THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE VERB FAIRE

Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti 

Roman German tillari fakulteti 

Filologiya va tillarni oʻqitish (fransuz)

2-kurs talabasi Mansurova Shahnoza 

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the semantic properties of the French verb faire and the causative function of the faire + infinitif construction. The study examines the polysemantic nature of the verb faire, its role as a complex predicate, and its role in expressing cause-and-effect relationships. The results show that the meaning of the verb faire is largely determined by context and that it is an important grammatical tool in French.

Keywords: faire, faire + infinitif, causative construction, polysemy, complex predicate, valence, French linguistics, grammaticalization, semantic analysis

INTRODUCTION 

The French verb faire is characterized by its wide range of uses and its polysemantic nature. It represents work – action, while also expressing cause – effect relationships, and is considered an important grammatical tool in French, forming complex predicates and participating in many phraseological units. The Faire+ infinitive construction plays a crucial role in expressing causativity, and this construction involves a change in valence and a redistribution of actants. This article analyzes the main semantic features of the verb faire and its grammatical functions in French.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

The semantics of a verb includes the semantic characteristics of the actions, states, and processes expressed by the verb. The main semantic feature of a verb is the meaning of action. In grammar, the meaning of action is widely understood. It represents not only physical action, but also state, mental change, biological process and existence. For example, verbs like venir, marcher indicate a real action, se tenir debout, se réveiller indicate a state, s’inquiéter, étonner indicate a mental (psychological) process, and fleurir, grandir indicate a biological process.

The common aspect of the verb is that all actions, states, and processes occur in relation to time. Therefore, the verb is a dynamic semantic unit. The meaning of the verb is related to the appearance, development or change of a certain sign, which is the main factor that distinguishes it from other parts of speech.

One of the most commonly used verbs in French is faire, which has several unique aspects. The French verb faire comes from the verb faire, meaning “to do” or “to make,” and is synonymous with about 30 French verbs. In this context, the verb faire is a very active verb in French. However, the verb faire is also used in French in all tenses and with linguistic devices.

An experiment was conducted to purchase a complex predicate for 71 children who were French-speaking speakers and 17 native-speaking adults. The children were divided into three age groups: 1) 25 children aged 3 to 4 years; 2) 21 children aged 4 to 5 years; 3) 25 children aged 5 to 6 years. Adults (managers and workers) have different extremes.

The selection of target verbs for our study was not arbitrary. This is conditioned by two main factors: 1/ the syntactic and semantic properties of verbs; 2/ the frequency of occurrence in verbal dummy constructions. Thus, we selected the following verbs:

1) intransitives wait and gather (agent inergatives); dance (action inergative) and drop (position shift) (Perlmutter’s Incuzative hypothesis, 1978, Levin and Rappaport, 1995), in which case we see whether our target children destroy the causative verb. to do (e.g.: sarute, go to drink my baby, I will dance my cat, ef. Sarkar, 2002:191).

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

the Faire + Vinf construction is analyzed as a complex predicate (Gaatone, 1976). In this structure, the verb faire serves as a causative (causative) auxiliary verb and carries grammatical information about tense, aspect and declension (TAM).

According to Tesnière (1969), the introduction of the verb faire expands the valence of the infinitive verb by one new actant — the causer (causateur). At the same time, the initial subject may be excluded from its primary syntactic position and occupy various syntactic positions: direct complement (objet), indirect complement (datif), or other indirect form (oblique).

Dixon (2000) and Novakova (2002) classify causative mechanisms from the most compact forms (synthetic, morphological, lexical) to the least compact forms (periphrastic constructions). In this classification, the faire + Vinf construction is placed between synthetic and analytic structures, that is, at an intermediate level.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The verb faire as a polysemantic verb

The verb faire is used in different semantic fields and its meaning changes depending on the context. For example, faire un travail means to do a job, while faire un gâteau means to create and prepare a cake. This is an example of the polysemantic nature of the verb faire. 

Meaning of action and activity

We often use the verb faire to express general actions and activities in everyday life, such as faire ses devoirs, faire du sport, faire le point. In this sentence, the verb expresses a general action, not a specific action.

