the 11th grade at School No. 5. Asilabonu has achieved numerous international accomplishments in various fields, showcasing her dedication and talent. Known for her academic excellence and active participation in global competitions, she is a rising star and continues to pursue her goals with determination and passion.