Do you hear how the wind blows gems among the stars, when it blows away their brilliance? They are the diamonds from Bach’s Christmas oratorio and the kind of incense
Which fills your soul’s house with infinity and their celestial light
Tradition celebrates parental love through the birth of a divine nature
There have always been altars in the Heavens, incomprehensible only to the family with a mother through the Holy Spirit
But at Christmas, every year, in our human way, we celebrate the Father who came through the son to our earth
The Son, Jesus Christ, the Word who became flesh, is the creative symphony itself, one with All that He created
Light from Light, in the soul of every man, fractal-miraculous like love, instilled
The miracle is not only in the one who forever “Is what Is” But also in the sacrifice of love, with which he gave a new message
So let us understand the Son, as the part of the father who gave himself, to his other sons
* In Polish tradition, on Christmas Eve, families share the Christmas communion wafer, which symbolizes love, unity, forgiveness and reconciliation between people. (The author’s note)
The Calling
I wandered, thinking off to the side
I tried to love
always imperfectly
an angel was shedding feathers
I didn’t see the signs
I understood very little
more and more questions are catching up with me
take my fear with your love
take me where nothing ever ends
silence becomes a melody
take me
Translated by Sr. Paula Drożdż
dewdrops
falling dewdrops
carelessly announced
their presence on the bench
wanted to arouse admiration
in a single moment in human
illuminated by the rays
of the rising sun
revealed a unity
split in two
Amazement
Filled the milieu
Translated by Olga Smolnytska
Aleksandra Sołtysiak (Poland), graduate of the Catholic University of Lublin and Jagiellonian University in Kraków. She has served as coeditor of the poetry anthology Dotyk nadzie (The Touch of Hope), which was translated into Ukrainian and German, as well as of the international anthology in support of world peace The tree of peace turns green / European poetry for universal harmony, which has been translated into Polish and English. She i also the author Hope blossoms longer and the published poetry volume „Spilled from the cases”. Finalist in the fourth International Poetry Contest, „Voices in the Wilderness” held in Rome (2022). She publishes nationally and internationally. She has also been awarded the Gold Cross of Merit by Polish president Andrzej Duda. In 2023 distinguished with a medal for Merit to Polish Culture.Information about the translator:Olga Smolnytska, (Ukraine), PhD, writer, artist, literary critic.
Problems of Writing Idioms and Phraseological Expressions Samarqand davlat chet tillari instituti 2414-guruh talabasi
Savranboyeva Shaxriniso Xosilboy qizi Ingliz tili o’qitish metodikasi kafedrasi katta o’qituvchisi T.Y.Mukarramxodjayeva
Annotation: This article discusses the main challenges in translating English idioms and phraseological expressions. Cultural connotations, contextual equivalence, translators’ competence and semantic transfer are examined. The study also provides practical examples of different translations, adaptation and calquing. Keywords: idioms, phraseological expressions, translation strategies, cultural equivalence, semantic shift
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada ingliz tilidagi ibora va frazeologik birliklarni tarjima qilish jarayonida uchraydigan asosiy muommolar yoritilgan. Idiomlarning milliy-maaniy konnotatsiyasi, kontekstga mos keluvchi ekvivalent tanlash, tarjimon kompetensiyasi hamda ma’no ko’chish jarayoni tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, maqolada idiomlarnitarjima qilishning ekvivalent, tavsifiy, adaptiv va kalkalash usullari misollar orqali ko’rsatib berilgan.
Kalit so’zlar: Idiomalar, frazeologizmlar, tarjima usullari, madaniy ekvivalentlik, ma’no ko’chish.
Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются основные проблемы перевода английских идиом и фразеологических выражений. Анализируются культурная коннотация, выбор адекватного эквивалента, роль переводческой компетентности и особенности семантического переноса. Приводятся примеры и методы перевода: эквивалентный, описательный, адаптивный и калькирование.
Language is not simply a system of grammar and vocabulary; it also contains deep cultural meanings embedded within idioms and phraseological expressions. Idioms are stable expressions whose meanings cannot be derived from the literal meanings of their components. For example, the English idiom “to kick the bucket” does not refer to kicking a physical bucket but means to die.
Translating such expressions is one of the most challenging tasks for translators, because idioms often reflect the history, humor, worldview, and national mentality of the people who use them. Many idioms are rooted in cultural traditions, folklore, religion or geography.
For example: Idiom Literal Meaning Cultural Note Break a leg! It’s raining cats and dogs. In Uzbek culture, similar meanings may be conveyed with completely different imagery. Thus, direct translation often fails to convey meaning.