Causative (causal) meaning

One of the important semantic features of the verb faire is its use in causative constructions. The form faire + infinitif expresses the causation of an action to be performed by one person through another. For example: Il fait réparer sa voiture. Here, the person who is directly performing the action is another person.

Grammaticalized faire 

Sometimes the verb faire loses its basic lexical meaning and acquires a grammatical meaning.For example, in compounds such as faire attention, faire partie de, the verb has a weakened independent meaning and provides the semantic integrity of the entire phrase.

Faire in phraseological units

We can also find the verb faire in many phraseological units: faire la tête, faire semblant, faire attention à. In these conjugations, the meaning of the verb is determined through a complete context and phrase.

The results of the analysis showed that the verb faire is one of the most active and multifunctional verbs in French. Its semantic possibilities are strongly dependent on context, providing economy and universality in speech.

CONCLUSION 

This study has shed light on the semantic and grammatical properties of the French verb faire. The analysis showed that the polysemantic nature of the verb faire means that it can have different meanings in different contexts. In particular, the cause-and-effect relationship is expressed through the faire + infinitif construction, and this structure is characterized by the expansion of valence and the redistribution of actants. Also, the active participation of the verb faire in grammaticalized forms and phraseological units confirms its central functional role in French. 

REFERENCES USED

1. Bezinaka, Y. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: yanabezón@yahoo.fr

2. Chevrot, J.-P. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: jpchevrot@wanadoo.fr

3. Gaatone, D. (1976). Le factitif en français. Langue française, 29, 45–62.

4. Grevisse, M., & Goosse, A. (2016). Le Bon Usage: Grammaire française (16e éd.). De Boeck Supérieur.

5. Nardy, A. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: aurelie.nardy@u-grenoble.fr

6. Neves, F., Muni Toke, V., Durand, J., Klinger, T., Mandada, I., & Prévost, S. (2010). L’acquisition de faire + Vinf en français: Production, compréhension, imitation. In Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française (CMLF 2010). Institut de Linguistique Française. https://doi.org/10.1051/cm2010227

7. Novakova, I. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: inovakova@yahoo.fr

8. Nuritdinov, N. S. (2024). Fransuz tilidagi faire fe’lining ishlatilishi, uning sinonimlik xususiyatlari va o’zbek tilidagi tarjima variantlari [Usage of the verb faire in French, its synonym characteristics and translation options in Uzbek]. Ta’lim va innovatsion tadqiqotlar.

9. Sulaymonova, M. O. (2021). Fe’l so’z turkumi va uning leksik-semantik tasnifi [Verb system and its lexico-semantic classification]. Oriental Art and Culture Scientific-Methodical Journal, (6), 1–?. ISSN 2181-063X.

Lincoln Park Assault

Aliicia Menendez stood on the corner, near the ivy-covered mansion designed by James Nagle; she was waiting for her bus. She casually glanced down North Burling Street and noticed a gang of men staring at her. There were at least a dozen. Alicia did a double take. They were done up in military gear and their face coverings and gasmasks gave them the aspect of a swarm of six foot, 200-lb. insects. One of them pointed at her. They all wore coats emblazed across the back with ICE.

Uneasy, she began to drift from the bus stop. She looked again and they were moving, en masse, in her direction. Dropping her packages and clutching her purse, she took flight, in the direction of the intersection of West Armitage Avenue and North Halsted Street. She was wearing low heels and couldn’t make good time.

She fled for about half a city block before the big bugs caught up with her. Someone reached out and grabbed her arm, twisted it behind her back. Alicia cried out in pain.

“Get her ass on the ground,” one man barked gruffly and she was thrown to the pavement. Her hose shredded, her skirt tore. Her other arm was twisted behind her and twist ties affixed about her wrists.

“I got her purse,” said one of the men, turning up her handbag. “Alicia Menendez,” he muttered aloud. “She ain’t from Chicago.”

“Okay, Alicia Menendez,” purred a man, mocking her, “where’s you effing green card. Where are your documents, Beaner? You ain’t got ’em, do you?” he asked smartly.”

“I’m a citizen,” she wailed shrilly, then began to sob.

By this time, a crowd had begun to gather: Hispanics, Anglos, African Americans, a mixed-bag. They began to edge closer.

“Stand the fuck back!” shouted the presumptive leader. “This is official ICE business. You got no business here. Disperse or be detained.”

