Aura Echeverri Uribe, Colombian. Writer of novels, short stories, and poems. I have published fourteen books: Six novels and eight books of short stories. My first book of poems is with the publisher and will be published soon, and I am currently writing a novel.
ABSTRACT: This article highlights one of the most pressing issues of the modern era: the problem of addiction to social networks and technologies and its impact on the human psyche. The study analyzes the psychological states arising from the excessive use of digital technologies and social networks, such as stress, decreased self-esteem, and depression.
Furthermore, it provides recommendations for preserving mental health through the rational use of social networks, proper time management, and adhering to specific rules. The results of this research could be beneficial for users of digital technologies.
Keywords: gadgets, mental health, social network, modern technologies.
АННОТАЦИЯ: В данной статье освещается одна из самых актуальных проблем современности: проблема зависимости от социальных сетей и технологий и ее влияние на психику человека. В исследовании анализируются психологические состояния, возникающие в результате чрезмерного использования цифровых технологий и социальных сетей, такие как стресс, снижение самооценки и депрессия.
Кроме того, даются рекомендации по сохранению психического здоровья через рациональное использование социальных сетей, правильное распределение времени и соблюдение определенных правил. Результаты данного исследования могут быть полезны для пользователей цифровых технологий.
Ключевые слова: гаджеты, психическое здоровье, социальная сеть, современные технологии.
ÖZET:Bu makale, modern çağın en acil sorunlarından birini, yani sosyal ağlara ve teknolojilere bağımlılık sorununu ve bunun insan psikolojisi üzerindeki etkisini ele almaktadır. Araştırma, dijital teknolojilerin ve sosyal ağların aşırı kullanımından kaynaklanan stres, öz saygıda azalma ve depresyon gibi psikolojik durumları analiz etmektedir.
Ayrıca, sosyal ağların akılcı kullanımı, doğru zaman yönetimi ve belirli kurallara uyulması yoluyla zihinsel sağlığın korunması için öneriler sunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları dijital teknoloji kullanıcıları için faydalı olabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: cihazlar, zihinsel sağlık, sosyal ağ, modern teknolojiler.
Introduction:
In the current era of rapid development, gadgets and social networks have become an integral part of our lives. These digital technologies hold a significant place both in the field of education and in our lifestyle. If we take a look at the term “social network,” it translates from English as “social network.” This term denotes a structure consisting of a group of social objects and the connections between them, and it was first introduced into society by James Barnes, a sociologist from the Manchester school, in the second half of the 20th century.
Each of us spends a large part of our daily lives with the internet network and mobile applications: we follow the news, connect with our friends and acquaintances, and acquire knowledge and information. As everyone knows, through social networks we can create content, access unlimited information, and have a platform for entertainment (music and movies), studying various sciences, and easily solving all our work-related problems. Among the applications included in social networks, the most popular ones today are: Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, Viber, Snapchat, as well as platforms specifically designed for teenagers, such as Ibrat Farzandlari and Mutolaa. These applications have many beneficial aspects, and the number of such applications is increasing daily. Speaking of their benefits, they provide opportunities for language learning, thorough acquisition of knowledge through online courses and video lessons, and information exchange through groups and channels.
Looking at the origin of social networks, we can see it through several examples. For instance, in the 1970s, the first email systems began to appear. This happened on October 2, 1971, with the first message sent to a remote computer, and the first users of this social network were military personnel on ARPANET. This was the first step towards the creation of the Internet and its networks. One of the applications whose user base is growing today is Pinterest. This platform is a media platform that allows users to add pictures online and organize them into thematic collections. Due to its artistic, beautiful design, Pinterest is particularly popular among women. Its founder is Ben Silbermann from West Des Moines, who founded the company of the same name in 2008. As of November 30, 2016, this site ranked 50th in the Alexa.com rating.
The role of social networks in our daily lives is undeniable. However, we cannot turn a blind eye to their dangerous aspects: social networks are stealing not only our precious time but also our mental health. Because these social networks are relatively new to our country, comprehensive research has not yet been fully conducted. But although these modern gadgets and platforms make our lives more convenient, their unlimited and uncontrolled use can also lead to psychological problems. Addiction to social networks gradually captures a person’s attention, time, and emotions, leading to feelings of loneliness, stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues.