Main Problems in Translating Idioms
1.Lack of Direct Equivalents Not all idioms have ready –made equivalents in the target language. Example: To spill the beans- meaning “ sirni oshkor qilish” There is no identical idiom in Uzbek, so a descriptive translation is required.
Cultural Differences Idioms may refer to cultural symbols unfamiliar to the target audience. Example: A piece of cake –“ juda oson ish”. The metaphor is culinary and may not carry the same emotional color in another culture.
Polysemy and Context Sensitivity Some idioms change meaning depending on context. Example: To break the ice may mean: Muzni sindirish(literal). Suhbatni boshlash (figurative)
Translator’s Competence A translator must know the idiom’s figurative meaning. Choose appropriate translation method. Maintain emotional tone and stylistic register. Why idioms are hard to translate: core problems. Why translating idioms are so difficult: Non-compositionality: The central difficulty is that the meaning of an idiom is not recoverable by a simple combination of constituent meanings. Word-for-word translation often fails.
Cultural specificity: Many idioms encode cultural knowledge, institutions, or historical references (e.g, white elephant in English refers to a burdensome possession). When SL cuture lacks an equivalent, literal translation may confuse. Fixedness and syntactic constraints: Idioms often resist grammatical manipulation: kick the bucket cannot easily become the bucket was kicked without idiomatic loss. Some PU s have slots for variation- understanding which are fixed affects translation choice. Polysemy and pragmatic uses: Idioms can have different senses depending on context (literal or figurative). A translator must determine whether the idiom is used metaphorically, sarcastically, humorously, or literally.
Register, connotation, and collocational patterns: Idioms carry register (formal/informal), affective tone, and collocational constraints. Choosing an equivalent must preserve register and pragmatic force. Intertextually and stylistic function: In literature, idioms contribute to voice, characterization, rhythm and style. Translating them affects authorial voice.
Multiple idioms and layered metaphors: Some utterances combine several idioms or metaphors, complicating analysis and translation. Translation strategies – comprehensive discussion: Below is an extended taxonomy of strategies, each described with strengths, weaknesses, and guidance on when to use it.
Literal translation: Description: Translate each word or morpheme directly. When to use: Rarely — when the idiom is transparent and compositionally interpretable in TL, or when a literal rendering is acceptable for stylistic reasons (e.g., deliberate foreignness). Pros: Preserves SL imagery and form; can be useful in poetic or didactic contexts. Cons: Risk of incomprehension or unintended meaning shift.
Idiomatic equivalent (naturalization): Description: Replace SL idiom with a TL idiom that conveys the same pragmatic function and connotation. When to use: Preferred when a close TL idiom exists and preserves register and effect. Calque (loan translation): Description: Translate the components literally but keep the structure; i.e., borrow the expression as a transparent compound in TL (e.g., skyscraper calqued into other languages historically). When to use: If TL readers can easily parse the calque or when introducing a new term. Pros: Preserves SL conceptual metaphor. Cons: Can be awkward or unintelligible; may feel foreign.
Modulation: Description: Change the semantic point of view, focus, or category to express the same idea differently (Vinay & Darbelnet). Example: SL He has a green thumb → TL He is good at gardening (modulating to ability). When to use: When no idiomatic equivalent exists and literal translation fails; especially useful in technical or explanatory texts. Pros: Conveys intended meaning clearly.
Substitution / Cultural substitution: Description: Replace a culturally specific referent with a culturally equivalent referent in TL (e.g., Thanksgiving dinner may become a locally analogous festival meal if context allows). When to use: When cultural equivalence preserves communicative effect and readers lack SL cultural knowledge. Pros: Enhances reader relevance and comprehension. Cons: Risks altering historical or geographical specificity.
Paraphrase / Explication: Description: Explain the idiom’s meaning in more words instead of rendering it idiomatically. When to use: When accuracy is paramount and no concise equivalent exists (legal, technical, explanatory translation). Pros: Ensures understanding. Cons: Disrupts rhythm and may reduce stylistic density.
Omission: Description: Omit the idiom if it is redundant or its sense can be inferred from context. When to use: Rare and risky — useful when compression is necessary and the idiom adds little. Pros: Concise. Cons: Loss of nuance or humour.
Addition / Compensation: Description: Add information elsewhere in the text to compensate for loss of meaning when a direct equivalent is infeasible. When to use: When necessary to preserve meaning, tone, or cultural reference across that text. Pros: Restores balance across the translation. Cons: Can be intrusive if overused.