“You got a warrant?” asked a high-pitched voice. A woman. The crowd began rumbling angrily. The thugs of ICE looked uneasy.

“Like this lady said,” said a dark-suited man, “do you have a warrant?”

“What the hell are you?” asked the leader of ICE. “A goddamn lawyer?”

“I’m an immigration attorney,” replied the other man.

“This is a perfectly legal warrantless arrest, Esquire,” said the man bitingly. “You just carry your ass on out of here, while you can still walk.”

“What’s your reasonable suspicion?” asked the lawyer. “Warrantless arrests are only valid with probable cause or its equivalent.”

“She ran,” pointed out the head thug heavily.

“Because you ran after her,” the lawyer reminded her.

“If she wasn’t guilty, then why did she run?” ask the man, boldly putting his foot on the back of the prone Alicia.

“You men are all strangers to her. You’re heavily armed. You’re wearing masks. I saw the whole thing. You didn’t identify yourself as agents.”

Before the man could respond, one of his minions said, “Eh, Mike, this lady is a U.S. citizen.”

“Huh? And how do you know that?”

“Passport,” replied the other man, holding it out for Mike’s inspection.

Without another word, Mike bent and cut Alicia’s bonds. Then, as if on cue, two black SUVs rumbled up and, still without a word, the men climbed aboard. The vehicles sped away.

The attorney knelt and helped Alicia to her feet. “Anything I can do for you, ma’am?” he asked kindly.

“Wh…what happened?” she asked in a bewildered voice. “I’m a stranger to Chicago,” she explained. “I’m from Milwaukee.”

WALKING AWAY FROM MY DREAMS!

I keep on hearing what I never said

Without reasons I am weaving dreams

Know not whose evil eyes have caught me

No place for me in this city any more

Walking away from my dreams I suffer

The pain now is more than it used to be before

I once again make a promise to myself

May the silent gaze remain speechless

My lips do always tremble while talking

Inexpressible are the secrets of the heart 

I am on a journey without any companion

I kept on going far and near

Once again she comes into my sight

The smoke from past still pricks my eyes

Why the same world is forming again 

Far from my reach, beyond my knowing.

 WORDS IN MY HEART!

I am waiting for your benign glance

Though I am sitting through dreams

While the night remains restless

The words in my heart escape from lips

How many nights I‘ll awake like this

My heart‘ll be content with this thought

That my well-being ‘ll become yours 

As the restful night ‘ll remain restless 

I am still waiting for your benign glance.

 THE SIMPLE CONFESSION!

I have been waiting for you for long

The night is picking up the dreams

How long I should hold on to both lips

The words my heart wishes to speak

How many sleepless nights I shall pass

Before I do place the simple confession

I like you and I do love you the most

My heart will be pleased with the thought

Finally, I wonder if you feel the way I feel

So restless is the night of tranquility 

I have been waiting for you for long.

 AS A MUTE WITNESS!

My heart lets me move elsewhere 

Woes of world have filled my soul 

Looks for me now here and there 

Where no one is battered by woes

Sans twinkling stars of false hopes

What use of autumns for me now

Which freeze the buds of my soul

Which renew all of my old wounds

Some do shed their genuine tears

Some flee turning face in despair

Someone’s world is badly looted

The earth as a mute witness stands 

The ruthless sky too maintains silence.

Sahitya Ratnakar Dr Prasana Kumar Dalai.

(DOB 07/06/1973) is a passionate Indian Author-cum- bilingual poet while a tremendous Asst Professor of English by profession in the Ganjam district of Odisha.He is an accomplished source of inspiration for young generation of India .His free verse on Romantic and melancholic poems appreciated by everyone. He belongs to a small typical village Nandiagada of Ganjam District,the state of Odisha.After schooling he studied intermediate and Graduated In Kabisurjya Baladev vigyan Mahavidyalaya then M A in English from Berhampur University PhD in language and literature and D.litt from Colombian poetic house from South America.

He promotes his specific writings around the world literature and trades with multiple stems that are related to current issues based on his observation and experiences that needs urgent attention. He is an award-winning writer who has achieved various laurels from the circle of writing worldwide. His free verse poems not only inspire young readers but also the ready of current time. His poetic symbol is right now inspiring others, some of which are appreciated by laurels of India and across the world. Many of his poems been translated in different Indian languages and got global appreciation. Lots of well wishes for his upcoming writings and success in future.

