ONE MORNING
One morning, quite suddenly
Someone will announce to me
that the water carried away my crib
winds swept away my park
The rain washed away my tracks
One morning, somebody would tell me
that my memories are covered with white
Someone will tell me
Someone third in me
that I lost myself
one morning
It will ask what happened to the boys
And why not their rate on Starry sky
And where is the sky
This will be a great morning if I wake up
Circulatory System
Rajapova Muqaddas Umidbek qizi
Samarkand State Medical University
Faculty of Pediatrics, Group 112
Nurzodbekova Yasmina Nurzodbekovna
Samarkand State Medical University
Faculty of Pediatrics, Group 114
Rahimova Madina Mannonovna
Samarkand State Medical University
Department of Physiology, Trainee Assistant
madinarakhimova79@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article discusses one of the most important systems in the human body — the circulatory system. It is well known that this system affects all other systems, meaning that when the circulatory system is impaired, cells do not receive sufficient nutrients, and organ functions weaken.
Keywords: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, carbon dioxide, automatism, rib, clinical, atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysm, phlebothrombosis, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis.
Introduction:
The main function of the circulatory system in the human body is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products. This process is carried out through the coordinated functioning of the heart and blood vessels. The heart acts as a central pumping organ, while blood vessels distribute blood throughout the body and return it to the heart. This complex system remains in constant motion and functions steadily throughout
life.
Anatomical Structure of the Heart
The heart is a four-chambered, muscular, cone-shaped organ located in the central part of the chest cavity between the right and left lungs. It consists of the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Epicardium – the outer layer of the heart, covered by the pericardium.
Myocardium – the main and thickest layer of the heart wall, responsible for contraction.
Endocardium – a thin layer lining the inner surface of the heart chambers.
The heart has four chambers: right and left atria, and right and left ventricles.
Between the chambers are valves: mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.
Cardiac automatism is the ability of specialized cardiac cells to independently generate bioelectrical impulses that stimulate heart contractions.
Main Part
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, slightly shifted to the left. Two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the midline, and one-third to the right. Laterally and partially anteriorly, the heart is adjacent to the lungs, while its front part touches the sternum and rib cartilages.
Relative to the body’s midline, the heart is asymmetrically positioned: about two-thirds on the left and one-third on the right. Depending on the projection of the vertical axis, the heart may have transverse, oblique, or vertical positions.
A vertical position is more common in people with narrow and long chests, while a transverse position is more common in those with wide and short chests. In newborns, the heart is more vertical, rounded in shape, and located higher because the atria are larger and the ventricles are less developed. As a person approaches adulthood, the heart assumes its typical position.
The heart consists of four separate chambers:
Left atrium (atrium sinistrum)
Right atrium (atrium dextrum)
Left ventricle (ventriculus sinister)
Right ventricle (ventriculus dexter)
Diseases of the Circulatory System
Diseases of the vascular system are widespread and are associated with structural and functional disorders of blood vessels.
Arterial Diseases
Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of cholesterol plaques in vessel walls, narrowing blood flow. It is a major cause of heart attacks and strokes.
Arterial hypertension: Chronic elevation of blood pressure.
Aneurysm: Weakening and ballooning of the arterial wall, with a high risk of rupture.
Obliterating endarteritis: Inflammation and narrowing of leg arteries, often found in smokers.
Venous Diseases
Varicose veins: Dilation of veins due to valve dysfunction and blood stagnation.
Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of vein walls with clot formation.
Phlebothrombosis (Deep vein thrombosis): Formation of clots in deep veins, which may cause pulmonary embolism.
Microcirculation and Other Disorders
Vasculitis: Inflammation of vessel walls due to immune reactions.
Raynaud’s syndrome: Sudden constriction of small blood vessels in fingers due to cold or stress.
Lymphedema: Impaired lymph drainage leading to swelling.
Main Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases
Physical inactivity (hypodynamia)
Unhealthy diet (fatty and salty foods)
Harmful habits (smoking and alcohol)
Genetic predisposition
Obesity and diabetes
Environmental Factors and Cardiovascular Health
The cardiovascular system is highly sensitive to environmental factors. Research shows that air pollution, sudden temperature changes, noise, stress, and harmful habits are major contributors to heart disease.
Fine particles such as PM2.5 and PM10 can cause narrowing of blood vessels and heart rhythm disorders. Cold weather increases blood pressure, while excessive heat disrupts fluid balance and increases the risk of thrombosis. Noise and stress raise cortisol levels, leading to cardiac strain and heart failure.
The socio-economic consequences of cardiovascular diseases affect patients, families, healthcare systems, and overall quality of life. About 60% of cardiovascular complications are associated with major risk factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, and sedentary lifestyles. These factors contribute to obesity, hypertension, high blood sugar, and
high cholesterol levels. Studies conducted in Uzbekistan show that the prevalence of risk factors for non- communicable diseases is steadily increasing.
References
1.Jabborovich M. J. “Heart and Circulatory System: Structure, Mechanism, and
Physiological Importance.” Scientific Focus, 2025.