Borrowing: Description: Keep the SL idiom in the TL (possibly italicized) and provide gloss or explanation. When to use: When the idiom is iconic, untranslatable, or when foreign flavor is desirable. Pros: Preserves SL identity and cultural reference. Cons: May confuse readers unfamiliar with SL.
Creative adaptation / Transcreation: Description: Recreate the effect, humor, or imagery using a fresh TL expression that captures the same function, sometimes inventing a new idiom-like phrasing. When to use: Advertising, literary translation, or when preserving impact is more important than literal equivalence. Pros: Preserves rhetorical and emotional effect.
Syntactic transformation: Description: Modify sentence structure to accommodate TL idiomatic patterns (e.g., changing active to passive or altering word order). When to use: When structural differences between languages hinder idiomatic rendering. Pros: Improves fluency and readability. Cons: Risk of losing focus or emphasis.
Worked examples and comparative analyses. Below are examples showing analysis and strategy choice. Each example includes SL sentence, literal rendering, recommended TL rendering, and justification.
Example 1
SL (English): She finally bit the bullet and applied for the job. Literal word-for-word (bad). (Uzbek literal translation keeps the image but confuses.)
Recommended strategy: Idiomatic equivalent or Paraphrase. TL (Uzbek) idiomatic equivalent: (“took courage”) Justification: Preserves pragmatic force (reluctant decision) without confusing the TL reader.
Example 2 SL (English): He felt like a fish out of water at the wedding. Literal (bad). Justification: Focuses on the feeling rather than preserving fish image.
Example 3 SL: When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Strategy: Equivalent proverb if exists in TL; else Paraphrase. (If exact proverb absent, paraphrase the advice.)
Example 4 SL: “He spilled the beans and let the cat out of the bag.” (two idioms for same meaning: reveal secrets) Strategy: Condense into one idiom or paraphrase; use compensation. TL example: (“revealed the secret”) Justification: Keeps meaning without awkward double metaphors.
Example 5 SL (English): He kept his cards close to his chest. (implies strategic silence) Strategy: Find TL idiom with same connotation or use transcreation. Potential TL: Justification: Preserves register and implied secrecy.
Idioms and phraseological expressions pose translation challenges across semantics, culture, syntax, and pragmatics. No single strategy fits all cases.
Translators must combine linguistic analysis, cultural knowledge, and creative thinking and problem-solving. The taxonomy presented here helps decide among literal translation, idiomatic equivalents, calque, modulation, paraphrase, borrowing, omission, and transcreation. Good practice includes careful context analysis, corpus support, and documentation of translation choices.
References:
Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge.
Mukaramxodjayeva T.Y. “Ingliz va o ‘zbek tilidagi so‘zlashuv frazeologizmlarining lingvomadaniy xususiyatlari”//Yangi O’zbekiston taraqqiyotida tadqiqotlarni o’rni va rivojlanish omillari Respublika ilmiy anjumani, Vol. 40 No. 1 (2025)
Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English (transl. J.C. Sager & M.-J. Hamel). John Benjamins. [Original work 1958]
Mukaramxodjayeva T.Y. “Interlingual Phraseological Equivalents and Analogies” Best journal of innovation in science, research and development, New York, NY 10009, United States, Volume 4 Issue 40, 2025
Mukaramxodjayeva T.Y., Furqatova M. “O‘zbek va ingliz tilidagi maqollarning o‘xshash va farqli jihatlari” Education and research in the era of digital.,Xalqaro ilmiy anjuman vol1. N1., mart 2025
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall.
Fernando, C. (1996). Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford University Press. Nunberg, G., Sag, I. A., &Wasow, T. (1994). Idioms. Language
Maja Milojković was born in Zaječar and divides her life between Serbia and Denmark. In Serbia, she serves as the deputy editor-in-chief at the publishing house Sfairos in Belgrade. She is also the founder and vice president of the Rtanj and Mesečev Poets’ Circle, which counts 800 members, and the editor-in-chief of the international e-magazine Area Felix, a bilingual Serbian-English publication. She writes literary reviews, and as a poet, she is represented in numerous domestic and international literary magazines, anthologies, and electronic media. Some of her poems are also available on the YouTube platform. Maja Milojković has won many international awards. She is an active member of various associations and organizations advocating for peace in the world, animal protection, and the fight against racism. She is the author of two books: Mesečev krug (Moon Circle) and Drveće Želje (Trees of Desire). She is one of the founders of the first mixed-gender club Area Felix from Zaječar, Serbia, and is currently a member of the same club. She is a member of the literary club Zlatno Pero from Knjaževac, and the association of writers and artists Gorski Vidici from Podgorica, Montenegro.