He is an award-winning poet author of many best seller books. Recently he is awarded Rabindra nath Tagore and Gujarat Sahitya Academy for the year 2022 from Motivational Strips . Jaidev Puraskar from Kavita Minar Badamba Cuttack A gold medal from world union of poets France & winner Of Rahim Karims world literary prize 2023.The government of Odisha Higher Education Department appointed him as a president to Governing body of Padmashree Dr Ghanashyam Mishra Sanskrit Degree College, Kabisurjyanagar. Winner of ” HYPERPOEM ” GUNIESS WORLD RECORD 2023.Recently he was awarded from SABDA literary Festival at Assam. Highest literary honour from Peru contributing world literature 2024.Prestigious Cesar Vellejo award 2024 & Highest literary honour from Peru. Director at Samrat Educational charitable Trust Berhampur, Ganjam Odisha.

Vicedomini of world union of poets Italy. UHE awarded him prestigious Golden Eagle award for the contribution of world literature 2025.

Completed 257 Epistolary poetry with Kristy Raines USA.

Bharat Seva Ratna National award 2025, International Glory award from Manam Foundation Hyderabad Telengana. On the eve of 79 Independence Day got Rashtra Ratna award & Maa Bharati seva Sammana. 2025.Received Doctorate in Humanity and literature from Theophany university Haiti with UNESCO, AEADO and leaders of autonomy international. The prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde from the house of Genghis Khan given prestigious “Honorary Bey”

Received Sahitya Ratnakar from New Delhi 2025, Honorary Doctorate from RMF University collaborated with east and west university Florida United States Of America on the eve of International Peace Day. Prestigious THE CONDOR OF ANDES from UHE Mexico 2025. PRESTIGIOUS DOCTORATE from VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE AND WORLD PEACE 2025. Nominated for Padmashree 2025. Three-time Gold from the world Union of Poets France. Doctorate from Theophany university Haiti contribution for the world literature 2025.Conferred title SAHITYA RATNAKAR from New Delhi.Dr Mayadhar Mansigh Saraswat Samman 2025.Doctorate in Gandhian Philosophy,Peace and Humanity 2025.

Doctorate from VICTORIA University for peace 2026.UHE of Peru appointed as a world ambassador for the peace and justice 2026.Valiant of Nation award 2026 on the eve of Subash Chandra Bose 129 birth anniversary.

INTERNATIONAL BOOKS

1.Psalm of the Soul, 2. Rise of New Dawn, 3. Secret Of Torment, 4.Everything I Never Told You.,5.Vision Of Life National Library Kolkata, 6.100 Shadows of Dream, 7.Timeless Anguish, 8. Voice of Silence, 9.I Cross my Heart from East to West, and epistolary poetry with Kristy Raines, published in USA.

LOVE SONG IN SPRING

Sun in the morning, rain in the afternoon

This is how you are to me this day

Here you play, there you frown,

What will you do to me, every time I do to you?!

Silent with words, speaks with looks

You become shy because of my shyness!

I feel your breath, where are you, why

I will abandon myself to come there

A white flame leads us on the path

We come…it leaves…We go…it burns us

Something of me burned to ashes

Coal to write what we haven’t said

I descend from the depths, you descend from the trees

Shake on the edge of the abyss, you will scare me

We stand in silence and cry without tears

I can’t stay with you, I can’t do without you

The flame of lightning ignites in the rain

And the embers of longing bring tears to my eyes

Sun in the morning

Rain in the afternoon…

TIME OF DECAY

You tell me: The world went to hell

When the wolf under the lamb’s skin started laughing

And the rabbit hid in a turtle shell…

Since the hawk became a dove

And the snake learned to make eel-like coquetry 

Since then…(always according to you)

The devil took man for granted!

It’s not true…

Deterioration began in that world when people

Learned to change their skin every day

Animals imitated them as always.