2.Turayevna E. S., Rashidkhan A. B. “Cardiovascular System: Heart Structure and Control.” Best Intellectual Research, 2025.
3.Abdullayev S. “Anatomical and Physiological Features of the Heart.” American Journal of Education and Learning, 2025.
4.Karimov J., Qodirova D. “Pathologies of the Vascular System.” Education News, 2026.
5.Valiyeva F., Tursunaliyeva H. “Care and Monitoring of Cardiovascular Patients.” Scientific Focus, 2026.
6.Ergasheva M. “Impact of Environmental Factors
DRAMATIC COLLISION IN SHUKRULLO’S “BURIED WITHOUT A SHROUD”
Iroda Ibragimova
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University
Faculty of Philology, 1st-year student
E-mail: irodaibragimova896@gmail.com
This article examines the devastating impact of the totalitarian regime on human personality and destiny through the example of Shukrullo’s work “Buried Without a Shroud”. The main issue of the work is interpreted from a literary and psychological perspective, focusing on the spiritual resilience of the lyrical protagonist (the author himself) and his struggle to preserve inner freedom amid the horrors of the 1937 repression period. The conducted research proves that the work is not merely a historical document, but a true tragedy demonstrating that personal courage and universal human values are capable of surviving even under totalitarianism.
Keywords:
Buried Without a Shroud, Repression Period, Autobiographical Prose, Victims of Stalinism, Totalitarianism, Forced Labor Camp System, Psychological Analysis, Personal Tragedy.
INTRODUCTION
In the history of Uzbek literature, Shukrullo’s work “Buried Without a Shroud” is recognized as one of the most significant and courageous examples of prose from the independence period. This work is a literary and historical document that reflects the cruel reality of the political repressions that affected the intellectuals of Uzbekistan during the 1930s–1950s, conveyed through personal experiences. The autobiographical nature of the work and the author’s depiction of the severe trials within the system of forced labor camps further intensify its emotional impact on the reader.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the pressure of the totalitarian regime on the individual as portrayed in “Buried Without a Shroud”, as well as the protagonist’s inner spiritual struggle against this oppression and the motives behind his moral choices. The work also depicts how many innocent Uzbek young men were falsely accused, brutally executed, and thrown into the soil without shrouds. The main thesis of the article is that Shukrullo presents the forced labor settlements not merely as physical prisons, but as a system aimed at destroying the human spirit; however, through the lyrical protagonist’s inner monologues and moral resistance, the narrative demonstrates a spiritual victory over the regime.
MAIN PART
1. The Psychology of the Repression Period and Inner Loneliness
The psychological state of the protagonist becomes an object of analysis from the very beginning of the work. The scenes of interrogation and arrest reveal the complete helplessness of the individual in the face of totalitarianism. By depicting the protagonist’s extremely delicate inner experiences, the author demonstrates that spiritual suffering is deeper and more devastating than physical torture.
The protagonist’s first experiences in prison are particularly significant for psychological analysis. He describes himself as “a soul crying between invisible walls” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 32]. This image signifies the individual’s isolation from society and confinement within a spiritual cage. A direct example reflecting the protagonist’s sense of loneliness and despair is expressed in the following lines: “It was not an iron cage that surrounded me, but walls of facelessness and conscience-lessness. I felt completely cut off from the world” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 45].
2. The Struggle for Human Dignity in the Life of Totalitarian Labor Camps
The central part of the work — the detailed depiction of life in repression camps — is presented as a field of moral choices. Despite hunger, cold, and constant threats in the лагер conditions, the author shows through his protagonist that supreme human values such as compassion, friendship, and conscience can still be preserved. This struggle forms the core idea of the work. The cruelty inflicted upon prisoners and the harsh treatment they endured are clearly portrayed.
Scenes depicting the author’s spiritual closeness with other prisoners strengthen the motif of preserving inner freedom. He writes: “To share a piece of bread, to look at one another in silence — this had become the highest expression of human life” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 115]. Their monologues about “seeking light within the darkness” demonstrate spiritual resilience and unbreakable will [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 128].
3. “Buried Without a Shroud” – Interpretation of Its Symbolic Meaning
The title of the work — “Buried Without a Shroud” — carries a powerful symbolic meaning that reveals the inhuman essence of the totalitarian regime. A shroud is not only a material object, but also a spiritual ritual and a sign of respect. To be buried without a shroud signifies not only physical death, but also the erasure of a person from social memory and the loss of human dignity.
The term is used by the author to represent the spiritual death of repression victims and the attempt to erase their names from history. In the work, the forced labor settlements themselves are depicted as vast graves: “Here they do not shroud us; they simply kill our memory and bury it” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 210]. One of the most powerful expressions of the author’s lyrical voice appears in the following line: “It was not the road to death itself, but the loss of dignity that was the most terrible tragedy” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 230].
4. The Literary Value of Memory and Resistance
The value of this work also lies in the fact that it was created years after the tragic events it describes. It is not merely a journalistic account, but a spiritual victory of memory over tragedy. The author’s later reflections further enhance the literary significance of the work.