“Are you ready? So… will it really happen today?” said the children, about 12 years old, as they stared up the sky. They were waiting for the rain. They lived on the planet Venus, where it rains only once every ten years. During the rest of the time, the temperature stays around +190 ° to 200 °. Because of this, the children had only seen the rain once in their lives – but they could not remember it, since they were only two years old at the time.
“If it rains only once in ten years, does that mean there is no water? Won’t there be drought everywhere?” someone might ask. The answer is no – there is no drought because people get water from underground sources.
Among the children there was a girl named Narya who was different from others. She had moved from Earth to Venus with her parents when she was eight years old. That’s why she was not like the rest of them. While the other kids played noisily, she would sit aside, lost in thought, Deep down she wanted to play with them too, but they never let her join they kept excluding her and treating her unfairly and treating her unfairly. Even now, they had set a trap for her. They locked the poor girl inside a dark, abandoned warehouse.
“Something fell on me – this must be the rain!” said a girl named Nasha. “It fell on me too!” shouted another. “Me too!” the children cried excitedly.
Suddenly, the sky opened up and heavy rain began to pour. The children ran to the garden and happily played under the rain. It lasted only 60 minutes, and after it stopped, they suddenly remembered Narya. They rushed back and opened the warehouse door. Narya was lying unconscious on the ground. They quickly brought her outside, sprinkled water on her face, and helped her regain consciousness. Then they tearfully apologized her.
The poor girl said she wasn’t angry at them: she only wished she could have seen the rain like everyone else. As she said this, she broke into tears. Just then, rain suddenly began to fall again – and this time it didn’t stop for two whole days…
O’rinboyeva Zarina is a 14-year- old student in the 8th grade school No.43 in Oqdaryo district, Samarkand region. She is the winner of 3rd place in the “Bizning faxrimiz” TV program. Two short stories published in the district newspaper. Two short stories published in the American journalSynchronized Chaos. Holder of six international certificates. Recipient of the “Millat Umidi” badge of creative achievements. Winner of numerous republican-level competitions and projects.
1st-year student, Faculty of English Philology, Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
Annotation
In today’s era of globalization, tourism occupies a special place among the most developed and profitable sectors. This article provides information about the role of the English language in the development of international tourism.
Keywords.
English, tourism, development, culture, communication, language
Introduction
Today, the tourism sector is developing rapidly throughout the world. The increase in the number of tourists and the strengthening of cultural and economic ties between countries also increase the demand for qualified specialists in this field. This process is directly related to foreign languages, especially English.
Main part
English is not only a means of communication but also the heart of the modern tourism system. It is known that English is not only an international language but also the native language for half of the world’s population. From this, we can see that English is the most widely spoken language in the world. The main goal of tourism is to provide high-quality services to tourists from different regions. For this reason, it is important and mandatory for tourism industry employees – guides, administrators, transport drivers, restaurant and office workers – to know foreign languages. Because employees who can communicate in a foreign language improve the quality of service, increase the number of tourists, positively affect the country’s reputation, and enhance the overall service quality. Therefore, knowledge of foreign languages – particularly English – ensures the sustainable development of tourism and its competitiveness in the international arena. It is no coincidence that many countries of the world do not recognize English as the “language of international communication.” It should be noted that almost every tourist traveling internationally first asks for help in English.
Advertising banners, websites, brochures, orders, and invitations are often made in English. The reason for this, of course, is that this language has an audience of global speakers. Tour companies with employees with excellent language skills are always among the top positions. And allows you to attract a large audience around the world. After all, tourists primarily pay attention to information in a language they understand.It is vital to have a general understanding of English when referring to routes, safety regulations, evacuation instructions, and providing and requesting medical assistance. The information provided to guests of standard service processes, I mean, they, the definitions – all are in hegemonic languages in order to adapt to international standards. International flights and services at international ports are also conducted in English. If there are no misunderstandings from travelers during the trip, no difficulties related to language, and if tourists are satisfied with the trip, repeat visits will increase. Forms a positive image of the regions
Additionally, regardless of your field, having a solid knowledge of foreign languages, particularly English, is the key to securing a well-paid, prestigious job with a welcoming atmosphere in the tourism sector. This includes positions in hotels, airlines, travel agencies, and at international meetings and events.