The secret of success

In this cruel, testing world, there is a person who wants to be successful. Strives for success. He chases after him. Some successful people claim that there are several secrets to achieving it. I think it’s better to have some understanding of success before learning those secrets. So, what is success? How is it achieved? What are its benefits and harm to humans? Can everyone achieve it? Yes, we often hear this word. What everyone wants is success! Success is stumbling forward in the midst of failure. Success is not what you have, but who you are.

Success is a very abstract term in itself, because by definition, success is the happy outcome of an action that ends positively. However, success can come in different ways for each person. For some, success means getting ahead of others in studies, research, for some people it means reaching a certain position in their career, for others it means building long-term influential relationships, even for some, success is the sum of all of the above.

Success is a multi-faceted phenomenon that covers all areas of our life, be it family, work, studies, financial status, physical condition, spiritual development. There is probably no person in this world who does not want to be a successful person. When a person comes into the world, he first struggles to live, then he begins to struggle to eat, and as he grows up, he strives to be more successful than others. So how to achieve it?

First of all, in order to achieve success, a person must be knowledgeable, because knowledge is the key to success. That’s why you should never stop learning. Secondly, every person who embarks on this path must work diligently. One of the ways to success is to move away from uniformity and the same ideas and come up with different ideas. Do not force yourself to do something but do what you love. Only then will you achieve success sooner. That is, the more love you give to the work you are starting, the faster you will reach the door of success.

Regardless, success is a matter and product of effort, struggle, motivation and hard work. So, if you have chosen to be successful, go for it with diligence and risk and never turn back. Remember, it is not easy to become a successful person, but if you achieve this position, then your life will be easier. Therefore, never stop studying, trying and taking risks. Do not despair, because the paths you are taking have been taken by others before you, and it is not impossible. Always strive for the future, forget the past and live with the future. This will be both motivation and a great lesson for you. This will help you achieve success.

Sherova Orzigul

Student of a master’s degree at Webster University in Tashkent.  Young and talented poetess. Owner of a lot of beautiful poems, articles, stories, and anthologies. Author of some poetic books that were published on online international websites. Most of her works were translated into some languages, such as German, Korean, Arabic, French, Turkish, and Italian.  She is a winner of a lot of poetic competitions. 

Who Is Actually Responsible for Global Warming?

Today, global warming is one of the most serious environmental problems facing humanity. In recent years, the increase in Earth’s temperature, the rapid melting of glaciers, and the rise in natural disasters show how serious this problem has become. Many people are interested in what is causing global warming.

The main cause is human activity. Gases released from factories, power plants, and cars pollute the atmosphere. These gases are called greenhouse gases, and they trap heat from the Sun in the Earth’s atmosphere. As a result, the temperature of our planet continues to rise year by year.

Another important factor contributing to global warming is deforestation. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and help clean the air. However, as forests are cut down, the amount of harmful gases increases and the natural balance of the environment is disturbed.

In addition, the increase in waste, excessive use of plastic, and wasting energy also have a negative impact on the environment. People often do not think enough about the consequences of their actions.

In conclusion, the main cause of global warming is humans themselves. However, reducing this problem is also in human hands. If we protect nature, plant more trees, and use energy wisely, we can help prevent global warming. Every small action by each person can lead to big changes.

Yo’ldoshaliyeva Zinnura was born on June 17, 2011, in Rishton district of Fergana region. She is an 8th-grade student at the Fergana branch of the Specialized School named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi and also serves as the leader of the “Talented” direction in the Rishton District Council of Leaders.

She has actively participated in various educational and intellectual projects, including “Anim Camp,” “Future Founders Online Forum,” “Young Reader” and the regional stage of STEM subjects. Her scientific article was published in the book “Feelings on Paper,” and another article of hers appeared in the “Synchronized Chaos” journal. In addition, she has taken part in many other projects and initiatives, demonstrating strong academic interest and leadership skills.

First of all, published poet and contributor Tao Yucheng is still hosting a poetry contest, open to all readers of Synchronized Chaos Magazine.

Synchronized Chaos Poetry Contest: We seek short, powerful, imaginative, and strange poetry. While we welcome all forms of free verse and subject matter, we prefer concise work that makes an impact.

Guidelines: Submit up to five poems per person to taoyucheng921129@proton.me. Each poem should not exceed one page (ideally half a page or less). All styles and themes welcome. Deadline for submissions will be in early March.