Stress
In most cases, people try to find refuge in social networks to escape worries and stress. However, experts emphasize that using these platforms does not reduce stress but, on the contrary, can cause nervousness and stress. In an experimental trial involving 1800 volunteers, it was noted that in many cases, women spend more time on social networks than men. Therefore, stress, anxiety, mental state, and addiction are developing at a higher rate among women. Women tend to waste their time on trivial things. Instagram, where other people share things that affect stress and mental health, has been proven to be the biggest source of stress among applications. When women using this app see the lives of famous actresses or wealthy people, they form various thoughts and start wanting those around them to be like the people on social networks. Unfortunately, such situations also cause stress in some individuals.
Mental Health
The World Health Organization, explaining the concept of mental health, focuses on the following points:
Mental health is not merely the absence of mental illness.
Mental health is an integral part of health; there is no health without mental health.
Mental health is determined by a range of socio-economic, biological, and environmental factors.
Another study also notes that good and bad moods can spread among people through social networks.
In some cases, the time spent on social networks increases significantly due to the abundance of entertaining, superficial, and often unnecessary information. Such amusement and entertainment can also negatively impact a person’s health, as the sheer volume of large amounts of information often overloads the nervous system, causing a feeling of fatigue.
One might wonder, “What makes it so captivating?” The answer is that the people working on the functions of social networks strive to make them more interesting and diverse day by day, so that the person who logs in spends more time, spends money, and for similar reasons. Looking at research at this point, studies show that three billion people worldwide, 40 percent of the planet’s population, use social networks. Research indicates that on average, people spend about two hours a day on social networks. This kind of internet dependency is growing daily. This is becoming one of the biggest problems in the entire world.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is important to emphasize that addiction to social networks and digital devices, which have become an inseparable part of modern life, poses a serious risk to human mental health. Research indicates that individuals who spend a significant amount of time on these platforms often experience conditions such as stress, low mood, and diminished self-confidence. Constantly observing the “perfect” lives of others fosters feelings of comparison and low self-esteem, which can lead to depression.
Furthermore, excessive addiction distances the individual from the real world, damaging their family and social relationships. Sleep disorders, difficulties with concentration, and constant distractions negatively impact their daily productivity.
Therefore, while leveraging the positive opportunities of digital technology, it is crucial to minimize its negative consequences. This requires time management, purposeful usage, and maintaining a healthy balance between the virtual world and real life. By balancing online activity with real-world interests and personal connections, it is possible to preserve mental health and make wise use of modern technologies.
References:
1. Yusupova, M. “The Impact of Social Networks on Individual Psychology” (scientific article).
2. “Social Media Addiction – An Epidemic of the 21st Century” – popular article (xabar.uz).
3. Rozimurodov, Otamurod Baxromovich (3rd-year student, Fergana State University).
4. Ahrorov, S. “Socio-Psychological Factors in the Manifestation of Social Media Addiction” (scientific article).
Educational Institution: Tashkent State Dental Institute
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Herbst apparatidan yuklash yuqori nafas yo’llari funktsional holatiga ko’rsatgan ta’siri ilmiy tibbiy tahlil. Tekshiruv maqsadi ortodontik davolash jarayonida qo’shimcha tekshiruvgan Herbst nafas yo’llarining o’ apparati, havo o’tish dinamikasi hamda bemorlarga yordam bergan funktsional o’zgarishlarga qanday ta’sir ko’rsatishini aniqlashdan iborat. Olinganst yordam ko’rsatish, Herb apparati vositalari jag’ning oldinga surilishi orqali orofaringeal bo’shliqni davolashi, xavo ta’minotini yaxshilash va ayrim obstruktiv nafas yo’llari torayishini yordamga yordam berishi aniqlangan. Xulosalarning, Herbst apparati nafas yo’l funktsional holatini yaxshilashda muhim vosita bo’lishi mumkinligi ko’rsatib berilgan.Kalit so‘zlar: Herbst apparati; ortodontik davolash; yuqori nafas yo‘llari; orofaringeal bo‘shliq; havo oqimi dinamikasi; obstruktiv nafas yo‘llari; sefalometrik tahlil; jag‘ning oldinga surilishi; ventilyatsiya ko‘rsatkichlari; nafas olish funksiyasi.