As an example of autobiographical prose, its scientific and historical value is strengthened, presenting it as an important source for preserving historical memory for future generations. Memory itself becomes a weapon of resistance, as the author writes: “I was compelled to write this work so that the horror of those past days might continue to flow in the blood of the next generation” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 255].
CONCLUSION
Through “Buried Without a Shroud,” Shukrullo introduced a new dimension to the tradition of psychological realism in Uzbek literature within the context of the repression period. The findings of this study confirm that despite the overwhelming pressure of the totalitarian regime on the individual, the lyrical protagonist preserves his inner moral independence and spiritual freedom.
This article strengthens the theoretical approach to “Buried Without a Shroud” and presents it as a valuable source for studying the prose of forced labor camps in post-Soviet literature.
List of References
She Said She Could
She said she could
feel
everyone’s
pain
all types of pain
ever since
she was
a small child
behind the bars
of her crib
alone in her room
especially when
they walked by
thinking she was
asleep
but she was awake
with her eyes
closed
sensing emotions
of every type
and degree
hot or cold
whispering
or silent
she was
there
within
them
moments magnified
breath to breath
heartbeat to heartbeat
she couldn’t
die
to all the slow dying
so she
kept them from dying.
The Wait
I’m approaching
my peak
feeling
it
every second
I think
and feel
tip and tease
heading straight
into years
down that path
street turning
into corners
I’ll make the max
of what I’ve got
so wait until
you’re ready
to understand
the years of fate
are
great!
To Be or Not to Be
I don’t want
to be
crazy
but sometimes
I am
enjoying it
so much
I’m not sure
if I should
stop
or just pop
open
to everything!
I am no longer the same
Gone are the days when I had you near,
when plans were like fine spiderwebs;
fancies carried away by the wind in the waiting,
paper dreams that time has already stripped away.
I left behind everything that didn’t weigh on my soul,
the paths that led nowhere;
my heart, once a calm garden,
is now a sea searching for its wide channel.
I live to write what silence holds,
to carry my words to distant lands;
for my children, who are light in my wanderings,
for my grandchildren, seeds of new days.
I am no longer the same one who believed in castles,
who expected miracles with every sunrise;
now my life is a half-open book,
where only what the heart has learned matters.
GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution’s Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet in the Educational and Social Relations Division of the UNACCC South America – Argentina Chapter.
From “Being Human is Hard” by O’lmas Umarbekov — Gulchehra, from my perspective, regrets…
My first, pure love I gave to you,
My whole heart I offered as a gift, too.
In return, I had hoped for love from you,
Yet my unforgettable mistake—you became “you”!
All my attention was only on you,
My day passed with your letters in view.
If from afar I glimpsed you, my eyes would burn through,
Yet my unforgettable mistake—you became “you”!
You said you longed for my arrival, that you’d wait,
Without a word, silently, you walked away.
You hid trust completely from my vocabulary’s slate,
Yet my unforgettable mistake—you became “you”!
I heard later, you said many words,
“I didn’t love, I didn’t burn,” yet again.
You turned my whole heart into a play for your amusement,
Yet my unforgettable mistake—you became “you”!
You found your own Shirin and Layli,
Burning in their love, you became another story.
What could I have said? As always, fine…
Yet my unforgettable mistake—you became “you”!
I loved… In the end, I proved it true,
Without you, I preferred death over any rue.
I cut off even the memories that I knew,
Yet my unforgivable mistake—you became “you”!
— (Anvarova Mohira)
Anvarova Mohira Sanjarbek qizi was born on September 2, 2007. She lives in Yaypan city, O‘zbekiston district, Fergana region. She is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree at the Faculty of Humanities and Language Education at Kokand State University. She is actively engaged in educational and humanitarian fields. Mohira actively participates in the university’s cultural and educational events. She holds a B-level certificate in her native language and a B2-level certificate in English. In addition, she is involved in creative activities and works on articles and theses.
I am Axmedova Gulchiroyxon, a second-year undergraduate student at Kokand State University, Faculty of Primary and Technological Education, specializing in Primary Education. I actively participate in numerous competitions and assessments.
Oh God, Take Away My Mother’s Pain
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
Her heart half-closed, her gaze in rain.
See how sorrow drives her to despair,
Longing for spring, tears fill the air.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
I’ve yet to lead her on pilgrimage’s lane.
A heavy question weighs upon my soul,
Why each day I failed to make her whole.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
Though I spoke my love, some days in vain.
Today my eyes at last open wide,
To cherish her, with nothing to hide.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
Illness should not touch her radiant face again.
She says, “Waste no time, don’t let life fall,”
Yet I ignored her golden call.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
Her trials and hardships she must sustain.
Her sweet words drip like gentle balm,
Her conversations bring the heart calm.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
Let no tear fall from her eye again.
All her burdens, let me bear them all,
Keep her safe, let no harm befall.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
My hands in prayer shall never wane.
It’s in Your power, O Lord above,
I beg You, answer my plea of love.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
My gentle angel, pure heart’s domain.
Place the key of hope within my heart,
Her presence makes my whole life start.
Oh God, take away my mother’s pain,
Your healing shines as truth’s own reign.
As our people say with reverent call,
Heaven lies beneath a mother’s thrall.