Prizes: First Place: $50 Second Place: $10, payable via online transfer. One Honorable Mention. Selected finalists will be published in Synchronized Chaos Magazine.

Also, past contributor Alexander Kabishev is seeking international poems of four lines each on the theme of friendship for a global anthology. The anthology, Hyperpoem, will be published by Ukiyoto Press and a presentation of the poem will take place in Dubai in August 2026.

Kabishev says the new vision of the project goes beyond commercial frameworks, aiming to become an international cultural and humanitarian movement, with the ambitious goal of reaching one million participants and a symbolic planned duration of one thousand years.

The focus is on promoting international friendship, respect for the identity of all peoples on Earth, and building bridges of understanding between cultures through poetry and its readers.

Please send poems to Alexander at aleksandar.kabishev@yandex.ru

This month’s issue asks the question, “Who Will We Become?” Submissions address introspection, spiritual searching, and moral and relational development and decision-making.

This issue was co-edited by Yucheng Tao.

Sajid Hussain’s metaphysical, ethereal poetry, rich with classical allusions, reminds us of the steady passage of time.

Jamal Garougar’s New Year reflection emphasizes ritual, spirituality, and the practices of patience and peace. Taylor Dibbert expresses his brief but cogent hope for 2026.

Dr. Jernail S. Anand’s spare poetry illustrates the dissolution of human identity. Bill Tope’s short story reflects on memory and grief through the protagonist’s recollection of his late school classmate. Turkan Ergor considers the depth of emotions that can lie within a person’s interior. Sayani Mukherjee’s poem on dreams lives in the space between waking thought and imaginative vision. Stephen Jarrell Williams offers up a series of childhood and adult dreamlike and poetic memories. Alan Catlin’s poem sequence renders dreams into procedural logic: how fear, guilt, memory, and culture behave when narrative supervision collapses. Priyanka Neogi explores silence itself as a creator and witness in her poetry. Duane Vorhees’ rigorous poetic work interrogates structure: individuality, myth, divinity, agency, culture. Tim Bryant analyzes the creative process and development of craft in Virginia Aronson’s poetic book of writerly biographies, Collateral Damage.

Nurbek Norchayev’s spiritual poetry, translated from English to Uzbek by Nodira Ibrahimova, expresses humility and gratitude to God. Timothee Bordenave’s intimate devotional poetry shares his connection to home and to his work and his feelings of gratitude.

Through corrosive imagery and fractured music, Sungrue Han’s poem rejects sacred authority and reclaims the body as a site of sound, resistance, and memory. Shawn Schooley’s poem operates through liturgical residue: what remains after belief has been rehearsed, delayed, or partially evacuated. Slobodan Durovic’s poem is a high-lyric, baroque lament, drawing from South Slavic oral-poetic density, Biblical rhetoric, and mythic self-abasement.

Melita Mely Ratkovic evokes a mystical union between people, the earth, and the cosmos. Jacques Fleury’s work is rich in sensory detail and conveys a profound yearning for freedom and renewal. The author’s use of imagery—“fall leaf,” “morning dew,” “unfurl my wings”—evokes a vivid sense of life’s beauty and the desire to fully experience it. James Tian speaks to care without possession, love through distance and observation. Mesfakus Salahin’s poem evokes a one-sided love that is somewhat tragic, yet as eternal as the formation of the universe, as Mahbub Alam describes a love struggling to exist in a complicated and wounded world. Kristy Ann Raines sings of a long-term, steady, and gallant love.

Lan Xin evokes and links a personal love with collective care for all of humanity. Ri Hossain expresses his hope for a gentler world by imagining changed fairy tales. Critic Kujtim Hajdari points out the gentle, humane sensibility of Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s poetry. Brian Barbeito’s lyric, understated travel essay passes through a variety of places and memories. Anna Keiko’s short poem shares her wish for a simple life close to nature. Christina Chin revels in nature through sensual, textured haikus.

Doniyorov Shakhzod describes the need for healthy and humane raising of livestock animals. g emil reutter hits us on the nose with cold weather and frigid social attitudes towards the suffering of the poor and working classes. Patricia Doyne lampoons authoritarian tendencies in the American government. Eva Petropoulou Lianou reminds us that we cannot truly enjoy freedom without a moral, peaceful, and just society. Sarvinoz Giyosova brings these types of choices down to a personal level through an allegory about different parts of one person’s psychology.