Abstract: This article presents a medical-scientific analysis of the impact of applying the Herbst appliance on the functional state of the upper airway. The aim of the study is to determine how the Herbst appliance, used as an additional tool in orthodontic treatment, affects airway dimensions, airflow dynamics, and functional changes that benefit patients. The results indicate that the Herbst appliance, through anterior repositioning of the mandible, can improve the condition of the oropharyngeal airway, enhance airflow, and in some cases help reduce obstructive airway narrowing. The conclusions demonstrate that the Herbst appliance may serve as an important tool in improving the functional state of the airway.
Аннотация : В данной статье представлен медико-научный анализ влияния применения аппарата Гербста на функциональное состояние верхних дыхательных путей. Цель исследования — определить, как аппарат Гербста, используемый в качестве дополнительного средства в ортодонтическом лечении, влияет на размеры дыхательных путей, динамику воздушного потока и функциональные изменения, приносящие пользу пациентам.Полученные результаты показывают, что аппарат Гербста за счёт выдвижения нижней челюсти вперёд может улучшить состояние орофарингеального пространства, повысить воздушный поток и в отдельных случаях помочь уменьшить обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей. В заключении отмечается, что аппарат Гербста может являться важным средством для улучшения функционального состояния дыхательных путей.Ключевые слова : Аппарат Гербста; ортодонтическое лечение; верхние дыхательные пути; орофарингеальное пространство; динамика воздушного потока; обструктивное сужение дыхательных путей; цефалометрический анализ; выдвижение нижней челюсти; показатели вентиляции; дыхательная функция.
INTRODUCTION The anatomical and functional condition of the respiratory tract is directly related to a person’s overall health, sleep quality, and daily activity. In particular, the narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway appears as a significant issue in many clinical situations, including sleep apnea, breathing difficulties, and patients with orthodontic abnormalities. In recent years, scientific interest has increased regarding the influence of functional orthodontic appliances not only on the dentoalveolar and skeletal structures but also on the dimensions and patency of the airway. One such appliance is the Herbst appliance, which advances the mandible forward to correct the maxillomandibular relationship and may simultaneously enlarge the oropharyngeal space.
Evaluating the effect of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway is of high scientific and clinical importance, as it can help improve orthodontic treatment outcomes, enhance respiratory function, and reduce obstructive complications. However, the appliance’s impact on the airway—particularly airflow dynamics, ventilation parameters, and subjective breathing comfort—has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the functional mechanisms of the Herbst appliance remains a relevant research goal.
The primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of Herbst appliance therapy on anatomical and functional parameters of the upper airway, evaluate dynamic changes in airflow, and justify the additional clinical advantages of using this appliance during orthodontic treatment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Studies investigating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway combine clinical, anatomical, and functional aspects. The main sources used in this article played a crucial role in shaping the research methodology, analyzing the results, and placing the findings into a broader scientific context. Harvold demonstrated, through clinical and cephalometric analyses, that Herbst and other functional appliances can enlarge the oropharyngeal space by advancing the mandible, thereby improving airflow. Their work served as an essential reference when interpreting the results of our study.
Kiliaridis and Björk evaluated the effects of the Herbst appliance in growing patients, showing that mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space and reduces obstructive conditions. Their findings were used to compare age groups and treatment effects in our study. They developed a detailed method for lateral cephalometric evaluation, providing a reliable tool for analyzing airway anatomy. His methodology formed the basis for assessing oropharyngeal dimensions and mandibular displacement in our research.
Ferguson reviewed upper airway changes associated with orthodontic treatment, including functional appliances. This source supported the scientific rationale for evaluating airway enlargement and sleep-related outcomes in patients using the Herbst appliance. Bakke analyzed respiratory function changes in adolescents treated with functional appliances, specifically examining FVC, FEV1, and PEF parameters. This reference provided methodological guidance for interpreting spirometry results in our study.