With the help of the English language, it becomes easier to understand other cultures, customs, and values, as well as to establish good relationships with tourists. Knowledge of English not only facilitates communication but also fosters mutual understanding, respect, and cultural exchange between different peoples. This is the main strength of tourism – bringing the peoples of the world closer together. Language serves as a bridge in this process. The majority of today’s global media and Internet platforms operate in English.
This strengthens the role of the English language in introducing national cultures to the world. The publication of English catalogs, guides, and articles about historical monuments, along with the maintenance of YouTube channels and Telegram blogs, serves as the primary focus for promoting cultures. In the process of explaining pilgrimage sites, mausoleums, historical buildings, works of art, museums, and mosques, there are many special concepts. While their correct translation and interpretation in English is important for conveying the true meaning of the culture without distortion, understanding and speaking English makes these processes easier and makes the journey meaningful. The soft power of states is manifested through cultural diplomacy. Foreign tourists get their first impressions of countries through cultural heritage and communication with people.
Conclusion
In the sphere of tourism, the role of foreign languages, including English, is invaluable. Because in this field, there is a high demand for qualified personnel who are fluent in foreign languages. If we want to travel the world, discover new knowledge and places, stay informed about news, we need to learn English. We know that they are the first to tell the world about events in English. Moreover, the Uzbek people don’t say in vain: “A nation that knows a language knows.”
Uzbekistan’s Quiet Transformation: How a Young Nation Is Redefining Central Asia
In a world that grows noisier by the day, not every transformation announces itself with fanfare. Some unfold quietly—steadily reshaping the cultural and political geography around them. Uzbekistan is one such story.
For many Americans, Central Asia remains a distant concept: a region glimpsed through brief headlines or geopolitical maps. Yet, at the heart of this vast land lies a young nation rewriting its identity with remarkable speed and confidence. Over the past decade, Uzbekistan has emerged from international obscurity to become one of the most dynamic reformers in its region. Once known primarily for its Silk Road past, the country is now building a narrative equally rooted in innovation, openness, and civic awakening.
More than 60% of Uzbekistan’s population is under the age of 30. This demographic reality is not just a statistic—it is a driving force. Across universities, research centers, cultural hubs, and digital platforms, young Uzbeks are redefining what it means to be a modern Central Asian citizen. Many of them are multilingual, globally connected, and ambitiously future-oriented. They launch start-ups, initiate community projects, lead volunteer movements, and participate in nationwide reforms. Their voices are increasingly heard in public policy, education, environmental protection, and cultural revival.
In a region often portrayed as traditional and conservative, Uzbekistan’s youth represent a bold new energy—one that challenges stereotypes and invites the world to reimagine Central Asia. Since 2016, the country has introduced sweeping reforms in governance, economy, education, and international openness. Visas were liberalized, markets diversified, civil society strengthened, and new digital platforms created to support transparency. These policies do more than modernize the state; they reshape the everyday lives of citizens—particularly young people.
Public activism is growing, with youth councils, debate clubs, environmental movements, and anti-corruption initiatives taking root. Programs such as the national “Honesty Map,” created to promote integrity in public services, demonstrate a new wave of civic consciousness rarely highlighted in global media. For the first time in decades, the world is watching Uzbekistan not as a relic of the Silk Road but as an emerging actor with its own vision for progress. Uzbekistan’s transformation is not limited to politics or economics—it is deeply cultural. Cities like Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Tashkent are experiencing a creative revival. Museums are being renovated, festivals expanded, and heritage sites restored with global expertise. At the same time, contemporary art, fashion, literature, and film are gaining new platforms. Young designers mix ancient patterns with modern aesthetics; filmmakers explore social themes; writers introduce Uzbek identity to wider audiences. This blend of history and innovation creates a cultural mosaic that is uniquely, unmistakably Uzbek.
For decades, global narratives about Central Asia were shaped elsewhere. But today, Uzbekistan is increasingly telling its own story—and telling it well. Its young reformers, artists, scholars, and activists are contributing to a new regional identity: one that values openness, creativity, and responsible leadership. In a century defined by chaos, uncertainty, and shifting world orders, Uzbekistan offers an alternative model of growth—slow, steady, and grounded in the power of its youth. Uzbekistan’s transformation is ,,quiet” only in the sense that it has not yet dominated international headlines.
But for those who look closely, the signals are clear: a young nation is rising, and with it, a new vision for Central Asia. As global attention increasingly shifts toward emerging regions, Uzbekistan stands ready—not just as a country with a rich past, but as a society boldly building its future.
Dildora Khojyozova, 3rd-year student of Geography at Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhon Beruni.