Dr. Jernail S. Anand critiques societal mores that have shifted to permit hypocrisy and the pursuit of appearances and wealth at all costs. Inomova Kamola Rasuljon qizi highlights the social and medical effects and implications of influenza and its prevention. Sandip Saha’s work provides a mixture of direct critique of policies that exploit people and the environment and more personal narratives of life experiences and kindness. Gustavo Gac-Artigas pays tribute to Renee Nicole Good, recently murdered by law enforcement officers in the USA.

Dr. Ahmed Al-Qaysi expresses his deep and poetic love for a small child. Abduqahhorova Gulhayo shares her tender love for her dedicated and caring father. Qurolboyeva Shoxista Olimboy qizi highlights the connection between strong families and a strong public and national Uzbek culture. Ismoilova Jasmina Shavkatjon qizi’s essay offers a clear, balanced meditation on women in Uzbekistan and elsewhere as both moral architects and active agents of social progress, grounding its argument in universal human values rather than abstraction.

Dilafruz Muhammadjonova and Hilola Khudoyberdiyeva outline the contributions of Bekhbudiy and other Uzbek Jadids, historical leaders who advocated for greater democracy and education. Soibjonova Mohinsa melds the poetic and the academic voices with her essay about the role of love of homeland in Uzbek cultural consciousness. Dildora Xojyazova outlines and showcases historical and tourist sites in Uzbekistan. Zinnura Yuldoshaliyeva explicates the value of studying and understanding history. Rakhmanaliyeva Marjona Bakhodirjon qizi’s essay suggests interactive and playful approaches to primary school education. Uzbek student Ostanaqulov Xojiakba outlines his academic and professional accomplishments.

Aziza Joʻrayeva’s essay discusses the strengths and recent improvements in Uzbekistan’s educational system. Saminjon Khakimov reminds us of the importance of curiosity and continued learning. Uzoqova Gulzoda discusses the importance of literature and continuing education to aspiring professionals. Toychiyeva Madinaxon Sherquzi qizi highlights the value of independent, student-directed educational methods in motivating people to learn. Erkinova Shahrizoda Lazizovna discusses the diverse and complex impacts of social media on young adults.

Alex S. Johnson highlights the creative energy and independence of musician Tairrie B. Murphy. Greg Wallace’s surrealist poetry assembles itself as a bricolage of crafts and objects. Noah Berlatsky’s piece operates almost entirely through phonetic abrasion and semantic sabotage, resisting formal logic and evoking weedy growth. Fiza Amir’s short story highlights the level of history and love a creative artist can have for their materials. Mark Blickley sends up the trailer to his drama Paleo: The Fat-Free Musical. Mark Young’s work is a triptych of linguistic play, consumer absurdity, and newsfeed dread, unified by an intelligence that distrusts nostalgia, coherence, and scale. J.J. Campbell’s poetry’s power comes from the refusal to dress things up, from humor as insulation against pain. On the other end of the emotional spectrum, Taghrid Bou Merhi’s essay offers a lucid, philosophically grounded meditation on laughter as both a humane force and a disruptive instrument, tracing its power to critique, heal, and reform across cultures and histories. Mutaliyeva Umriniso’s story highlights how both anguish and laughter can exist within the same person.

Paul Tristram traces various moods of a creative artist, from elation to irritation, reminding us to follow our own paths. Esonova Malika Zohid qizi’s piece compares e-sports with physical athletics in unadorned writing where convictions emerge with steady confidence. Dr. Perwaiz Shaharyar’s poetry presents simple, defiant lyrics that affirm poetry as an indestructible form of being, embracing joy, exclusion, and madness without apology.

Ozodbek Yarashov urges readers to take action to change and improve their lives. Aziza Xazamova writes to encourage those facing transitions in life. Fazilat Khudoyberdiyeva’s poem asserts that even an ordinary girl can write thoughtful and worthy words.

Botirxonov Faxriyor highlights the value of hard work, even above talent. Taro Hokkyo portrays a woman finding her career and purpose in life.

We hope that this issue assists you, dear readers, in your quest for meaning and purpose.