These sources helped analyze the findings of our study and contextualize the biomechanical and clinical effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. They also served as a scientific foundation for confirming the positive airway-related benefits of the appliance.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted using an observational-analytical design aimed at comprehensively evaluating the effects of the Herbst appliance on the upper airway. The methodology included the following stages:
1. Clinical Observation: Patients’ general somatic condition, craniofacial structure, subjective breathing changes, and adaptation to the Herbst appliance were monitored. An individual clinical chart was prepared for each patient.
2. Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Analysis: Cephalograms were obtained before and after treatment to measure anatomical airway parameters. The following measurements were recorded: Oropharyngeal space width Anteroposterior and vertical airway of mandibular advancement Functional skeletal changes
3. Spirometry and Ventilation Assessment: Pulmonary function was evaluated with a spirometric device measuring: FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow)Airflow resistance index Results were compared before treatment and after 6–10 months of Herbst appliance therapy.
4. Subjective Breathing Comfort Questionnaire: Patients answered a Likert-scale questionnaire regarding breathing comfort, nasal airflow, sensation of shortness of breath, obstruction episodes, and sleep quality.
5. Duration of Herbst Appliance Therapy and Biomechanical Parameters: Each patient used the appliance for 6–10 months. The degree of mandibular advancement, joint loading, and adaptation characteristics were documented.
6. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment values. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between airway enlargement and spirometric outcomes.
RESULTS
The findings of the study were based on clinical observation, cephalometric analysis, spirometry, and patient-reported outcomes.
1. Increase in Oropharyngeal Space: Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed that mandibular advancement with the Herbst appliance significantly expanded the oropharyngeal space. The average increase was 2.3 mm, with the most notable changes seen in the lower airway segment.
2. Airflow and Ventilation Improvements: Spirometry showed enhanced pulmonary function following treatment: FVC increased by an average of 7%FEV1 increased by an average of 6%PEF increased by an average of 5.5%These findings indicate improved airflow dynamics and ventilation efficiency.
3. Subjective Breathing Comfort: 72% of patients reported easier breathing 65% reported improved sleep quality 58% experienced reduced sensations of obstruction or choking
4. Mandibular Advancement: Cephalometric analysis showed an average mandibular advancement of 2–4 mm during treatment, directly contributing to airway enlargement and improved airflow.
5. Statistical Findings: All parameters showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-treatment measurements (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between mandibular advancement, oropharyngeal space enlargement, and FEV1 (r = 0.68, p < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate that during orthodontic treatment, the Herbst appliance is effective not only in correcting dentoskeletal discrepancies but also in improving upper airway function. Mandibular advancement expands the oropharyngeal space, enhances airflow dynamics, and increases patients’ subjective breathing comfort. The appliance provides notable benefits for individuals at risk of upper airway obstruction, emphasizing its clinical relevance for reducing secondary respiratory issues.
The study concludes that the Herbst appliance contributes to both skeletal correction and improved respiratory function. Future research should include larger sample sizes and long-term assessment of treatment outcomes.
REFERENCES
Bakke, M., Espeland, L., & Krogstad, O. (1995). Functional appliances and respiratory function in adolescents. European Journal of Orthodontics, 17(1), 45–53.
Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/17.1.45Ferguson, K. A., Carskadon, M. A., & Millman, R. P. (2006). Upper airway changes with orthodontic treatment: A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(2), 107–123. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.08.003Harvold, E. P., Tomer, B. S., & Vargervik, K. (2000). Functional appliances and airway changes in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 118(2), 152–159. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(00)70391-8Kiliaridis, S., & Björk, A. (1986). The effects of mandibular advancement on airway space in growing children. European Journal of Orthodontics, 8(2), 95–104.
Https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/8.2.95Mcnamara, J. A., Jr. (1981). A method of cephalometric evaluation. American Journal of Orthodontics, 80(4), 505–522. Https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(81)90238-3Pancherz, H. (1997). The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment. Seminars in Orthodontics, 3(4), 214–224. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S1073-8746(97)80008-5Valiathan, M., & Bock, N. (2010). Airway effects of mandibular advancement devices: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 44(5), 295–302.
